فصلنامه تاریخ فرهنگ و تمدن اسلامی
پیاپی 18 (بهار 1394)

On the investigation of scientific life of the Imami scholars resided، gusted، or neighbored to Baytollah، their written and unwritten works in Mecca gain attentions. Writing books، reconstruction of Ka’bah، jurisprudential and narrative permission، comparison، correcting and reading the books of Imamyeh Figh and Hadith in Mecca and their scientific meetings which attracted the enthusiastic learners of Ahlul-Bayt’s sciences to Mecca show the substantial presence of scholars of Ahl ul-Bayt in this city. The most scientific and practical presence of the Imami scholars in Mecca were seen in the 11th century. Some of these scholars have had a high position in Mecca so that the books written by opponents in the past and present about Maki scholars have mentioned their names.

Art and architecture are among the important features of Islamic civilization being evolved within a growing path in contact with the adjacent civilizations since the beginning of their formation. The Islamic architecture commenced its own particular identity during Prophet Mohammad’s era with establishing Masjid al-Nabawi، abundant with eternal concepts، in Medina. This “building” can be investigated as a pure idea of Islamic architecture. Geographic location of Masjid al-Nabawi shows that in addition to being influenced by the environment of Yathrib، it has conformity with the criteria mentioned in Quran and narrations about construction of mosques، and the features such as dominating the city environment، centrality etc. have been taken into account. The paper have investigated geographic location of Masjid al-Nabawi with an analytico-comparative method (verses and narrations with prophet’s method) and analyzing the features in geographic location of mosques based on verses and narrations، it has compared it with Prophet’s tradition.

In terms of commercial situations، Khorasan was deemed to be the connection path of west and east for many years. This region was connected to other regions such as India، China، Eastern Europe، and Tibet through commercial paths. In addition، existence of the thriving markets in various cities such as Balkh، Marv، and Neishbour has flourished its commercial situation. The paper intends to study the economic situation of Khorasan and its relations with the political acts of the region from the first century to rise of the first local government. It could be concluded that trade in this region had brought about important political and historical developments among which we can refer to formation of epic stories، entrance of Sasanid Yazdgerd to this region، presence of numerous Arab tribes، the fall of Umayyads and the rise of Abbasids as well as formation of the first local governments after the fall of Iranians by Muslims while its economic capacity had a significant impact in this regard.

As a sector of excessive people، those of confidence have been one of the deviated groups during Imams’ periods with polytheistic and excessive beliefs. They have attributed Imams with divine characteristics such as creation، aliment and prudence of the world. Acquaintance with excessive thoughts of this extremist group and Imams’ behavior toward them has received less attention while there is no doubt that this isue is particularly important. This acquaintance can be effective in respect to improving the beliefs and preventing creation and expansion of deviated opinions. Analyzing the resources in studies of sects، Hadith and belief-narration indicates that knowing the extremist and excessive thoughts of the people of confidence، Imams have had a severe and serious behavior with them and along with practicing enlightenment they have had attempts to repudiate such kinds of attributes about themselves.

The study aims at analyzing the association of ideas and conveyance of Shiite concepts to Saghanfars of Amol city. In terms of type، the study is a fundamental research and at the level of method it is an analytico-descriptive study. The data have been collected through documentary studies، surveys، and interviews and analyzed qualitatively. Because of structural، decorating and functional similarity، 10 samples among 30 Saghanfars of Amol city (%33 of all samples) were selected to be studied. The results reveal that for association of ideas and conveyance of Shiite concepts to the Saghanfars، religious symbols have frequently been used so that the religious، national and native concepts of the users have been reflected elegantly from the heart of appellation، function، motifs، and symbolic numbers. In fact، taking inspiration from domestic architecture، synthesizing it with regular and deeply rooted Shiite attitudes and using its frequent symbols artistically، the Shiite artist have paved the ground to exhibit the religious concepts and ideas in Saghanfars.

The stuccos of Imamzadeh Abdollah in Arak are Iranian-Islamic motifs common in Seljuk era and influenced by the Sassanid period. The study has been conducted by an analytico-descriptive and comparative methodology and the data have been collected through library research and survey. The study attempts to provide answers to the questions in that to what extent the art of Islamic stuccos are indebted to the Sassanid period and how the underwent changes on the Islamic stuccos are determined. The results indicate that the foundation of decorating stuccos has been influenced by the stuccos of the Sassanid period and their motifs’ contents have been inspired by divine teachings and important social events (translation movements and tendency to rationalism); accordingly، four kinds of changes (eliminating human and animal motifs، having tendency toward plant and abstract motifs with a mythological view on them، applying inscriptional motifs، and proposing polygonal geometrical motifs) could be observed in the themes of the stuccos’ motifs of the Imamzadeh.