نشریه پژوهش در مدیریت ورزشی و رفتار حرکتی
پیاپی 10 (پاییز و زمستان 1394)

Self-talk as “an internal dialogue, through which the individual interprets feelings and perceptions, regulates and changes evaluations and convictions, and gives him/her instructions and reinforcement”. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of two types of instructional and motivational self-talk on the pattern of coordination and accuracy of basketball free throw to specify the effect of each types of the self-talks on of basketball free throw skill necessities (patterns of coordination and accuracy). Using available sampling method, 20 male basketball players with the mean age of 23.5±5.5 were selected who had at least 5 years of practice in basketball and were playing in one of the credible leagues of the country. In this study the basketball free throw skill was evaluated through two sessions with the time interval of 24 hours in two phases with and without self-talk (instructional and motivational). The data of the motion pattern and the accuracy of basketball free throw were recorded in both phases of the test, and the kinematic data was used to compute the throw hand elbow-wrist No-RMS in order to investigate the coordination pattern. In statistical analysis, the data was analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, tables and figures) and inferential statistics (the analysis of variance with repeated measure and dependent t test). The results of throw accuracy showed that solely the use of instructional self-talk leaded to a significant enhancement of the basketball free throw accuracy (t(9): 4.388, p: 0/002). Moreover, there was a significant difference between the effect of instructional self-talk and motivational self-talk in favor of instructional self-talk (2: 0.444, F(1,18): 14.364, p:0.001). Exploring the results of coordination pattern revealed that instructional selftalk leads to a significant (t(9): .048, p(1,18): 2.288) decline in elbow-wrist No-RMS and consequently an improvement in elbow-wrist interalimb coordination in performing the basketball free throws. The results indicated that the usage of instructional selftalk are benefical in improving the skills that require motiom coordination and accuracy of performance and it is superior to the use af motivational self-talk in this regard.

In this investigation the authors presented an attentional demand explanation for the choking under pressure occurred in sport skills. For this porpouse, attentional demands in tennis serve performance was compared under low and high pressure conditions by using dual task paradigm. Twenty tennis players served as participants and performed sixty serves as primary task in low and high (competition) conditions. Secondary task was to respond an auditory stimuli that presented during tennis serve in four probe positions. The results showed that on one hand, the pressure condition deteriorated tennis serves performance and on the other hand, it caused an increment in level of attentional resources and changeed pattern of attentinal demands. The results indicated that skillful athletes allocated more attention to their performance and more focusing to some positions of the skill under pressure condition compared to normal condition. It suggested that such attention demands changes can cause choking in sport. The results provide objective and stronge support for the predictions of self-focus theories proposed for choking in sports.

The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between perfectionism and competitive anxiety in Women's national karate team.
This is descriptive and correlational study in which 30 women from national karate team (adults and younger adults) formed the whole statistical population Completed the Martens Competitive state and competitive trait anxiety questionnaire and also completed the Dunn and colleagues’Sports perfectionism questionnaire. The findings of the research were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean & standard deviation), Pearson correlation coefficient and Stepwise regression analyses.
Results from Pearson correlation coefficient indicated negative correlation between perfectionism sport and self-confidence, and a positive correlation with trait anxiety. Stepwise regression analysis results indicated that perfectionism is generally the strongest predictor of trait anxiety. Also, perceived pressure from the coach predictor of cognitive anxiety and self-confidence, and concern over mistakes and personal standards are predictors of somatic anxiety.
moderating Perfectionism helps the athlete to be less affected by competitive anxiety, increases her self-confidence and thus, the probability of success increases.

The purpose of current investigation is studding of talent identification factors and education talent development on the track & field's athletes in Iran by views of experts, coaches and athletes.
The descriptive research method was used in current research. The number of 150 experts, coaches and athletes were recruited in this research. The number of 6 variables and 45 options form questioner were applied in statistical analysis. Reliability of questioner was examined and the result shows the high in reliability (Cronbach's alpha test: 0.82). For data analysis KS, binomial, one sample t-test and the Friedman test were used. SPSS software was applied for statistical analysis.The result of statistical analysis has been shown significant effect and intervention by one sample t-test and binomial test in 6 factors: Knowledge and understanding, How to attract and identify, Quality of track and equipment, Role of the Athletics Federation and council, Coaches and sponsors role.
Given the importance of the athletics federation and sponsors role in the talent Identification and talent education on the track & field's athletes in Iran, these factors may play an vital role.

In this article, has been tried identifying and prioritizing Effective factors on recruiting volunteers in sport for all in Islamic Republic of Iran. The method of this study was descriptive-correlation. The statistical populations were the managers of sport for all federation, experts of administration of physical education and faculty members. The researcher-made questionnaire consist of 25 variable was used to collecting the data that its validity and reliability was confirmed by factor analyzed method (IFA & CFA). Freidman test (p ≤ 0.05) was elected to hypothesis testing. Twenty one variables were selected and classified into five categories “volunteers committee, marketing, informing, general advertising and personal advertising”. A five-point Likert scale was used to determine items significance. The results showed that the most important variable was “informing by teachers about the importance of sport for all and volunteerism (4.32±0.80; mean±SD)” and the least important variable was “sending massage to people’s mail box (3.76±0.93)”. So, managers should find potential volunteer resources and recruit them to complete their human resources by informing, advertising and marketing.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the process of retirement from professional sport from perspective of sports administrator and retired athletes. This survey was descriptive that 42 administrators and 70 retired athletes from Guilan province took part in it. Data gathered through SCT questionnaire which it's content and face validity was confirmed by 15 experts and reliability was computed in a pilot study that included 20 retired athletes and 15 sports administrator (r=0.91). The data were analyzed by using repeated measure, Pearson correlation coefficient and Independent t test. The results showed that, the reasons for sport retirement included achievement of goals championship, sport injuries, financial problems and having problems with coaching staff. Also health-related and job-related problems were the most problems which retired athletes were confronted them. Results showed there were significant differences among problems of sport retirement from the perspective of sports administrator and retired athletes. Also, there were significant relationships between reasons and problems of retirement (p≤0.05). With offering programs such as economic and financial, educational, professional, Public health and nutrition consultant, etc., sport organizations can prepare athletes to face with retirement and its likely problems.

Physical activity is an important factor in maintaining of psychological and physical health, leisure time enrichment, development of social relations, avoid from mechanically life, return to nature and is way for reduce of stress and risk factors in public health. The purpose of this study is analysis of influencing factors on health ways usage in different points of Urmia city (with emphasis on use of body fitness units in parks).
Research strategy was descriptive- analytical and the method was questionnaire field study. Population includes the all of citizens above 20 years of Urmia city that was 96141 people, and sample of research consists of 384 peoples on the base of Morgan table. Research tools were consisted a researcher- made questionnaire that Reliability was (α=0.91), and was base on 5 point Lickert scale. Data were analyzed by factor analysis in meaningful level (pFinding: The results showed that five factors extracted from the factor analysis rotation which expressed 5 dimensions of effective health ways usage consisted of quality of facilities (. /21.83), cultural factors (. /17.28), social factors (. /11.99), sub-structural factors (. /5.25) and finally environmental factors (. /2.74).
According to the results, all factors of this study have significant impact on the health way Usage. So, quality of facilities is the most important estimated factor that needs to be implemented effective strategies by the responsible entities.

The purpose of the present research is investigation of the theoretical relationship between the main variables of online exercise performance and their impact upon rendering service quality via internet. The statistical population was included of all fans of Tehran Esteghlal sport club, who electronically and via web site purchased the fans products and received information through club media. The tool for gathering information and data was a questionnaire standardized. The validity of it had been verified by 20 sport management experts. Its reliability had also been verified in (cronbach, s a) %986 from. The data were analyzed by using the tests of 16 SPSS software and Lisrel in% 95 meaningful levels and %05 error levels. The results of the study showed that there is a meaningful relationship between the sport web site quality and interaction quality. There is a positive relationship between the sport web site quality and electronic satisfaction. At last, the explanation of relationship between web site quality, loyalty, and satisfaction is known as a meditative factor. This is an essential step in prediction of amount of user loyalty to sport web site. Totally, our model is in counterbalance with the data.

The present study has examined the effect of psychological capital on organizational citizenship behavior. This is a case study with cross-sectional design and questionnaire as research method. Statistical population was the formal and contract staff of the Ministry of Youth and Sport (N=210 Employees). The data related to psychological capital and organizational citizenship behavior variables are gathered via Luthans et al. (2007) and Podsakoff et al. (1994) standard questionnaires. The reliability of the standard questionnaire was measured by CR and AVE tests and the validity of that was measured by confirmatory factor analysis via Smart PLS Software. The questionnaire distributed among 160 employees that those selected randomly. Data analyzing was performed by Smart PLS and XLSTAT via structural equations method (SEM). The results show that psychological capital has a positive and meaningful impact on organizational citizenship behavior. We also showed that the most impact of dimensions of psychological capital on organizational citizenship behavior (R2:0.35) is made by altruism dimension.