فصلنامه تاریخ فرهنگ و تمدن اسلامی
پیاپی 16 (پاییز 1393)

It is under the conditions of religious tolerance and avoiding prejudices that different thoughts and sometimes the opposite ones could be appeared and accordingly، context of scientific and cultural efflorescence could be created. Tolerance is the factor of dynamism، development and growth of different thoughts and enhances the admission capacity and tolerance of different ideas of the societies subjected to conflicting ideas. Religious tolerance has a significant role in development of science، culture، and scientific and cultural centers and consequently، conditions of scholars in two Alebouyeh and Seljuk periods. Having a contrastive and comparative approach، the present paper analyzes، compares and evaluates religious tolerance in scientific and cultural affairs during two Alebouyeh and Seljuks periods.

Writing historical encyclopedias which were initiated by Ibn Khallekan after writing Wafayat Al-‘Ayan in the seventh century was followed and completed by writing two encyclopedias of Alwafi Bilwafayat and ‘Ayan Al’asr. The dates of deaths in translations were considered by the writer and in most of the translations he has recorded dates of deaths in alphabetical edition as being a common feature of the encyclopedias. In many translations، he has expressed his own idea about the translators and even in some cases has kept a recording of the translators’ appearance and ethical characteristics. Although the mentioned encyclopedias include some deficiencies، but they are very important because of including lots of translations from Muslim scholars especially in the eighth century during development of cultural studies and Islamic civilization. The paper attempts to provide an answer for the question: what may be counted as Safadi’s motivation in writing these works? Also، some topics such as historiography method، resources، literary style، organization style، importance and pathology of these two encyclopedias will be analyzed and criticized.

Though the holy Quran is not a historical book، it has dealt with history and even has used to achieve its own goals. Therefore، sometimes it has described history along with its analysis to achieve its goals. History traditions، prophet’s history and Islam History or contemporary history have been taken into account. Accordingly، scholars have also discussed different aspects of history in the Quran. The paper attempts to investigate the Quran’s aim from discussing history and also to examine features of the history considered by the Quran. It appears that the holy Quran recommends six objectives for history and in terms of method and content it has common features with other historical books on the one hand، and، on the other hand، it includes exclusive features. The method of the research is interpretive and analytico-historical.

Takhte Foolad is among the various tombs from which many relics have been remained in Isfahan old remains and forms a part of historical and cultural identity of the city. The life of this tomb has begun since the period before Islam، continued to the present time and turned to an indicator of Art and Architecture in Isfahan. There are various places of mourning، mosques، schools، and water storages in this collection and also by adding the museum and library to this place the value of this tomb has been increased. According to the mentioned features and the cultural and art capacities of this tomb، one can say that it could be an appropriate pattern for other tombs in order to achieve the goal of Islamic city and continuance of historical identity. With an analytico-descriptive study، in addition to analyzing historical and cultural topics of Takhte Foolad، the present paper attempts to deal with position and interaction of this tomb with Isfahan architecture and urbanization from Safavid to the present period.

Rostaqobad is the name of a city or village close to which the first center of Askar Mokram in Khozestan was founded. However، the written sources show that there have been more than one place called Rostaqobad. Firstly، it is a place from suburbs of Dastva in Khozestan and the other or other areas are located in Iraq. This diversity makes some problems in terms of identifying Rostaqobadi location which has been the palace of important events in the second half of the first century AH. Accordingly، the life history of Rostaqobad of Dastva remains in an aura of ambiguity. The results of the study clearly show that Khozestan’s Rastaqobad had had its own independent identity and life up to ninety AH and only slightly after this date، because of formation of the first center of Askar Mokram city and its development، it has lost its name and identity and it has been replaced by Askar Mokram.

Having appropriate geographical position، Ghazneh city located in Zabolestan state has been government center of powerful dynasties and has been the focus of various events since ancient times up to Islamic period. Being neighbored by Khorasan، Sistan، and India and also being on the route to Kabul-Kandahar as well as having relations with important business centers of that time like Bamyan، this city was economically important and notable for rulers. During Islamic period، with presence of Ghaznavid sultans (351-583 BC/ 962-1187 AD) and beginning of their conquests in the realm of neighboring countries، Ghazneh began a new period of its history. Simultaneous with changes in political situation of Ghazneh، its economic framework began to change، too. This paper has been written with the aim of discussing historical and economic importance of Ghazneh and increase of this importance under the political life conditions of Ghaznavid era being conducted by enjoying historical، literary، and geographic texts as well as contemporary sources.