فهرست مطالب

High Risk Behaviors & Addiction - Volume:6 Issue: 4, Des 2017

International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction
Volume:6 Issue: 4, Des 2017

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1396/11/20
  • تعداد عناوین: 11
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  • Parvaneh Mohammadkhani *, Reza Moloodi, Safoora Fatemi Page 1
    Background
    Schema focused cognitive- behavioral model proposed that patients with eating disorders (EDs) used bulimic behaviors in order to avoid or suppress negative affects that are triggered by early maladaptive schemas.
    Objectives
    The aim of the present study was to compare normal weight and obese women in terms of the effect of the activation of abandonment schema.
    Patients and
    Methods
    This was a 2-stage approach experimental study. In the first, 81 women (41 normal weight and 40 obese) completed the eating disorder examination questionnaire (EDE-Q) and eating attitude test-26 (EAT-26). In the second, 1 week later, all participants were randomly exposed to subliminal abandonment stimuli (experimental group) or subliminal neutral stimuli (control group). The subliminal abandonment stimuli was the word loneliness and the neutral stimuli was the word gallery. Each word was presented on a visual screen for 2 milliseconds (ms). Then, the participants were instructed that they were able to eat pistachios provided by the experimenter. The weight of consumed food was recorded as the dependent variable.
    Results
    Both obese and normal weight women exposed to abandonment themes (loneliness) consumed significantly more food than their counterparts exposed to neutral stimuli. The univariate analysis of covariance indicated that normal weight women in the control group did not differ from obese women in the control group on the amount of consumed pistachios after controlling EDE-Q, EAT-26, and body mass index (BMI). Moreover, the univariate analysis of covariance showed that the amount of food consumed by normal weight women in the experimental condition and obese women in the experimental group did not differ when BMI, EDE-Q, and EAT-26 were controlled.
    Conclusions
    These results provide indirect support for schemata based theory of eating disorders. In other words, abandonment themes activate eating behaviors that presumably serve to avoid negative emotions.
    Keywords: Cognitive Therapy, Avoidance, Feeding Behaviors, Obesity
  • Zahra Heidari, Hamidreza Mahmoudzadeh-Sagheb *, Mansour Shakiba, Enam Alhagh Charkhat Gorgich Page 2
    Background
    Methamphetamine (MA) is an addictive and stimulant drug that its abuse causes psychological and cognitive symptoms. MA abuse can cause structural changes in the brain.
    Objectives
    The current study aimed to evaluate stereological changes of the brains of MA abusers, compared to the controls.
    Patients and
    Methods
    The current case-control study was conducted on magnetic resonance (MR) images from MA abusers and healthy controls (n = 10 in each group), in Zahedan, Iran. The convenience sampling method was employed to select the subjects. MR images of the brains of the 2 groups in frontal, coronal, and sagittal axes with 4-mm slide thickness and 0.5-mm intervals were acquired. Parameters including total volume (V) and volume density (Vv) of different parts of the brain were estimated based on the Cavalieri point counting stereological method. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics and the Mann-Whitney U-test were applied. The significance level was considered P
    Results
    The results showed that the volume of the cerebellum, the volume and volume density of the ventricles, and gray matter volume and volume density, and the basal ganglia volume density in MA group was significantly smaller than those of the controls (P
    Conclusions
    According to the results of the current study, MA abuse can cause structural changes in the brain components. MR imaging by the stereological methods can be employed as a technique to determine the level of such damages in substance abusers.
    Keywords: Stereology, MRI, Methamphetamine, Addiction, Brain
  • Harsh Chalana *, Tanu Kundal, Amandeep Singh Malhari Page 3
    Background
    Injecting drug use is common among substance abusers, who frequently refer to rehabilitation centers and are detected positive for viral markers during routine screening. In this study, we evaluated drug abuse patterns and seroprevalence of HIV, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and HCV among substance abusers in a specific period.
    Objectives
    The current study aimed to evaluate drug abuse patterns and seroprevalence of HIV, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and HCV among substance abusers in a specific period.
    Patients and
    Methods
    Substance abusers, admitted to our institute for rehabilitation between January 1, 2013 and June 30, 2016 were recruited in this study. All the patients were interviewed for sociodemographic characteristics and substance abuse history according to the predesigned performa. Blood samples were collected for testing HIV, HBsAg, and HCV. Statistics including percentage and mean were measured to assess the variables. The results were compared with a similar study at the same center, performed between July 1, 2009 and December 31, 2012 (duration, 3.5 years) by the same principal author.
    Results
    We studied 1206 patients, among whom 75.87% were married, and the majority were literate. In addition, most participants had a rural background, and farming was their main occupation. In total, 83.74% (n=1010) of the subjects had opioid dependence, 13.10% (n=158) had alcohol dependence, and 3.15% (n=38) were multiple drug abusers or used other substances. Overall, 192 (9.28%) patients were found positive for one or more viral markers. The majority of substance abusers (n=933; 77.36%) were in the age group of 20 - 40 years, among whom 258 (27.65%) were injecting drug users.
    Conclusions
    In this study, the majority of cases (92.70%) had HCV, which is a matter of concern, as very little attention has been paid to HCV prevention and treatment, compared to HIV. Although HBV is not so common (0.06%), vaccination awareness can be still beneficial.
    Keywords: Viral Markers, Heroin, Substance Abuse
  • Jennifer R. Pharr *, Victor Enejoh, Bertille O. Mavegam, Ayodotun Olutola, Haruna Karick, Echezona E. Ezeanolue Page 4
    Background
    Globally, an estimated 4 million of the 35 million people living with HIV are between the ages of 15 and 24. Nigeria has the second largest burden of HIV worldwide with an estimated 3.2 million individuals living with HIV/AIDS. The prevalence of HIV among adolescents in Nigeria is 3.5%, which is the highest among countries in West and Central Africa. Although insufficient or a complete lack of knowledge about HIV has been identified as a major barrier to HIV prevention efforts, no study has been conducted to evaluate HIV knowledge, identify deficiencies in knowledge, or examine the relationship between HIV knowledge and risky sexual behaviors (RSB) among adolescents in senior secondary school (high school) in Nigeria.
    Objectives
    The purpose of this study was to evaluate HIV knowledge, identify deficiencies in knowledge, and examine the relationship between HIV knowledge and RSB among adolescents in senior secondary schools (high schools) in Nigeria.
    Patients and
    Methods
    We conducted a cross-sectional survey with a stratified random sample of 361 adolescents from nine senior secondary schools (SS) in Jos Plateau state Nigeria. We used the HIV-KQ-18 survey questionnaire to assess HIV related knowledge and RSB was assessed using the Brief HIV Screener (BHS) questionnaire. Descriptive statistics including mean and standard deviation and multiple linear regression were performed using the SPSS 21. Significance for the statistical test was set at P
    Results
    Overall, 361 participants completed the survey. Forty-seven percent were males and 53% were females with a mean age of 16.9. HIV knowledge (t = -3.3, P
    Conclusions
    Adolescents in this study with higher HIV knowledge had low RSB, indicating the importance of including interventions to increase HIV knowledge in HIV prevention programs. Misconceptions about casual means of HIV transmission need to be clarified, and culturally stigmatizing myths about HIV transmission need to be debunked among adolescents in Nigeria.
    Keywords: Adolescent, AIDS, HIV, Knowledge, Nigeri, Sexual Behavior
  • Nila Akhoundi *, Khadijeh Aerab Sheibani Page 5
    Background
    The Luthans intervention model is an educational model designed and developed to enhance psychological capital and psychological capital is a concept mainly obtained based on the theory and research in positive psychology and is used in workplace.
    Objectives
    The current study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of psychological capital intervention, developed by Luthans, on the organizational procrastination.
    Patients and
    Methods
    The statistical population consisted of 600 skill workers in Iran Khodro Diesel company, Tehran, Iran, of whom 60 participants were selected using the random sampling method. Participants were divided in two groups ( control and experiment groups). Measurement tools included Organizational Procrastination Scale (OPS) and the Luthans Intervention Program was performed only on the experimental group.
    Results
    Multivariable variance analysis showed that pretest and posttest difference of procrastination scale and subscales were affected by intervention and had a lower level in the experimental group, compared with the control group. Results of the univariable tests showed that the difference of procrastination scale and subscales were significant in both posttest and follow-up stages according to descriptive results.
    Conclusions
    The Luthans intervention model and method led to a decrease in the rate of organizational procrastination; therefore, it was recommended to hold some courses such as the Luthans intervention program.
    Keywords: Intervention Study, Procrastination, Workers
  • Ahmad Kalateh Sadati, Noshin Zarei, Hasan Joulaei, Kourosh Zare, Seyed Taghi Heydari * Page 6
    Background
    The trade of prostitution is familiar with unprotected sex, which is the main cause of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), especially human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Underground sexual relationship includes bargaining (having sexual intercourse with or without a condom) between prostitutes and their clients. Qualitative studies are rare on this subject.
    Objectives
    This study aimed to explore the quality of bargaining between prostitutes and their clients requesting for unprotected sex, according to the experiences of street Female Sex Workers (FSWs).
    Patients and
    Methods
    This was a conventional content analysis to explore the themes based on 18 FSWs referral to a Drop-In Centre (DIC) of Shiraz, Iran. Transcribed data was analysed by identifying condensed meaning units, subthemes, and themes.
    Results
    The study showed that all participants were aware of risks of unprotected sex and emphasized the use of condoms in their sexual relationships. Nevertheless, most clients had requested unprotected sex and thus each sex plan was a bargaining scenario between prostitutes and clients. Prostitute bargaining level for using a condom by the client was negatively influenced by price for each session, while factors such as having a pimp, older age of the prostitute, health literacy, and craving of the client had a positive effect on this balance of power. An important point is that the prostitutes’ resistance was related to their awareness of STDs, which effects the bargaining level for protected sex.
    Conclusions
    Since, in the current setting, prostitution is an underground trade, it was not possible to have full access to all the dimensions of this subject. Thus, it seems that gaining awareness could play a pivotal role in the promotion of the bargaining power and minimization of related hazards. In addition, the context of the study needs customized models based on Islamic Shari’a for solving the problem.
    Keywords: Bargaining, Sex Worker, Patients, Iran
  • Babak Moazen, Shayesteh Hajizadeh *, Saharnaz Nedjat, Hamid Reza Setayesh, Minoo Mohraz, Mohammad Mehdi Gouya, Kate Dolan Page 7
    Background
    Individuals that are HIV positive can transmit the infection through unprotected sex.
    Objectives
    The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and determinants of consistent condom use among Iranian people living with HIV/AIDS as one of the most stigmatized and hard-to-access groups in this country.
    Patients and
    Methods
    This cross-sectional study was conducted in Tehran, Iran. A total of 400 heterosexuals living with HIV/AIDS were sampled from 5 behavioral consulting centers through a purposive sampling method. Data were collected through an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Bivariate logistic regression, chi-square test, and multivariate logistic regression model were used as the statistical models in this study.
    Results
    Of all 400 participants, 240 (60%) were men. The mean age was 34.7 for both sexes. During the past year, 335 (83.7%) were sexually active and 269 (67.9%) reported never having used a condom. Consistent condom use (always using condom in sexual intercourse) was reported by 67 (16.7%) of the participants. Consistent condom use was significantly associated with participation in HIV prevention courses (P = 0.003), knowledge of unsafe sex consequences (P = 0.017), condom use as a dual protection method (P = 0.0001), having a HIV-positive sexual partner (P = 0.0001), as well as being in a regular sexual relationship (P = 0.005).
    Conclusions
    Development and improvement of the HIV prevention programs seems necessary to control the transmission of HIV in each community. However, results of the present study emphasize the importance of more attention to some specific programs such as prevention of mother-to-child transmission as a result of the willingness of Iranian people living with HIV/AIDS to child bearing. In addition, more attention should be paid to women as the more vulnerable part of the community to better prevent and control HIV in Iran.
    Keywords: HIV, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Condoms, Iran
  • Manoochehr Karami, Mohammad Mirzaei, Salman Khazaei *, Seyyed Jalal Bathaei Page 8
    Background
    Estimating the population of female sex workers (FSWs) is necessary to monitor HIV epidemic, behavioral risk factors and implement preventive.
    Objectives
    The current study aimed to evaluate the population of FSWs in Hamadan, west of Iran.
    Patients and
    Methods
    Minimum required data was extracted from 3 registry centers of (a) woman volunteer counseling and Testing Centers (WVCTCs); (b) welfare office drop in Centers (DICw); and (c) health deputy drop in centers (DICh) in Hamadan. The current study estimated the number of FSWs not identified by any of the 3 centers by log-linear model, and hence, the total FSWs population (N). The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) were used as model selection and goodness of fit criteria.
    Results
    There might be 493 (95% confidence interval (CI): 351 - 693) FSWs not identified by any of the centers. Therefore, the real number of FSWs is expected to be 842 (95%CI: 700 - 1042). These results showed that only 41.4% of FSWs were registered by the 3 sources.
    Conclusions
    According to the underestimation of FSWs population by registry data sources in Hamadan, it was concluded that the policy makers should provide health care services and preventive activities according to actual size of FSWs population.
    Keywords: Female, Iran, Sex Workers
  • Amer Hawatmeh *, Ahmad Abu Arqoub, Khalid Jumean Page 9
    Introduction
    Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is characterized by chronic marijuana use, cyclic vomiting, abdominal pain, and compulsive need to take hot showers. This syndrome is an episodic, recurrent disorder in which three phases have been described: a prodromal, hyper-emetic, and a recovery phase with resolution of symptoms upon cessation of marijuana use.
    Case Presentation
    We report a case of a 33-year- old female with long history of cannabinoid use who presented to emergency department complaining of abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting for 3 days. She reported having recurrent similar episodes for the last 4 years, usually every 3 - 4 months. An extensive gastrointestinal evaluation was done before, but failed to identify a clear cause for her symptoms. Based on the diagnostic criteria for CHS, the diagnosis of CHS was made. After discharge the patient had a symptom-free period with the cessation of marijuana use. However, she relapsed later and her symptoms returned.
    Conclusions
    This case illustrates the importance of having a high index of suspicion for CHS in patients with history of cannabis use, since earlier recognition of can help reduce unnecessary workups, doctor visits, and hospital admissions.
    Keywords: Cannabis, Marijuana, Cyclic Vomiting, Hyperemesis
  • Seyed Moayed Alavian * Page 10
  • Hasan Sadeghi *, Leyla Ebrahimi, Leyla Vatandoust Page 11