فصلنامه پدافند غیرعامل
پیاپی 3 (تابستان 1389)

One of the most important tasks for civil security in any war is the physical protection of critical infrastructures, rapid response and rescue teams, and civilians. The main research and application topics for improved protection solutions are developing in relation to risks from the proliferation of chemical and biological warfare agents and from the need for better protective systems against explosives, projectiles, and fire, especially in personal equipment for rescue forces. Against this background and the specific security demands, the interdisciplinary field of nanotechnology plays an important role for the development of new passive and active protective applications. Nanotechnology offers novel materials with enhanced or new physical properties and functionalities including higher strength, durability, embedded sensory capabilities and active materials. Protection in civil security can be investigated in four main categories; Personal protective equipment, mechanical strength and robustness, electromagnetic shielding and decontamination and filter Applications. In this paper, application of nanotechnology has been investigated in the above categories. In terms of protection, civil security applications will mainly benefit from the material functionalities: lightweight, smart components, adaptive structures, Electromagnetic shielding and mechanical strength and robustness. Using carbon nano tubes or nano silica in the concrete formulation can lead to the strength structures for civil applications. The use and development of decontamination and filter technologies for the protection of critical infrastructures and technical equipment are closely linked to the protection of people and natural resources. These challenges are relevant when developing decontaminating coatings, active cleaning and decontamination agents, and catalytic filter systems. A new medical technology, based on nanoparticles containing a magnetic iron compound, has been developed to clean the blood of victims of radiological, chemical and biological terrorist attacks.

One of the important aspects of stealth technology in advanced warships design has been discussed In this paper. In warships, infrared suppression is vital to mitigate threats against infrared guided missiles. Infrared radiation is introduced and then definition of the physical concepts of spectral emission and radiance and introduction of theoretical expression are represented. Ships infrared emission sources and methods of their suppression were studied and infrared suppression systems common in advanced military ships are listed.

Knowing the relationships and equations of penetration depth of projectiles which will finally explode is necessary in designing defense structures. This paper deals with a number of equations which in addition to their application to project design for special cases, are compared with these relationships as well.Many different researchers have attempted to present the relationships of bomb penetration depth in various layers of soil taking the parameters of soil mechanics and impact speed of projectile into consideration. In addition to their explanation and presenting analytical parameters, they compare and present complementary relationships, as well. This paper provides a simulation method, too.

In this research the required calculation for determining the suitable upper shield in an individual shelter, against gamma and neutron rays produced by Uranium nuclear blast has been carried out. Firstly the various shields for protecting against gamma and neutron rays have been considered. For a simulated human phantom using the Monte Carlo method and MCNPX code, for one neutron and one gamma photon the absorbed dose in various organs of the body has been computed. Then by using the given information from nuclear emissions of neutron and gamma produced by Uranium bombs blast with variant powers, the amount of absorbed dose in an effigy has been defined. Therefore by using the calculation of the totally absorbed dose in an effigy a suitable shield for a shelter can be determined.

Luciferase and its substrate (luciferin) are responsible for bioluminescence in living organisms. All known luciferases are oxygenases and they oxidize the luciferin using molecular oxygen, producing light as a result of oxidation. Luciferases are classified into four types based on the organisms from which they originated: Coelenterate luciferase, Bacterial luciferase, Dinoflagellate luciferase, and Firefly luciferase, they are quite different biochemically and genetically and have been derived from distinct evolutionary origins. Nowadays luciferase is used in biotechnology as an important enzyme and its new applications are developing. These applications are: 1- Imaging of different cells and tissues by changing their property of light emission, 2- Used as biological detector in the study of genes expression through simultaneous expression with luciferase gene, 3- Determining the activity of different gene promoters by putting luciferase gene under the control of the promoter, and 4- Production of biosensors for detecting poisonous compounds, heavy metals (such as Cadmium and Mercury), toluene and its derivatives like TNT as well as measuring intracellular calcium changes and ATP

There are interesting types of camouflage in environment and between animals, which inspired the human to find camouflage patterns. To be able to evaluate the effectiveness of camouflage patterns it is necessary to find those factors which influence the camouflage ability. The research showed that the accuracy of a camouflage pattern is dependent on both the color matching and contrast similarity of the pattern and its surrounding. Despite the considerable work that have been done in different countries to provide suitable camouflage patterns, there is not an acceptable method to determine the camouflage accuracy of a pattern quantitatively. In this paper, a camouflage index is proposed considering the two mentioned factors. To determine the contrast, a fuzzy function which had been introduced in an article about color image enhancement was used. In this way, the contrast difference between the pattern and background could be determined. Computational process was done in HSV color space which is more related to human visual system than RGB space. The magnitude of color matching between the pattern and background was estimated by applying a color difference formula. Consequently, an equation was obtained based on these two factors. The results of employing this equation for some camouflage patterns were satisfactory and showed acceptable correlation with visual assessment.