فصلنامه زیست شناسی جانوری تجربی
پیاپی 1 (تابستان 1391)

Cellulase products usage in industry is in demand considerably. This enzyme is used in paper, paint, oil and textile industries. Cellulase can convert cellulose to glucose and then glucose can be converted to ethanol which this process can be replaced with fossil fuels. Cellulose is a polysaccharide that can be renewable and may be in future providing fuel for transportation. Cellulase converts cellulose to soluble sugars. One of the most extensively studied organisms is the soft rot fungus Trichoderma reesei. This fungus produces a complete set of cellulolytic enzymes that are able to cleave β- 1, 4- glycosidic bonds present in cellulose or cellulose derivatives. One of the key enzymes in the multi- enzyme complexes is endoglucanase which is purified from different method. By using the butanol to concentrate this enzyme, we obtained remarkable active enzyme. The amount of cellobiohydrolases are much more than the concentration of endoglucanases (mentioned by several articles) in Trichoderma reesei. In this experiment, we could obtain the concentration of endoglucanases 20% more than cellobiohydrolases.

Morphine and other opioid drugs through by increasing brain dopaminergic systems are used to induce dependence and craving. This study investigated the effects of Ldopa as dopamine precursor on creating dependency of morphine. In this study, 56 male mature mice (about 80 days old) with a weight of 30-35 grams were enrolled as the experimental, sham and the control groups. The experimental groups included 5 subgroups treated with either morphine, Ldopa with dose of minimum, Ldopa with dose of maximum, morphine+ Ldopa with dose of minimum and morphine+ Ldopa with dose of maximum. Morphine was used for dependency and Ldopa was used as dopamine precursor and CCP method was used to estimate dependency. The data were statistically analyzed by independent Student’s t-test using SPSS version 18.Results showed no meaningful difference between the control and the witness groups. However, there was a meaningful difference between the control group with morphine, Ldopa and Ldopa+morphine groups in preferring a location to receive morphine. And also no meaningful difference between the Ldopa+morphine group in preferring the location for receiving the drug compared with the group receiving morphine alone.Morphine through stimulating mesolimbic dopaminergic nerve pathways and Ldopa through increased production of dopamine in the brain are causes increasing dependence.

Pepsin (E. C. 3. 4. 23. 1) is a juise gastric aspartic proteinase S. It belongs to hydrolaes family. It is structure is consis of two lobes that they are similar in size and folding. It consis of a single polypeptide chain of molecular weight 34644 Da and 327 amini acid. Pepsin contais 1. 2% basic residues، 13. 1% acidic residues، 46. 5% polar residues، 39. 2% hydrophobic residues. S tructural stability of pepsin was investigated by UV-VIS spectrophotometry and spectrophlorimetry. Spectral measurements were made at pH 2 and temperatures between 30 and 100 ºC. It was observed that (1) enzyme stability considerable is high، (2) enzyme stability decreases in the presence of urea at pH 2. (3) decrease of thermodynamic parameters and in the presense of urea. (4) increase of flurense intensity in the presensce of urea.

One of the big problems on Sturgeon Fishes is select of the breeders that have high quality of gametes after hormone injection. So in this research Final oocyte maturation index (GVBD) in in vitro for selection of Persian sturgeon Broodstock, Acipenser persicus, was studied on 10 females captured from the Caspian Sea during reproduction season. About 150 oocytes from every broodstock, taken by hollow probe, were incubated in incubation media of RM2 containing 10 µg/l of progesterone for induction of the final oocyte maturation and assessment of GVBD index. Results indicated that significant differences in GVBD of the in vitro and in vivo were observed (٭٭). However, Broodstockes with rate of GVBD in in vitro higher than %50 had a significantly better ovulation, fertilization and incubation rates (٭), from those with a GVBD lower than %50. It could be concluded that use from method of assessment of GVBD index under in vitro circumstance was preferable to assessment of GVBD index under in vivo and also nucleus polarization index for selection of suitable broodstock.

In this survey, the infection rate of Linguatulaserrata nymphs in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), livers and lungs of 400 cattle was studied in different seasons considering their sex and age in Tabriz abattoir. The lymph nodes, livers and lungs were examined macroscopically. A digestion method was also applied for investigation of liver and lung samples. The infection rate of L. serrata nymphs in MLNs and livers was 17.2% and0.25% respectively. But none of the lung samples were infected. The infection rate in slaughtered cattle significantly increased with age (P0.05).Moreover, there was not any significant difference in infection rate through the different seasons of the year(P>0.05).

During the taxonomical investigations of Coleoptera (family: Meloidae) of the Arak County, in spring and summer 2010, 15 species of blister beetles belonging to the two subfamily (Nemognathinae and Meloinae), three tribes (Mylabrini, Lyttini and Nemognathini) and six genus (Hycleus, Mylabris, Alosimus, Calydus, Teratolytta and Nemognatha) were collected and identified. In this study the geographical distribution and identification key of the collected species of blister beetles were considered. This is the first time that Calydus ornaticollis species from Arak and Teratolytta flavipes species from Iran was reported. Morphological characters such as mesosternum, antennae, pronotum, and male reproductive organ were the main identification character that was used.

One hundred and sixty one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross308) in 2 groups of 4 replicates and 20 chicks for each replicate were used. One group of these birds was raised in normal temperature (control birds) and the other group was raised in cold temperature for induce PHS (PHS birds) Glutathione peroxidase (GPX)، superoxide dismutase (SOD، total antioxidant status (TAS)، and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of both plasma and liver were determined at days 21 and 42 of age. At the end of the experiment (week 6)، 2 chicks from each replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered. The heart was removed، the right ventricle was dissected away from the left ventricle and septum، and the ratio of right ventricle weight to total ventricle weight (RV/TV) was calculated. Plasma GPX and SOD activities of control birds were greater than those of PHS birds at day 42 of age (P)