پژوهشنامه تاریخ های محلی ایران
سال سوم شماره 6 (بهار و تابستان 1394)

At the beginning of the Qajar government Balochistan was caught in the chaos caused by the conflict of local Khans. A large part of this region that has always been a part of the historical geography of Iran finally broke through the intervention of the United Kingdom. The researcher is trying to find an appropriate response to the question whether at the beginning of the Qajar rule could they consolidate the central government in Balochistan? Another question is during the reign of Fath Ali Shah and Mohammad Ali Shah who had a role in the political scene of the government? The assumption is that local conflicts in Balochistan that were rooted in the middle history of Iran, did not give the chance of consolidation of Iranian sovereignty over the region after the collapse of the Safavid and Afshari Dynasty, and the British government also tried to take the advantage of the political uncertainty for its the imperial greed. The present study by using “historical descript and analyses” method shows that Balochestan was the center of different unrests at the beginning of the Qajar period, and the British government tried to use the opportunity to increase the chaos with sectarian. Qajar because of the conflict with Russia and the UK government and the incompetence of some officials failed to fully establish Iran's sovereignty over these areas.

The formation of a government depends on subjective foundations and the semantic background that were believed by people. This semantic background is the same as legitimacy. Safari government as one of the local governments in the realm of the Abbasid caliphate, based on military power and hegemony stepped into the world's political races and was a prelude to the next governments like Buwayhid that believed military power was the basis of their political legitimacy. Contrary to common practice, people sought refuge to Abbasid caliphate only as a temporary therapy tools. Of course besides the power of the sword, chivalry attitude, a priori legitimacy (in the past) as well as public acceptance was involved in the legitimacy of the government of Safari government. In this article, by using descriptive-analytic method, the objective is identifying the foundations of political legitimacy of the local government of Safari and the analysis in order to clarify the political nature of the government and the extent of its dependence on each of the legitimacy centers.

Form plays a major role in Iranian architecture. Chahārtāqy is a type of common forms in Iranian architecture with an ancient history that by studying its structure and formation process and development, the course of development and continuity of architecture in various eras in Iran can be understood. From a number of researcher's view, Khorasan is the origin of Chahārtāqy architecture, Chalipaee form (cruciform), and Chahar Eyvani (four-porch) plan. The authors of the paper, according to this approach have studied the evolution and continuity of Chahartaqy form from Sassanid era in the North East Iran until the end of the fourth century AH. So, in this article we are going to make it clear that how was the distribution of Chahartaqys in North East of Iran and how was their applied categorization? In addition, what was the relationship between the location of Chahartaqys and their application? And what has influenced their form and structure? Finally what was the impact of Chahartaqyhays of Sasanian in North East of Iran on Islamic architecture of the region in that period? This research has been carried out with the descriptive-analytical method and by means of compilation of information, field studies, and library studies. The results suggest that both religion and politics have played a major role in the formation and development of this type of architecture. The Location of Chahartaqys also has had a direct effect on the type of construction, and similarly, the Islamic period architecture of the region of North-Eastern Iran, especially in such edifices as mausoleums, mosques, palaces, mansions, and fortresses has been influenced by the Sassanid Chahārtāqy plan and the general form of construction of that period.

Isfahan in the center of the plateau of Iran has got a suitable climate and considerable economic and strategic conditions. These conditions also affect the collective life of the inhabitants of the city in its historical evolution. Isfahan in the late Sassanid era was a major business, agricultural and military center, and its importance was so much that Yazdgerd III fleeing the Arabs arrived in Isfahan, but the situations did not meet his expectations. Arabs after opening the outer borders of Iran chose Isfahan as their first target in the Central Plateau of Iran and occupied this important town peacefully. While Muslims in their conquests in Iran were faced with people's resistance and were forced to recapturing cities; Isfahan was conquered easier and there were no public resistance and reactions aftermath. In this regard, the paper explains the privileged position of Isfahan and its importance in the late Sassanid and early Islamic period also it describes the conquest of Isfahan in comparison to other major cities in Iran by Arabs. The findings obtained and interpreted by studying historical sources and by library method show that the conquest of the city with a good location and at the center of the Sassanid privileged classes, has been influenced by several factors, in the meantime informed and pragmatic attitude in dealing peacefully with urban populations have contributed winners.

Uraman as one of the dependent areas of Ardalan in the course of Naseri era was the scene of widespread riots that nearly a decade governors of Ardalan and later Qajar rulers were busy with it and choosing non-native governors and tax pressures had a significant role in the formation of the uprising. More resources of Qajar period, except a few of a handful of local resources, did not refer to that unrest event. Hence, this paper is to identify and study new grounds in the insurgency, as well as a study of the political, social and economic development of rebellion and its continuity. This study seeks to answer two questions. First, what factors caused riots of Uraman? And the second question is what consequences did Uraman riots have? In response to the first question the hypothesis that can be considered is lack of supervision of the central government on governor's tributary, also economic problems and the presence of non-native governors, attracted the masses to the leaders of the rebellion, It should be noted in the description of the second hypothesis, that the impact of the riots on relations between Iran and the Ottoman Empire led to unrest and clashes and those conflicts changed relations and political relations between the two governments. It should be mentioned that the results of this study confirm the hypothesis. Research methods were based on the theoretical and analytical approach and the library method has been used to collect necessary information and data.

"Luti and Lutigari (Ruffian and Machismo)" has a long history in the culture and social developments of Iran. The ancient origins and cause of this social phenomenon is as old as the history of "chivalry", and it can be traced in the ancient Iran and agility culture and the Islamic generosity. This rooted social phenomenon with many ups and downs in history, during the Qajar period gradually turned to decline. Apart from a series of moral and social evaluations, the Luti's role in political and social developments in Iran during the Qajar period is very important in terms of social and local history. We try to take advantage of some sociological theories, especially the theory of "functionalism" and "deviations" while recognizing their social identities to review their practices and explain the necessity of their presence in the political upheavals and rebellions between 1240 to 1265 AH. The results show that Lutian in the big cities of Iran, especially in Isfahan, the largest and most important city of Iran in the thirteenth AH/ the nineteenth century AD were always present in insurgencies and the most pioneering and influential bands of the army and some underprivileged classes of society in the fight against the government. The dimensions of the rebellion in the above mentioned years during the reign of Fath Ali Shah, Mohammad Shah and and the beginning of Naseroddin Shah's regime and the killings and bloodshed shows the depth of these incidents. Despite the fact that during the Qajar period Lutian were relegated gradually from their attractive position to protect the legacy of chivalry into a weapon in the hands of those influential groups, but studying the role of this social phenomenon in social and cultural life of Iranian cities, enriches studies in the field of social and local history studies and is also very important in the promotion of social history of Iran.

From the very beginning until the fall of the dynasty of the Safavids Kurdish tribes had a significant position. Although the presence and power of Kurds in any period of the Safavid state was different in the sense that sometimes highlights the essential role and sometimes it was weak and ineffective, but it is an undeniable fact that the Kurds during the Safavids were of great importance for the central government. The location of them was located in an area which continuously increased their importance and this important factor was cross-border and neighborhood with the Ottoman government. Since the Kurdish tribes had lived in the territory between the Safavids and the Ottomans as a result the Kurds were very important in the decisions that both governments made. The objective of the present study is clarifying the role of Kurdish settlements as an important border region which was located between the two powerful governments of Islamic world, Iran and the Ottoman Empire. The research method is descriptive- analytical and first-hand historical sources have been used.

One of the local Kurdish governments that despite centuries of autonomy, in the early time of Shah Abbas I of the Safavid accepted to be related government to the central government was the government of Ardalan in Kurdistan. Due to the strategic position of Kurdistan Ardalan on the border of Iran and Turkey, the Ardalans, who prior to this, did not accept the submission of any of the governments of Iran and Ottomans, by accepting to be officially dependant to the Iranian government at the time of Shah Abbas I, marked a new chapter in its political history. Within the period 1019 to 1046 A.H, which includes a part of the reign of Shah Abbas I and the early reign of Shah Safi in Iran, Kurdistan Ardalan was under the rule of two of the most powerful local rulers, Heh Lukhan and his son Ahmad Khan Ardalan. In this research the political development of Kurdistan in the above mentioned period and relations of the local rulers with the central government have been studied. The findings show that the centralization policy of the Safavid on the one hand and the geographical location of the territory of Ardalan in the early reign of Shah Abbas I on the other hand played a key role in the integration of local government of Ardalan in the central government. Since that time, Ardalan rulers, in the position of governor, played an important role in the administrative system of the Safavids.

In the past centuries, some of the characters and some Iranian families for some reasons emigrated from Iran to the Indian subcontinent and play an important role in the affairs of the government of that country. One of these families was Sadat of Beihaghi who arrived in Kashmir in the early ninth century AH and because of their presence in the religious-political campaigns in there and communication and close links with the rulers of Kashmir, for some time found their way into Kashmir government and gained appropriate political influence and social status in Kashmir. This is why that family migrated and the entered into the political scene of Kashmir and the ups and downs of their position and role of Sadat of Beihaghi in the political life of Kashmir, and the factors affecting it, are the important questions that this article is to answer them by historical research methods and analytical techniques based on library resources. Sadat of Beihaghi through union with the family of the rulers of Kashmir and paying the cost of attending in the conflicts and competition with those who claim to political and religious opponents, change their position from the status of immigrants and visitors to the position of partners and heirs of the rulers of Kashmir and during the ninth and tenth centuries AH played an important role in the political history of Kashmir.

The old families due to owning many lands and servants, as well as competence and courage in fighting and horse riding, during all dynasties of ancient Persia have had direct effect on the successes and failures of ancient Persia dynasties. Mehran family also as one of these large families, at the time of the Sassanids, were able to continue to maintain their position and have active and effective role in the political developments of that dynasty. Mehran family, like other ancient families were of the main pillars of the Sassanids and had prominent positions in the political, military, economic and social, and civil and military officials in this period. In this report by using the descriptive-analytical method and according to sources the role of Mehran family in the political developments in Iran the Sassanid era has been studied.

However, throughout the years of the First World War the geographical extent of Iran was the area of resistance of nationalists against foreign forces, but the Tangistan and the Tangestanis have long been famous. One of the reasons was cohesion of Tangistan to Bushehr, one of the most important commercial ports in Iran in the Qajar period. Another reason was the Tangestanis initiative in tackling intruders who had breached the neutrality of Iran in the war. In this regard, the small village of Tangak and its mayor Haj Ali Tangaky in the one hand, and the coastal strip of Tangistan with the bailiff of Reis Ali Delvari had a special role in the beginnings of public resistance in southern Iran, during the first months of World War I, so that, that small area with its events had local dimensions, at that time was at the center of national developments. Although the violation of Iran's neutrality in World War I has been studied at the national and international scales, but the purpose of this study is to show, with the documentary method, how such events though on a local scale could trigger breach of Iran's neutrality and thus new dimensions of research capacity in local history have been examined. As documented and expanded in this study for the first time the role of Haj Ali Tangaky has been introduced and recognized.

Historical-Geography Research is an interdisciplinary research that for fieldwork and the land logistics is of great credit rating. In this method Geographic development in the middle of the historical developments are very important, and the purpose of the combination of these two fields is to create the pattern and manner consistent with new research methods to study the developments in a specific geographic area in the historical period. Therefore, in this type of research the history is contemporary and its importance is for its applied framework. Qom in Qajar period because of the proximity to the capital and the resting in the transportation axis of Isfahan, Kashan and Sultanabad (Arak), enjoyed a special status. Little by little form the Naseroddin Shah time the first core of the city as the current structure was formed in Qom and the developments resulted in the growth and the expansion of the city were founded during this period. The primary objective of this study was to determine the characteristics of Qom in the Naseri period. Then by assessment of the above features, the ratio between the growth of the city and its geographical scope has been reviewed. The findings suggest that natural and political geography of Qom, besides its religious attractions in the Qajar period, provided the growth and development of this city. Growth of the city led to build and repairing roads between cities, expansion of merchandise trade, industrial workshops, a variety of ethnic and social groups.