مجله اقتصاد و توسعه منطقه ای
پیاپی 4 (پاییز و زمستان 1391)

Considering the importance of agriculture for Iran economy and Khorasan provinces, present study has been done for investigating interaction and linkages between the agricultural sector with other economic sectors in Khorasan provinces. In order to do so, Khorasan Input-Output table for 1380 and hypothetical extraction method has been used. The results indicofe that two activities of agriculture (cultivation, horticulture sector and animal husbandry, aviculture, sericulture and apiculture sector) are key sectors and have great linkages with other economic sectors. In addition, these activities have stronger forward linkages with “Manufacture of food products and beverages, Manufacture of tobacco products”, “Manufacture of textiles” and “Restaurants”. Further, these have stronger backward linkages with “Road transport”, “Wholesale and retail trade; repair services” and “Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products”

Electricity is one of the main inputs in the economic activities especially in industrial sectors. According to Subsidies targeting rule, the sale of electricity should raise the prices to the level of the actual production costs within the fifth development program. This paper uses a computable general equilibrium for measuring the impacts of policy interference on electricity consumption in the industrial sectors of Iran in two scenarios. According to the first scenario, raising electricity price by no change in other energy price, we expect to decrease electricity demand in textile, glass and machinery industries more than other industries. On the second scenario, demand for electricity by the textile, glass industries decrease more than other activities.

Corruption is an anomalous phenomenon,economic, political and cultural. it exists in some developing and developed countries and because is known as the most important barrier of progress and economic growth, therefore it is necessary to be focused.The main objective of this paper is to understand the phenomenon of corruption and corruption associated with the identification of variables, including economic and political democracy.Relationship between government size and corruption in the public sector is a matter of economics, the role of democracy. So this research uses Panel Data during the period 2003-2010 and investigates its impact on the corruption with the emphasis on the role of democracy in the 16 MENA countries.The results show that expanding the size of government, or low levels of democracy, Can increase the level of corruption in the region. Also Interactive effects of government size and democracy on corruption, the fact that democracy is reduced, a larger size of government, reduce the level of corruption. This is the result of feedback, The low level of democracy, the system of monitoring and control lower, so that, Corruption is shown less, That does not necessarily mean reducing corruption. Therefore, to reduce the level of corruption in government activities,The spread of democracy, especially freedom of the press and media, and strengthening oversight and accountability system is recommended

World's financial crisis which began in 2007 with the collapse of New York stock market and explosion of housing bubble in America has undergone huge changes. This crisis, which started with incorrect economic policy of America Federal Reserves, has rapidly changed the economic feature of the world.According to statistics, certainly, it can be said, this crisis is the largest financial crisis in history, also it absolutely is global and pervasive phenomenon.In recent years, OECD is advanced to announce its skills and experience to the developing economy and market economy. The necessity of 4globalization, the amplitude of OECD is expanded and analyzed the quality of regional policy and the communication of countries with each other and this issue is done beyond the OECD region.Also, since the crisis is completely new in this period of time, a research which studies the crisis and its effects on economic and business relations of developed (OECD) countries is of great importance.Adjusting trade policy with the aim of preventing from the affection of financial crisis on countries is the most dominant aim of this study. This study benefits from Gravity Model to make a pattern to estimate trade effects, by using this model (econometrics and Panel Data Model), effects of financial recent crisis on business integration of OECD countries during 1995-2009 were investigated. The results of the study showed that the effects of recent financial Crisis on business integration of OECD countries was 75 percent which showed that happening of financial crisis integrate OECD countries make more integrated 75 percent.

Since investigation of the economic aspects of greenhouse gases and its environmental effects are important in present evermore increasing of greenhouse gases condition, in this research the relationship between greenhouse gas or co2 emission and three macroeconomic variables, level of real domestic gross production, energy consumption and direct foreign investment is evaluated using panel data method for eighteen selected Middle Eastern countries during 1995-2007. The causative relationship between emission of CO2 and three macroeconomic variables has been studied using Granger causative test and Panel Data approach. The results show the positive effect of energy consumption, foreign direct investment and GDP on emission of pollution and they confirm EKC (Environmental Kuznets Curve) hypothesis.

The article has studied the relationship between Non-oil trade balance of Iran and real exchange rate, base on Rose and Yellen corrected model, by using annual data during period 1970 - 2007.Firstly, in order to investigate stationarity of the variables, the augmented Dicky-Fuller test has been used, and to check the validity of the Dicky-Fuller test, Perrone structural break test has also been applied. Moreove, in order to determine the long-run relationships and short-run dynamics between non-oil trade balance and real exchange rate, GDP of Iran and GDP of Germany, the ARDL model has been utilized. Despite the negative effect of the dummy variable of war, the GIRF test result has shown existence of the J curve phenomenon in the non-oil trade relations between Iran and Germany. Regarding to positive effects of real exchange reate changes on trade balance; devaluation policy can be usefull for policymakers to improve non-oil trade balance of Iran-Germany.