پژوهش نامه اخلاق
پیاپی 25 (پاییز 1393)

Applied ethics is a major having a significant role in attracting the attention of the intellectuals and even the public readers regarding the importance of ethical discussions including discussions of the ethical philosophy. However, since only four decades have been passed from the contemporary approach of the scholars of ethics in this field, it is still considered to be a new and evolving discipline. Some conflicts and challenges have been raised among researchers about recognition and introduction of this discipline. Investigating the latest discussions, the researcher has made an attempt to propose a relatively acceptable conclusion from recognition of scientific identification of this discipline and its most important principles. For this, logicians have suggested eight in-order titles called Science Eight Vertices to introduce certificate of a science including definition, subject, purpose, benefit, discussion titles, authors and founders, scientific rank, and speech method and the researcher has maintained stance in controversial cases.

Since the use of internet has been identified as a necessity in today’s world, businesses benefit from different aspects of this technology especially for marketing and advertisements so that the owners of businesses are searching for effective high speed and low costs ways of marketing such as viral marketing. Despite of its high efficiency and effectiveness, viral marketing creates various ethical challenges and problems for the organizations and individuals. These challenges and problems need to be noticed by the organizations and individuals. Although ethics is an important factor in terms of attracting, maintaining and obtaining the customers’ trust, many businesses using viral marketing ignore ethics. Having a brief review of ethical issues in marketing, the study deals with analyzing ethics in viral marketing in particular and describes ethical challenges of viral marketing in order to propose strategies to remove or decrease them.

Ethical contradictions in the field of sports and development of the ethical virtues in sports environments have attracted little attention of scholars which can be called a problem. Based on the fact that religion has a position in promotion of ethics and even it has significant effects in sports positions and successes, institutionalizing the ethical criteria taken from religious teachings called “promotion model of sports ethics with Islamic ethical approach” is very important as the macro strategy of promoting the level of sports ethics. Thereby, in order to propose a meaningful picture of the sports emphasized by Islam and also to achieve ethical gyms, teams, athletes and organizations, some practical steps could be taken.

The specialists’ concerns in the field of culture regarding the imported sciences and negligence or perhaps moral nihilism exposure of a considerable portion of the Islamic society to sins shows the importance of exploring the meaning and concept of sin in the religious literature (Quran) in comparison with the equivalent idiomatic concept of sin in sociology and obtaining the similarities and differences between them. To this end, using explanatory method to investigate the Quran’s verses, the synonyms of the word sin were identified and defined. After that, the definitions of the related concepts were extracted from authentic texts of sociology and it has been concluded that despite of some commonalities, the mentioned two environments have fundamental differences in respect to resources, approaches, precision and recall, and consensus in definition.

Although there is no disagreement about desirability of perfection, there are disagreements about the whatness of the discussion of human’s ultimate perfection. Accordingly, the whatness of the ultimate perfection is very important. At first, the paper deals with literal and idiomatic meanings of perfection, the first perfection, and the second perfection. Then, the differences between them have been mentioned followed by expressing Ayatollah Mesbah’s viewpoint along with other ones’ about man’s ultimate perfection which is closeness to God. According to his commentary, human’s ultimate perfection is his happiness and although the ultimate perfection is conceptually different from happiness, both are evidently the same while existential and philosophical perfections include moral perfection.

The study aims at investigating the ethical and psychological strategies of the academic interactions with an emphasis on religious message and ethical and educational influence. The main question is that “what are the educational and psychological strategies in the field of social interactions especially academic relationships?” The research method is analytico-descriptive. Accordingly, after recognizing and extracting the concepts and documentations from the religious and psychological texts, their contents were analyzed and the acquired educational and psychological strategies were recorded. The results indicated that the most prominent educational and psychological strategies being important in social, cultural and scientific interactions, being effective in successful massage sending and ethical-educational evolution include: message recognition and messaging method, self-confidence and self-esteem, familiarity with the needs, establishing the measured verbal and non-verbal relationships, enjoying observational and patterned learning, considering individual differences and cognitive capacity, observing gender characteristics, tolerance and acceptance of criticism, beautification, fragrance and hygiene, avoiding speech without insight, and familiarity with techniques and regulations of creating relationships and transferring message.

Sheikh Ishraq has reckoned with human’s evolutional movement both in scientific and symbolic languages and he has narrated it as various stories or has symbolized it without stories. The analysis and decode of the symbols that Suhrawardi has used in his treatises for picturing the travel of soul toward happiness indicate the factors and causes of human evolution and happiness. The most fundamental stages in moving toward evolutional movement of soul include: 1. Subdue the carnal powers especially the ten inward and outward senses; 2. Connection to heavenly rational souls: 3. Connection to the active intellect and the other ten intellects.

Nowadays, in competitive environments, development of metafunction behavior among the employees is one of the key factors to promote organizational function. On the other hand, social responsibility of the organizations has made it necessary for the attentions to be directed to ethics. Referring to religious motives, this study intends to compare two categories of "ethics" and "metafunction behavior". In terms of purpose, method, and nature of the data, the study has applied, documentary, and qualitative approaches respectively. The results indicate superiority of ethics in comparison to metafunction behavior in different dimensions such as absoluteness and universality, continuity, having real and sublime principles, supporting religion, supreme origins and roots, optionality, sublime purposes and not being limited to some certain behaviors. Based on these results and promotion of Islamic ethics among the employees, managers can develop metafunction behavior with a supreme nature and sustainable form.