فصلنامه زیست شناسی جانوری تجربی
پیاپی 2 (پاییز 1391)

Nucleus accumbens as one of the feeding control areas has dopaminergic neurons, ascorbic acid (AA) plays a role in g the release of these neurons. Our previous studies have shown that Intraaccumbance shell (Acbsh) injection of AA decreased feeding, So in the present study we evaluate the role of Ascorbate oxidase (AAO) injection in Acbsh on appetitive effects of D2 receptors. 98 adult male Wistar rats (220-270 g) were used into 14 groups: control (intact), sham AA (normal salin as AA vehicle), AA (50 and 250 μg/rat),sham bromocriptine, Br (50 and 25 μg/rat), AA plus Br (50 and 50 μg/rat), Sham AAO (injected H2O as AAO vehicle),AAO(0.2 μg/rat), inactive AAO(0.2 μg/rat) and AAO plus Br (0.2 and 50 μg/rat).Drugs were injected daily (volum = 1μl) for four constitutive day and feed measurement was repeated every 12 hours during the dark period. The result showed that; Intraaccumbance injection of AA (50 and 250 μg/rat) decreased feed intake as well as Br (50 and 20 μg/rat) on the other hand AAO in the Acbsh (0.2 μg/rat) increased feed intake (p < 0.05). Our new result confirms the previous finding about the role of AA as an effective factor in feeding regulation in Acbsh. In addition AAO related results showed that depletion of ascorbic acid, also changed feed intake. Moreover the results showed that AA and AAO in Acbsh could change the D2 dopamine agonist induced feed intake.

Overexpression and malfunction of human epidermal receptors (HERs) is associated with occurrence of malignancy in various tissues. Among EGFRs, HER2 as an orphan receptor could dimerize and activate without presence of any kind of ligands. Overexpression of HER2 has significant role in incidence of breast cancer. Herceptin, an approved therapeutic monoclonal antibody, targets extracellular domain of HER2 which result to inhibition of dimerization and consequently blocking induction of intracellular signaling cascades. Efficiency of point mutation, which is offered based on rational design approach for affinity maturation of Herceptin, was investigated by 10 ns of molecular dynamic simulation. According to our results, Herceptin with mutated light chain make a more stable complex with HER2 compared to wild type. Asp92 in mutated VL of Herceptin constructs a stable salt bridge with Lys569 on HER2 which decreases the electrostatic energy between VL of Herceptin and HER2 thereby affects RMSD values of IV-HER2 during 10 ns of MD simulation. Herceptin (VL; Tyr92Asp)-HER2 complex showed lower level of total energy during allover of MD simulation in comparison with Herceptin-HER2 complex. Our molecular modeling investigation demonstrated that affinity maturation of Herceptin through rational design could be improved via mutation of Tyr92 to Asp in VL chain of antibody. Affinity improvement of Herceptin for HER2 could lead to increase efficiency and reduction in dose or frequency of administrations.

Nowadays the world is full of some less known species of signals which connect us together. So human beings are continually exposed to electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields. In order to investigate the effects of magnetic fields on cell survival, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were exposed to 15 mT static magnetic field in the presence and the absence of 0.5 gray X-ray. The rate of dead cells didnt show a significant difference when the cells were treated with static magnetic field alone. But after an acute exposure with the ionizing radiation, the field increased the percentage of survived cells significantly and rescued a part of X-ray induced apoptotic cells. These data show that static magnetic field treatment, suppresses apoptosis and promotes survival in bone marrow stem cells of rat. Thus, magnetic fields might act as a co-mutagenic and co-carcinogenic agent with increasing the risk of tumor development by inhibiting apoptosis.

Steroidal sex hormones especially testosterone have a protective effect in neurodegenerative events such as Alzheimer Disease. The present study was designed to explore effect of testosterone and androgen receptors in memory impairment induced by intra- cerebroventricular (icv) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) as a model of sporadic AD. In this research animals were divided randomly into 11 equal groups. Experimental model of AD was induced by bilateral icv injection of STZ. STZ-induced memory impairment was assessed two weeks after the last dose of STZ by using a passive avoidance task. The interval between the placement of animals in the illuminated chamber and the entry into the dark chamber was measured as step-through latency (STL). Castration was performed by surgical removing of testis and behavioral study of memory impairment was done after 4 weeks. Results of this study showed that icv injection of STZ could induce marked (p<0.001) memory impairment. Memory was worsened in castrated rats (P<0.001) when compared with normal and sham-operated animals. Testosterone replacement therapy in 4 week castrated rats restored memory up to the level of control groups. Testosterone had not any significant effect on memory impairments of non-castrated rats. According to the obtained results it can be concluded that testosterone improves cognitive and memory impairment of AD.

Introduction & Zinc is an essential element for the immune system. This element has different effects on immune system activity. On the other hand, different serum Zn levels also alter normal B-cell line and T-cell line functions. The present study was carried out to assess B cell line and T cell line tolerance to low concentration Zinc Chloride In vitro study. This experimental study was conducted at the Payame Noor University of Tehran in 2010. The B- cell line and T-cell line were exposed to 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 75, 100,125, 150,175 and 200 μm (λ) of Zinc Chloride followed by incubation at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 hrs. Viability of B- cell line (Raji) and T-cell line (molt-4) were evaluated with hemocytometer method and percentage of living cells have been considered as cellular tolerance index to cytotoxic effects of Zinc chloride. The results were analyzed by SPSS software, version 18 using T-test and Kruskal-Wallis test. In this study, the results showed Zinc chloride concentrations up to 40 μm (λ) at different incubation time points (12-72 hrs) had no effects on B cell line and T cell line viability (p> 0.05) With 50-200 μm (λ) concentrations, Zinc at different incubation time points (12-72 hrs) tolerance B cell and T cell line decreased and viability decreased significantly when compared with the control group and test groups up to 40 μm (λ) concentration (p< 0.05). All groups at different after incubation time, Zinc concentrations (50-200 μm) B cell and T cell line tolerance decreased significantly when compared with Zinc chloride concentrations up to 40 μm (λ) (p< 0.05). Zinc is necessary for the normal function of the immune system. A variety of in vitro effects of zinc on B cell line and T cell line depend on the zinc concentration. High dosages of zinc evoke negative effects on B cell line and T cell line. An excess of zinc can inhibit B- cell line and T-cell line function.

Scorpion bite is one of our medical problems, but what is important regarding this matter is a fear that people have about this creature. Unfortunately a precise and right statistics toward the risk of this creature bite does not exist. Till based on that, it would be possible to recognize scorpion bite of our society is related to what species and it has what a status among category of death causes and based on that prepare a antivenom monovalan related to every scorpion; surely we cannot deny this problem in south and west regions of our country specially for hot seasons. By regarding the medically importance of the scorpions and human's healthy and also by regarding the lacks of taxonomic and funa studies about scorpions in Iran, this research has paid about the recognition of Ilam province scorpions, species frequency and geographically distribution. In this research first, Ilam province based on geography position, scorpion biting domain, climate and local researches divided to 14 region of sampling. By use of valid identifying keys such as Navid pour (2008), samples recognizes, frequency of scorpion species in each climate region has showed and their distribution map by use of GIS software has drawn. In Ilam province, among 390 hunted scorpion, 10 species include Hottentotta saulcyi (23.07), Mesobuthus eupeus (22.56), Compsobuthus matthiesseni (13.07), hemiscorpius lepturus (12.3), Orthochirus iranus (7.94), Razianus zarudnyi (4.87), Androctonus crassicaudata (4.1), Buthacus macrocentrus (3.33), Scorpio maurus (2.56), Odontobuthus bidentatus (1.02) scorpion identified.

Occult hepatitis B infection (OHB) is defined as infection with detectable HBV DNA and undetectable surface antigen (HBsAg) in patient's blood. It is believed that detection of hepatitis B virus by host in “a” region of surface antigen (HBsAg) is performed. However, there have never been successful attempts to provide evidence for this hypothesis, partly because the 3D structure of HBsAg molecule has not been determined. Tertiary structure prediction of HBsAg solely from its primary amino acid sequence may reveal the structural changes of the mutant proteins. We carried out this study to analyze the predicted HBsAg conformation changes of OBH variant and wild isolated from Iranian patient blood. We extracted HBsAg sequences (OBH and wild) of Iranian from Gen Bank. Tertiary structures of the wild & occult HBsAg were predicted using “ab initio” modeling and ITASSER method. Then visualized using deep View/Siwsspdb Viewer. Dipole moments of 3D structures were determined by chimera software. Wild & occult HBsAg sequences were analyzed in CLC Main Workbench to prediction antigenic index of each sequence. Our results showed the single amino acid substitutions in OBH, may alter structural properties of variant HBsAg, which can be shown by both its antigenic index and dipole moment of predicted 3D conformation. This survey suggested that the moreover “a" region mutations, other mutations can be change structure of HBsAg. It suggested to detection and vaccine design should be pay attention to three-dimensional structure of HbsAg.

The objectives of this study was to investigate whether consuming of protected glutamine (PG) before parturition in close up period would affect dry matter intake (DMIkg/d), blood urea nitrogen (BUNmg/dl), body condition score (BCS) and biomarkers of oxidative stress, glutathione peroxidase activity (GPX units/ml PCV) and Total Antioxidant Status (TASmmol/L). Thirty six pregnant Holstein dairy cows were assigned into two treatment groups based on their BCS and expected. Calving date in student examination. Treatment groups consisted of 1) glutamine supplementation 100 g/d per cow from 21d before calving until parturition (F), 2) glutamine unsupplementation from 21d before calving until parturition (N). There weren’t any significant differences among treatments in DMI and BCS on d -21,-14, -7 and calving day before parturition. There weren’t significant differences in the total antioxidant status (TAS) but plasma glutathione Peroxidase activity (GPX) was significant difference between two group and was greater for (F) group at -7d before calving (57.44 vs 47.94 and p≤0.05 respectively) and -14 (45.87 vs 41.72 and p≤0.04 respectively) before parturition. It seems that supplementation diets with glutamine on the close up period can enhance plasma glutathione Peroxides activity (GPX) and the best level of formaldehyde for protection of glutamine is 1%.

In this study, with habitat features, distribution, morphometric and meristic data relating to the 5 samples of subspecies Apathya cappadocica urmiana Lantz & Suchow, 1934, the new distribution model is presented in the west of Iranian plateau. These samples were collected during 2010-2013. Previously, the distribution range of this subspecies in the West Azarbaijan Province, was known from gorges on the west slope of the Urmia Lake. In this paper, this subspecies are also reported from province of Kurdistan, Kermanshah and Ilam, and therefore its distributional range is being extended to the south and west foothills of the Zagros Mountains and stop the distribution model in Ilam province to the south, the last limit distribution of this subspecies shown by topography and climate maps, and new information about the biology, distribution and morphology of this subspecies have been offers.