فصلنامه پدافند غیرعامل
سال دوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 5، زمستان 1389)

Any operational program which contributes to the reduction of infrastructure vulnerabilities and human resource against foreign threats and possible attacks and brigs about national capabilities is known as passive defense or civil defense. Since human and infrastructure damage of utilizing blister and nerve gas agents by Saddam's regime can be compensated, it contributes to directing us towards researching CAD decontaminating liquid which is the most useful way of decontamination based on Sodium decholero iso cyanide.This liquid is a generic decontaminating liquid and, through hydrolization and oxidation, can eliminate most chemical and biological agents such as mustard which is classified as one of the persistent blister chemical warfare agents and which causes harmful effects on individuals.The main component of the liquid is Sodium decholero iso cyanide(NaDCC). This essay reviews the persistence of decontaminating liquid, based on Sodium decholero iso cyanide using iodometery and its effects on pseudo-mustard, which is 2-chloroetylphenil sulfide(2-CEPS) by the GC device and determines that this liquid is able to eliminate this pseudo-blister agent in a few minutes. Products resulting from reactions by the GC-MS device was separated and identified in this essay.

Many countries worldwide are using underground facilities to conceal and protect leaders, military and industrial personnel, weapons, equipment, and various other assets and activities. The identification, attack and destruction of these facilities which are considered as high-value targets is on the top priority of the intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance operations of the attacking country.The goal of this essay is to introduce the characteristics and structure of deeply buried targets and review the characteristics of nuclear and conventional earth penetrating weapons and finally the main and collateral effects of the explosion of such weapons along with challenges and impacts of attacking deeply buried targets using nuclear and conventional earth penetrating weapons. Many strategically deeply buried targets are beyond the reach of conventional earth penetrating weapons and their destruction can be made possible only by taking the risk of using nuclear weapons. The ability of any country to put at risk these kinds of facilities are challenged not only by depth and their widespread numbers of their vital systems but also the complex CCD techniques and the presence of some of them in the vicinity of civilian areas make this challenge worse. Such facilities hide and protect high value strategic facilities of every nation. This essay shows that knowledge of characteristics, weak and strong points of these weapons which are used against underground facilities can contribute effectively to designing, hardening and will finally lead to the reduction of possible damage and vulnerabilities to these facilities and humans well.

Using aerial images to object recognition is very common. The number of features such as color, spectral and texture can be extracted from these images and can be used for object and target recognition. These features are used by the classifier methods for targets classification. Hence, in these images, separating the object that has the same features, is not possible, or is done with lower accuracy, (especially in classe's boundary). This limitation in aerial images is a base for a number of the passive defense techniques. In the past few years, the acquisition of LIDAR data has been possible. Hence, in this paper, a novel target recognition method in aerial images, based on product image from LIDAR data and decision fusion technique is presented. Implementation results show that simultaneous use of aerial images and LIDAR data in object recognition are much more accurate performance than use every single one of these images, particularly in border areas between the classes in feature spaces. Some LIDAR data features such as altitude make ineffective camouflage and concealment actions that are complemented based on aerial image features such as color, in battle space.

Building number five of the World Trade Center is a nine-story administrative building and a part of the World Trade Center Complex in New York. In the September 11, 2001 event, part of the blazing rubbles of the towers 1 and 2 fell on the roof of this building and in addition to the damage done, it caused fire, as well. The spread of fire in the building, eventually led to the destruction of the fourth to eighth floor in the eastern section of this building. The destruction was in those parts of the building which received no damage by the first impact and most of the damage was solely due to the fire. Therefore, in this essay, a model of the limited components of the destroyed sections of the building was made using the ABAQUS software in order to review how the destruction was done and the temperature history of the building which was presented by the National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST 2005) was applied to the models created as dynamic thermal loading and the dynamic analysis of the temperature couple –point change was also applied to the structure models assisted by the results obtained from structure analyses, the behavior of the building components against fire has been studied and at the end, the separation of the components and the building defects and the main reason for the structure defect were also reviewed.

Design of underground structure against of kinds of bombs explosion duration influence in earth. In this paper at first is defined component of underground structure and then are considered surface explosion and behavior of tunnel lining. Because aim of construction of tunnels is protecting of people, instrument and equipment versus any kinds of attacks.However a safe underground structure is a shield and it can propagate waves of explosion. Also will be discussed the parameters of dynamic loading and transmission wave into rocks and soils. In this research is used UDEC software which is based on finite difference method. Which this software can analysis of dynamic of uncontinuous rocks. For loading, it is necessary to study propagate and damp of wave during surface explosion. Also we will explain about stability and optimum depth of tunnels.

In the modern warfare, one of the most important issues is safeguarding confidential and secret information. Each side of the conflict who is capable to access the information of the other side, will be strategically an tactically superior and his chance of victory at war will be multiplied. In this regard, the passive defense measures can play an effective role in reducing vulnerabilities. Cryptography as one of the passive defense measures, to safeguard the classified information, military intelligence, sensitive business and industrial information, governmental information and individual information is indispensable. Terrorists, hackers and imposters can obtain the important information and activities of armed forces and governments through hacking and cause problems for these organizations. For these reasons and in the course of time, many cryptographic methods were created to secure and safeguard information. Basically, cryptographic methods are used to safeguard the transferred information on open networks and the stored information on computers, as well. The classic cryptography systems are vulnerable due to their weak cryptographic algorithms or weakness in their key management systems. Although the quantum and the new computation theories are only less than 50 years old, recently, scientists have been able to review completely the consequences of one theory on another. In this essay attention is paid to the importance of security and different kinds of cryptography attacks and one of the most advanced cryptography methods, the quantum method, is introduced. The importance of the quantum cryptography lies in displaying that the Kelby Touring circuit is not used for practical computations.

Protecting human lives and their environments as a grand strategy, plays an important role in the national macro decision- making and urban development. Attacking cities and public places has long been taken into considerations by attackers, because any strike against these centers have vast destructive effects on city functions which bear key significance in the victory of the attackers in such a way that even international regulations will not prevent them from attacking and ignoring its psychological advantages.Therefore, taking the mitigation of vulnerability of these places into considerations has an important stance in increasing the defensive capability of every country. This measure needs a solution and necessitates taking preventive actions to protect citizen's lives as state's human assets and to elevate the national-psychological morale and capabilities.The lack of safe places in sites, open city space and open residential areas endangers their residents during the crisis period, whereas, by smart designing these places, we are able to not only prevent environmental vulnerability at the time of crisis and during the initial period of an enemy attack, caused by fragmentations, battle debris, shock waves or collapse of buildings on the people living in these places, but we can also create beautiful space integrated with architectural enhancement, in such a way that these places have high efficiency at usual time, as well. Utilizing elevation difference, earth natural steepness, walls, plants, collateral building patterns and so on, are among factors we can take advantage of in this regard.Regarding the Islamic government's emphasis on the passive defense considerations to increase the relative security of its citizens and to maintain and enhance the state's defensive capability in the event of a possible war, doing research in the fields of architecture and urban design and also preparing technical criteria for the design of public places, is an important necessity. The present research makes an attempt to respond to part of this key necessity through giving architectural design criteria for environments and public places.