نشریه نوآوری و ارزش آفرینی
پیاپی 13 (بهار و تابستان 1397)

This paper explores several characteristics of patents in the biotechnology field, comparing and contrasting them to patents in other fields of research. We find that biotechnology patents face a longer lag between application and grant date, and their secrecy would be heavily affected if legislation were to permit publication 18 months after application. They are highly concentrated geographically, as well as in industrial origin, and are used most heavily in the health sector, but have a wider spread in use than in origin. They use many more (and much more recent) references than the average patent, with a special weight on academic or scientific literature, foreign patents, and a tight circle of research fields. While they are not cited frequently on average, their use as germplasm is rising. Future research should focus on the questions that have been uncovered

Research findings play a significant role in promoting the quality of human life and the development of the community's welfare and international economic and social developments, but these findings, as long as they are not applied and are not available to the public or available to applicants They will not be of much importance and will have the cost of research Will not be compensated. The main purpose of this research is to design the Emerging Technologies Commercialization Model in knowledge-based companies. In fact, this research seeks to analyze and identify the direct and indirect barriers to the success of the commercialization of emerging technologies in knowledge-based companies. Make Therefore, it has been tried to create a good framework for this research by drawing on previous research and documentary studies. Then, based on the original framework, we will examine the case studies and analyze them. To study the case studies of 10 research companies that were selected from the list of knowledge based companies of the Vice Presidency of Science and Technology, the tools of interviewing and studying the documents of these companies were used to extract the conceptual model of the research. The conceptual model derived from the review of these companies in terms of business disclosure, organizational factors, life cycle, government policy, ecosystem of innovation, environmental factors, market development, and the success of the commercialized product. Validity and reliability of the research were measured through a group of 15 experts and 5 re-interviews. To analyze the data, open and axial coding was used and the software MAX QDa Data from the interviews were analyzed. Finally, a technology cube including 6 policy packages was presented as research proposals.

The pattern of science and technology parks like any government line should be carefully designed to lead to the development of innovation. Innovation always plays a crucial role in the economic and social development of countries, which is considered as the main source of economic growth, improvement of production, the basis for competition and promotion of the level of prosperity. To provide a policy template Park park Science and technology and company Knowledge based on qualitative research method was used in this study. The statistical community includes an exploratory interview with experts (politics Programmers Rizan and managers associated with the field of science and technology parks and company directors Knowledge base). In this research, using qualitative data collection methods and interviewing experts about the current status of the information gathered, then using open source and software coding methods max qda The research pattern was summarized and presented. The result of the research is to identify the dimensions of the external, organizational, institutional, external organizational network that influences the science and technology parks policy and knowledge base companies. Based on the aggregation of experts' opinions, it is suggested that the subject of this research be investigated and compared in other organizational environments (large or small organizations) or in different industries.

Knowledge-Based services and high-tech industries contributions in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of countris are increasing, since these contributions are reaching about 40 percent in countries such as USA. Entrance of Knowledge and technology elements in production function means an enormous increase in returns and ignorance from the daily importance of technology in economic growth and development will lead to a gap between developed and poor countries, exponentially. The present research reviewed the related literature of the three fields of science development, technology development and economic growth and their relationships thoroughly, and found 14 cofactors that affect the three fields and their relationships. Using experts' suggestions (13 Iranian experts which resides in Iran and abroad), the cofactors were applied in system dynamics approach in Vensim software to test the relationship and dynamics of the three fields in Iran in four different scenarios and in a 10-year period. The results showed that the three fields are interact with eachother in a complex, interwined structure in Iran and political- economic convergence is the key factor in this relationship. The results will be useful for policymakers of the three fields in Iran.

With regard to the competitive environment of the business over the past few decades, companies have been innovative to maintain their vitality and position in the business environment. However, since the innovation does not occur in isolation, companies are collaborating with each other to create innovation and technology. Meanwhile, the intensity of technological collaboration between large and small technology based firms is greater in term of their different characteristics, as well as their access to complementary resources. The technological collaboration between companies is a complex and challenging subject, which different factors influencing its formation and success. Therefore, identifying the factors (Driving and restraining forces) affecting technological collaboration and pay attention to them in the process of interaction between large and small technology based firms can help to succeed. for this purpose, using a systematic literature review and searching the "web of Knowledge" database, 1488 articles about technological collaboration were extracted which after evaluating them,57 of them were identified as valid and related articles. In the following, using meta-synthesis methods to analyze and coding the selected articles. The results of coding and their composition suggest that, in total, the factors (Driving and restraining forces) affecting the technological collaboration between large and small technology based firms can be categorized as six dimensions: strategic, organizational features, legal and institutional infrastructures, technology and industry, relational. It is worth noting that in the article, in addition to the fact that all the factors influencing technological collaboration are identified comprehensively, the type and condition of the influence of factors (Driving forces and Restraining forces) are also discussed

The share of industries and services with the highest technology in each economy is one of the indicators for assessing the degree to which a knowledge-based economy is at work. Among these, commercialization of inventions and research achievements is one of the important issues in various societies. The purpose of this research is to identify and review the most important marketing strategies for inventions from the perspective of inventors. This research is an applied research, a descriptive survey, and a research mix method that first approaches the qualitative and then quantitative approach. In the qualitative stage, marketing strategies of inventions were identified using library studies and semi-structured interviews through targeted sampling with 8 experts in the field of commercialization and technology management. Then, at a small stage, a questionnaire was used in the research sample including the inventors of the regional festival of innovations and flourishing of the Roish Khorasan inventions. According to the Morgan table, according to the analysis method, 36 inventors were considered. Data analysis was done by t-test and TOPSIS method. The results show that 91% of inventors know too much importance of commercialization and marketing of their invention. In the case of the marketing mix, it was concluded that the importance of good features products with the highest scores were 46% and after that, the price of 28%, the promotion with 18% and finally advertising place was 8% by inventors. Finally, with notice to the 10 strategy outlined in the paper, inventors chose three of strategy marketing contain participation in international technology exhibitions, participation in national technology exhibitions and Internet marketing.