فهرست مطالب

High Risk Behaviors & Addiction - Volume:8 Issue: 1, Mar 2019

International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction
Volume:8 Issue: 1, Mar 2019

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1398/01/20
  • تعداد عناوین: 7
|
  • Hossein Ali Danesh , Shima Javanbakht , Mehdi Nourallahzadeh *, Nour Mohammad Bakhshani , Salehe Danesh , Farzaneh Nourallahzadeh , Fateme Rezaei , Hamidreza Alizadeh Otaghour Page 1
    Background
    Historically, burn injuries have been accompanied by bad prognosis. With the advances in recovering fluids and the early excision of burn scars, the survival rate has enhanced for severe burn patients.
    Objectives
    The study aimed to analyze the epidemiology of burn injuries in Zahedan, Eastern Iran.
    Patients and Methods
    This retrospective study examined 2173 burn patients for eight years. The research data were extracted from patients’ files and analyzed by SPSS 22 using the chi square test, t test and ANOVA.
    Results
    In sum, out of 2173 files, 2115 files were analyzed. About two-thirds (71%) of burns were due to flame, one-fifth (21.2%) to boiling water, and 8% to other means. There was a significant relationship between patients’ age, gender, burn percentage, burn degree, burn cause, burn occurrence season, hospitalization duration, and addiction or non-addiction status with rate of death (P < 0.001).
    Conclusions
    In this region of Iran, burn is influenced by families’ culture, economy, urban service level, workplace, home heating devices, type of people’s clothing, and awareness. The statistical analysis of the existing data completely indicated the epidemiology of burns in Eastern Iran.
    Keywords: Burns, Boiling Water, Epidemiology, Flame, Iran, Self-injury
  • Razieh Zahedi, Naser Nasiri *, Masoud Zeinali, Alireza Noroozi, Ahmad Hajebi, Ali Akbar Haghdoost, Nasim Pourdamghan, Ali Sharifi, Mohammad Reza Baneshi, Hamid Sharifi Page 2
    Background

    Extra/pre-marital sexual behaviors (EPSB) are considered as an important problem, especially among the young generation.

    Objectives

    This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and determinants of EPSB among university students in Kerman, Iran.

    Patients and Methods

    This cross-sectional study was conducted on 2157 students in 2016. This study used different data collection methods such as direct and network scale-up (NSU). A self-administrated questionnaire was completed by the participants for direct data survey. Then NSU data were gathered through the interview by a trained same-sex interviewer.

    Results

    Total of 1035 male and 695 female students (n = 1730) were studied with the mean age of 20.5 years (range 18 - 29). In the direct method, 14.9% of the students had sex with non-student partners (SNSP) (3.4% females and 22.6% males). Corresponding percentages in the NSU method were 2.5% and 7.9%. Comparing direct method results of two groups, it was determined that males’ last year SNSP (22.6 %,) was more prevalent but in females, last year sex with student partner (SSP) (4.7%) was more prevalent. Comparisons revealed that in the direct method, 41.7% of the students watched pornography (16.6% females and 58.8% males). There was a significant association between watching pornography and gender (OR male to female = 7.2), as well as between SSP and SNSP without any payment regarding the gender (OR male to female = 5.3 and 7.7).

    Conclusions

    Our findings showed that extra/pre-marital sexual relationships are relatively common among university students, especially males. We found lower percentages in the indirect NSU method, which is mainly because of nature of such behaviors that are invisible in society and we could not provide estimationfor visibility

    Keywords: Prevalence, Sexual Behavior, Universities, Sexual Partners
  • Ali Kheradmand , Elham Sadat Amirlatifi *, Mohammad, Reza Sohrabi , Azadeh Mazaheri Meybodi Page 3
    Background
    Smartphone addiction is a recent phenomenon which has been increasing tremendously as new applications are being published, especially in Southeast Asia. In Iran, smartphone users are estimated to be around 46 million people and are increasing day by day.
    Objectives
    This study was conducted to evaluate the psychometric properties of persian smartphone addiction scale (PSAS) among students of Tehran universities, Iran.
    Patients and Methods
    This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2017. The PSAS and Internet addiction test (IAT), which has been already validated in Iran, were completed by 200 students studying at Tehran universities who were selected by the multistage random sampling method
    Results
    A comparison was made between SAS and IAT in order to find out the concurrent validity. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was 0.7 (P = 0.00), showing a strong positive correlation between PSAS and Persian IAT. The optimal cutoff score was more than 106 for at-risk individuals by analyzing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The sensitivity and specificity of the test were 80% and 86%, respectively, and the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.93 for the total scale. Test-retest reliability of PSAS was high, with an interclass correlation of 0.996. Sample adequacy for factor analysis as represented by Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin (0.92) and Bartlett’s test of sphericity was significant (P = 0.00), indicating that factor analysis was useful.
    Conclusions
    PSAS is a valid and reliable tool for evaluating smartphone addiction in the Iranian population.
    Keywords: Smart Phone, Behavior, Addictive, Validation Studies, University, Psychometrics
  • Ahmad Kalateh Sadati , Vajihe Taheri , Hassan Joulaei *, Soroor Hemmati Page 4
    Background
    HIV/AIDS stigma continues to be a social problem. Among infected patients, women who are infected with HIV by their husbands live in different conditions.
    Objectives
    The aim of this study was to explore the psychosocial experiences of this population group.
    Patients and Methods
    A qualitative study was conducted in Shiraz, Iran, to explore the experience of 10 women with HIV/AIDS. The data were gathered through two focus group discussions and analyzed using the conventional content analysis method.
    Results
    The name HIV/AIDS entails severe fear called onomatophobia. In addition, social stigma, discrimination, and self-stigma were found to be experienced by the participants. Among those experiences, discrimination in health sectors and onomatophobia were most agonizing. Accordingly, the subjects reported they did not tend to disclose their problem in the society.
    Conclusions
    Women with HIV/AIDS are faced with certain psychosocial pressures, and it is required to reduce discrimination and inequity against them. Alongside social attention, social work support and psychological counseling are suggested for these patients. In addition, health policymakers should pay more attention to this issue.
    Keywords: HIV, Life Change Events, Women, Social Discrimination
  • Mahboubeh Firouzkouhi Moghadam , Seyed Sepehr Hashemian , Ahmad Hajebi , Masoud Pishjoo, Alireza Noroozi * Page 5
    Background
    There are limited data supporting the effectiveness of buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder among adolescents.
    Objectives
    The aim of this study was to investigate the outcomes of using buprenorphine for inpatient medically assisted withdrawal of vulnerable adolescents with opioid use disorder.
    Methods
    Twelve consecutive vulnerable adolescents due to working or living in streets were admitted to the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Ward of Ali Ibn-e-Abi Talib Hospital for treatment of opioid use disorder using buprenorphine-assisted withdrawal. The clinical chart abstraction of patients’ files was made to provide the baseline situation of the patients, as well as treatment progress at discharge and one and three months post-discharge.
    Results
    All the complaints of pain and other withdrawal signs and symptoms decreased dramatically within the first four days of treatment. At one-month follow-up, all study participants were still in the foster care and the urine tests for morphine and methamphetamine were negative. At the three-month follow-up, the older sister of the only one 15-year-old adolescent took the responsibility of his guardianship. The urine tests of all study participants were negative in month 3.
    Conclusions
    Medically managed opioid withdrawal must be considered only as a part of a comprehensive psychosocial program providing a stable living environment, adolescent welfare, and custody services. The treatment program also proved its safety and effectiveness for the management of pain and other opioid withdrawal signs and symptoms among adolescents
    Keywords: Opioid-Related Disorders, Adolescent, Buprenorphine, Treatment
  • Mohsen Khosravi *, Maryam Shamekhi Page 6
    Background
    According to “chemical dissociation” hypothesis, it is suggested that substance use disorder patients may not experience a high level of dissociation due to substance use, they may experience some level of dissociative-like states. There are few and albeit contradictory reports about prevalence of dissociative experiences among patients with substance use disorder.
    Objectives
    The aim of this study was to consider the dissociative experiences among patients referred to Addiction Treatment Clinic of Baharan Hospital of Psychiatry, Zahedan, IR Iran.
    Methods
    In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 231 patients, referred to MMT Clinic of Baharan Psychiatric Hospital in Zahedan, were studied. Sampling was convenient and patients were divided to two groups, including those receiving less than 60 mg of methadone daily (group A) and those receiving equal or more than 60 mg of methadone daily (group B). Dissociative experiences scale (DES) and addiction severity index (ASI) forms were completed. Finally, data were analyzed by using SPSS version 19 and independent t-test.
    Results
    A total of 231 patients participated in this study. Mean age of patients was 33.9 ± 8.0 (P = 0.053). They included 204 males (88.3%) and 27 females (11.7%) (P = 0.328). Total mean DES score was 15.3 ± 11.7. Mean DES scores were 15.6 ± 11.2 in group A and 16.1 ± 11.7% in group B (t (1) = -0.1, P = 0.827). Addiction severity index were 0.74 ± 1.69 in patients with DES scores more than 30 and 0.43 ± 1.51 in patients with DES scores less than 30 (t (1) = 1.1, P value = 0.204).
    Conclusions
    Based on the current study, it can be concluded that different dosages of methadone induce the same chemical dissociation and this has no significant relationship with different areas ofASI
    Keywords: Dissociative Disorders, Methadone, Substance-Related Disorders
  • Reza Sadeghi *, Seyed Saeed Mazloomy Mahmoodabad *, Hossein Fallahzadeh , Mohsen Rezaeian , Reza Bidaki , Narges Khanjani Page 7
    Background
    Educational material is frequently used by health providers to inform adolescences about the health hazards of hookah. However, little attention has been paid to the readability and suitability of these adolescent educational materials.
    Objectives
    The aim of this study was to determine the readability and suitability of adolescent educational material in preventing hookah smoking.
    Patients and Methods
    Multiple authoritative resources were chosen for the design and preparation of educational material and were then tailored to the target group. Readability was measured by using the readability assessment of materials (RAM); and suitability was determined by the suitability assessment of materials (SAM) that considers characteristics such as content, graphics, layout/topography, and cultural appropriateness. Fifteen reviewers, including 10 adolescents and 5 health experts scored the educational material.
    Results
    The mean readability score ± standard deviation (SD) of the educational media was 9 ± 1.9, 10 ± 1.1, and 9 ± 1.7, for the pamphlet, brochure, and poster, respectively, which were increased to 15 ± 1.3, 17 ± 0.7, and 16 ± 1.5 after tailoring the content. The average SAM scores before and after tailoring the content were 79% for the pamphlet, which was increased to 90%; 81% for the brochure, which was increased to 93%; and 79% for the poster, which was increased to 93%. The increase in all scores was significant (P < 0.05). The final tailored educational material was rated “superior media” on the SAM ratings.
    Conclusions
    The findings indicated that the readability and suitability of the educational material were increased. Compliance with these recommendations may increase the likelihood of consumer perception and recall.
    Keywords: Smoking Water Pipes (Hookah), Adolescent, Educational Technology