نشریه دانش انتظامی خراسان جنوبی
پیاپی 1 (شهریور 1391)

To feel secure is a vital necessity in human's life. It comes from direct and indirect experiences one may obtain from one's environmental situations and conditions which are different for different individuals. Accordingly, this paper aims at studying the perception of security among the citizens of South Khorassan. The methodology is descriptive-measurement. The sample consists of 541 citizens (234 men and 306 women) chosen randomly and a researcher-made questionnaire is used to gather data. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, median, mean, standard deviation) and inferential) are used to analyze data. The results show that the rate of security in general is average; the rate of security for financial, social, and psychological subscales is average; and the rate of security for life, political, and payment subscales is high. There is also a significant difference on the rate of security according to age and gender among the citizens.

The following survey is done to answer the question, “What are the effective factors in increasing of participation-seeking behaviors in providing security of marginal areas of Birjand?” This survey is a descriptive-analytic study and studies 271 householders (10 percent of inhabitants in the area). The means for collecting data: a multi-section questionnaire, including population information, variables of individual capabilitie's confidence, acceptance condition of participation-seeking behaviors, local conditions, and questions about social participation of citizens. Then the data was analyzed by SPSS. The results show: 18 percent of samples concern social participation right now; 43 percent believe the score of acceptance condition of formal organizations as proper; and 80 percent mentioned the local condition of their appearance in social and constructional activities as barriers. This condition prevents the people from not making themselves to participate, for scaring of being accused of doing dishonest behaviors. It is distinguished in this study that age, level of education, the residence duration in the neighborhood, acceptance of formal organizations, and local condition describe 44.2 percent of observed deviation in citizens’ behavior among which local condition factor and confidence to individual capabilities factor for appearance in social fields and active participation were more effective than the other variables. Accordingly, it can be claimed that confidence in individual capabilities, acceptance of formal organizations, and local condition can change the amount of participation in activities of reconstruction and construction of marginal areas.

Tax evasion due to smuggling will reduce government revenues. Also, it has undesirable influence on recourse allocation. In smuggling, goods are imported into the country clandestinely without paying the tax. Moreover, smuggling is not reported in formal statistics because it is hidden and is done illegally. Smuggling causes low efficiency of government in economical programming. This paper measures the gap between Iran and its 12 major trading partners in group of cloth and textile, using Bhagwati method at the two- digit HS level in 2007 and 2008. The results indicate that there is a difference in trading data between Iran and its partners in 10 groups of cloth and textile; which confirms smuggling or existence of tax evasion in Iran trade data. There is also a positive relation between trade gap and tariff rate; the most of which relates to the group of apparel, accessories, knit or crochet. At the same time, these goods have the most tariff rates among various good groups. Also, for goods with the most ratio of smuggling to reported import there is the most ratio of tariff rate to average of import goods. These findings indicate that high tariff rate is one of the effective factors on smuggling of cloth and textile into country. In fact, there is a positive relation between tariff rates and smuggling.

The methodology of this study is analytical – adaptive; and application from its target point of view. The defined population is all robberies occurred in Birjand during a period of 18 months; including 2530 cases of theft. The growth of 2.5 times in the number of theft cases in one year, and obtaining the second position among the crimes of Birjand, are the main reasons for choosing this case study. The method used to collect data is documentary; and in order to identify and analyze the pattern of theft distribution of nodes, in the range of offenses, close models and kernel density test is used. Finally, analyses are shown on maps with the scale of 1/20000. It is meant to show the relation between creative patterns of city appearance, especially the pattern of crimes, with the nodes, by using the concept of nodes in two different aspects of the population nodes and the traffic nodes. The results show that nearly 65 percent of all thefts in Birjand occur in the nodes neighboring, 35 percent of which in the area of traffic nodes and 30 percent in the area of other nodes. The nodes 100 and 200 m from the center is dedicated to the highest rate of robbery. To sum it up, according to everyday activity theory, crime offenders perform their crimes during their daily lives and in their own business, leisure and traffic nods. So the police can take basic steps to prevent robbery by controlling intersections and populated nodes.

Borders have always been considered as a permanent phenomenon in political and military geography throughout the history. So they are of great importance nowadays due to developments in various areas including communication, planning and management of border cities. One important consideration in studying border cities is the way of locating downtowns and consequently planning for official sites as the major parts of urban systems, whose disperse positioning would be of vital importance during times of crisis and wars. The purpose of this paper is to study the general condition of positioning downtowns and official sites in border cities in South Khorasan. The necessary information to locate the sites in border cities of Nehbandan, Sarbishe, Darmiyan and Qaenat are gathered from defensive point of view. The obtained information in environmental analysis (Arc GIS), from distance (distance) and area (area) functions, to specify the very cities for locating official sites (location) is discussed and analyzed according to defense and urban planning. The overall results showed that positioning downtowns in studied cities from the viewpoint of density of residence and the interaction between population and distance is appropriate and consistent with border situation of the environment according to distance, area, and density. Yet the positioning of downtowns should be reconsidered according to geopolitics and non-operative defense.

Increasing Phenomenon of smuggling and its devastating effects on production, legal trade, investment, and employment is such a major danger which needs serious attention. It must be a serious concern for all involving more or less. The method used here is descriptive measurement. The population of the research was married and single men living in the city and suburbs of Piranshahr to find the causes of smuggling. The sample consists of 100 married and single men and a small group of women (n =18) who are engaged in this work. A questionnaire based on Likert scale is used for the study. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, median, mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics chi test 2 () are used to analyze data. The results show that there is a significant relationship between job creations and reducing smuggling; there is a relationship between lack of knowledge of negative points of smuggling and its impact on national- economical corpus and the increase of youth interest in smuggling; there is a significant relationship between deprivation and socioeconomic status.