فصلنامه تاریخ فرهنگ و تمدن اسلامی
پیاپی 14 (بهار 1393)

Impressionability of science to metaphysical principles is of fundamental problems in the philosophy of science with close link to islamization of sciences. Relying on the views of such new philosopher`s as Popper, Lakatos and Kuhn, and using Hossein Nasr`s opinions, the paper has sought in a case study of geography to recognize some of Quranic principles in the field. In Islamic civilization, a considerable number of geographical works were compiled of which surat al-ard, moajam al-buldan and taqwim al-buldan have been looked up in this paper. In addition to the emphases made by the holy Quran on utility of knowledge that led to religious and social usage of geography, the Quranic teachings seem to be of impression on geography. Seven orders of being, the connection of geography with history and its teaching capability, holy places mentioned in the holy Quran and geographical components of the Quran such as water, plants, mountains and roads.

This study has sought to describe the place of medicine in classification of sciences in order to show necessary method of attaining scientific degrees in different fields and the way of teaching. As is understood, medicine has always been regarded as a natural science in theoretical philosophy. Though theoretical medicine has been regarded as a ground for practical medicine, given lack of teaching practical medicine, theoretical medicine would be out of theoretical philosophy. The system of medical education, for its worldly essence, therefore, should be established on a religious base to prepare physician`s happiness for the hereafter and be kept against any distortion too.

Religious imamate has always been spoken of in Islam as was in other religions and denominations. After the death of the Prophet Muslims were divided into two groups: some supported the view of divine text and imamate and some that of caliphate. The former, the friends of ahlulbait, have known twelve Imams including Ali and eleven of his descendants of Fatemeh as true and textually ordered substitutes and heritors of the Prophet. Each one of Imams has presented an explanation of imamate. This paper has intended to study their part and manner in transforming the theory of imamate. The hypothesis of the paper is as follows: Shiite Imams with a full conception of political and social states of their time have played a considerable part for the theory. The method of the paper consists in a descriptive and analytical one with reliance on first degree sources.

As has been publicly agreed with by the historians of science, Islamic civilization has caused many scientific and technical progresses of our age and been as the flag bearer of scientific movements. The question is: what have been the qualities of the scientific system of Islamic civilization leading to such important and worldly evolutions in the field? The answer lies in developed tradition of Muslim scholars for attaining to knowledge; the methods and rules on which they begun to attain to knowledge and the traditions rooted in the system of education and research in Islamic civilization and still are counted to be valid and variable for progression in knowledge and spreading it. This paper introduces the rules establishing the main stream of scientific tradition in Islamic civilization. Some part of the matters of scientific tradition may be regarded to be discussed in scientific method in Islamic civilization and leads to disperse and deepen sciences.

The question sought by this paper is: may one agree with some kind of rights for opponents in Islamic order of rule or not? If any, what is the degree of acceptable rights for them? Of the groups opposing new government of Medina were Qoraish polytheist leadrs, the Jewish, munafiqs and non educated people. Opponents of the time were of such rights as security, freedom of speech and idea, repentance and returning, just judgment, guidance, human respect and the right for establishing a political party. Needless to say, the rights are limited to not acting against the government and Muslim community in any form of opposition.

Being the place of K`aba, the rising place of the Prophet of Islam and a ground for religious relations and respectful attractions, Mecca has little studied as it should really have been. In the case of such a real study, contrary to common idea one would not agree with the city as a usual city with the same citizens, but as a trade and holy city because of its attractions various groups of people have forgathered there. Again, the sacredness of the city has caused scholars to give exaggerated accounts of its inhabitants and events at the beginning of Islam. In this paper, it is intended to give a reliable account of its popular distribution and combination before and after Qoraish dominancy over Mecca and of the number and groups of its inhabitants when appearing Islam. The population of Mecca has been analyzed with regard to different races, groups, tribes and their importance.