مجله پژوهش های راهبردی مسائل اجتماعی ایران
پیاپی 4 (زمستان 1391)

The problem of drugs is one of the most important and serious issues which has attracted attention from different economic, social, political and psychological perspectives at international level. Statistics also indicate that the rate of drug abuse has increased among different communities, especially adolescents and the youth in recent decades (Malekyvar et al, 2007). According to the UN Office for Prevention of Drug Abuse and Crime in 2005, Iran has the largest number of drug addicts in proportion to the population in the world and there is a high rate of prevalence of drug abuse (8/2%) in Iran (Ziaie, 2009). According to Iran Drug Control Headquarters, the number of addicts has been 1.2 million in 2007, including 1,137,600 men and 62,400 women. (The annual book of Drug Control Headquarters, 2009: 8). In addition, in 2009, 231,908 individuals were arrested in connection with drug-related offenses of whom a total of 10,378 individuals come from Mazandaran province (Ibid. 51). Also, studies have shown that there is a correlation between behavior and attitude. In other words, attitudes are considered to be antecedents of behavior. Positive attitude towards drugs reduces the negative aspect of drug abuse and normalizes its use and distribution. Since negative effects of anything are usually more visible than its positive effects, it seems that we are experiencing a wide range of cultural chaos in our universities (Serajzadeh Javahery, 2033; Serajzadeh and Babaei, 2009). In such a context, study of attitude towards drugs among students (male and female) would be an important issue and deserves serious attention. In addition, a relatively neglected area of research related to students’ deviant behavior is theories of social interaction and the role that stigmatizing views play in shaping deviant behavior and favorable attitudes of students towards these behaviors. Labeling approach has mainly focused on reaction of social observers towards individuals and their behavior and consequences of this reaction and has paid less attention to the deviant behavior itself. In addition, labeling theorists claim that the way of dealing with offenders is more related to the way that significant others regard their actions rather than the behavior themselves. In this study we try to find an answer for this question: how does informal labeling, conducted by parents, friends and teachers, may lead to favorable attitudes towards drugs among students? In addition to measuring the attitudes of students towards drugs, this research examines labeling theory and its explanatory power to realize students’ attitudes towards drugs.

One of the social factors influencing law-evading behavior is social distress or feelings of anomie. When society is in a chaotic situation, respecting the law is unenforceable. Previous research has shown how this situation contributes to a state of lawlessness. About the importance of this issue we can say that according to statistics many of road accidents in Iran stem from law-evading behavior and insufficient attention to traffic rules. Comparing the high rates of road accidents in Iran with other countries show that this is an important problem which has to be addressed from different aspects. That is why in this paper we focus on observance of traffic rules and its related factors. The main theories used to explain this phenomenon are Durkheim’s and Merton's anomie theories, status failure theory by Cohen, differential illegitimate opportunities theory by Cloward and Ohlin, control theory, structural theory of Opportunity, poverty and illegality by Robert Merton, Theory of rational choice and choice theory by Wilson and Herrnstein.

Feeling of security is an important and essential concept for social welfare. In other words, welfare is meaningless without feeling of security. It contributes to a strong potential for growth and excellence at both individual and national levels. Also, feeling of security is influenced by several factors, one of which is social trust. The necessity of forming social bonds among individuals and therefor in their interactions bespeaks of the importance of social trust among individuals. Trust is a central concept in classical sociological theory and modern theories of social capital. It is considered to be the main axis of social interactions and relationships. Since social trust is the precondition of any effective social interaction and can lead to decrease in abnormal behavior, it brings peace and mental security. In such circumstances, community members will be encouraged to work for community’s well-being, including economic development, political and social participation. Feeling of security is provided when trust exists in security agencies, government, schools, the economy, the family, network of friends, etc. Thus making trust in others is seen as a good element to provide feeling of security. According to what was said, this study intends to examine the relationship between social trust and feeling of security among citizens of Kermanshah.

According to World Tourism Organization, the prerequisite of sustainable tourism development is to combine and coordinate economic, environmental, social and cultural purposes. This leads to providing long-term benefits for host society, tourists and preserving natural resources and cultural heritage. In this aspect planning and management of tourism is a multi sector activity, which needs a holistic approach and coordination of different sectors. As World Tourism Organization has anticipated, in 2020 the number of tourists will be 1561 million worldwide, while in 1999 only 1 million tourists visited Iran and just less than 1% of them actually visited Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiari province, which is one of the most capable provinces in terms of tourism industry, with diverse capacities. However, if there is no security, there is no visit either. Whenever there is a proper security, people make more trips and as a result the tourism industry flourishes. Security and tourism are parameters of the same equation which are in a direct relationship. In fact, as security is one of the most important factors for tourism development, tourism activities may lead to more security in a region. In addition to economic prosperity and more job opportunities, Tourism is an activity that brings many social and cultural influences. By development in tourism we can increase the welfare of indigenous societies. However, in order to attract more tourists different mechanisms need to be working out together, one of which is provision of security for tourists. Security can be considered from different perspectives, including physical, and psychological. Feeling of security arises from objective and acquired experiences of individuals from their surrounding environment. In the social aspect, feeling of security is actually a social production in the sense that all social structures have a role in forming it. In this view, the whole elements of society, including people, government, police, etc. play important roles in producing and promoting feeling of security. One of the main foci of tourism destination is target villages in any region. Therefore, paying attention to the security of these villages is one of the most important elements in developing tourism in Iran, which is one of the 10 top countries in terms of historical and cultural heritage, and one of the 5 top countries in terms of eco-tourism and ecological diversity, but unfortunately these potentials have not been used in a proper way to develop the country’s economy and welfare.

Driving accidents and casualties are the second leading cause of death in Iran after heart disease. Also, after Sierra Leone, Iran has the highest number of road deaths and injuries among 190 countries of the world. Every 19 minutes one individual is killed in Iran due to road accidents. Every year about 800,000 accidents occur in Iran on average, as a result of which 23,000 individuals are killed and 280,000 are injured and/or disabled (RezaZadeh, 2012). Analyses show that in causing these accidents human factors account for the highest portion (Niat Sadeghi et al. 2005) in the sense that it is responsible for 60 to 70 % of these accidents (Aminian, 2005). According to research from American Transportation Safety Administration, about 80% of accidents are due to human errors (Lgr, 1994). By official statistics, 400000 professional drivers are involved in Iran’s transportation system (Niat Sadeghi et al. 2005). According to the findings of Evans’s (1991) research, there is a strong link between personality characteristics and probability of getting involved in an accident. Amado, et al (2004) showed that personality traits affect driving style and accident rates. Research findings of Naby and colleagues (2005) show that certain personality types are more at risk in driving, because they are reluctant to follow traffic rules. Allport defines personality as “a dynamic organization of physical- psychic systems within the individual which determines his specific thoughts and behaviors" (Allport, 1967, p 28). Likewise, Allport and Odbert define trait as” specific and comprehensive capabilities, entailing a durable condition of adaptation with environment" (Allport and Odbert, 1936, p 26). According to MacCra and Casta (1987) the big 5 personality trains include: 1. Conscientiousness (being reliable, responsible, industrious, and meticulous, which leads to better role performance and control of impulses or disorders in one’s activities) (Peabody and De Raad, 2002). It is also correlated with job performance (Barrick, 2001). 2. Agreeableness (tolerance, patience, peacefulness. It is related with conscientiousness (Ashton et al. 2004). Low score in this train means aggressive behavior (Clark and Robertson, 2005) 3. Extraversion (sociability and energetic participation in group activities) (Zarota, 1995). 4. Neurosis (including antisocial attitudes, criminal behavior, rule violations and disregard for the rights of others, with a negative impact on job performance (Clark and Robertson, 2005) 5. Openness (experimentalism), (creativity, wisdom, philosophical thinking and scientific attitude (Ashton et al, 2004). Many studies have shown that there is a meaningful relationship between personality traits and and road traffic accidents (Ismail, 2010). Gharaei and colleagues (2007) have shown that the mean scores of problems such as paranoid, obsessive-compulsive behavior, interpersonal sensitivity, and depression, is higher among professional drivers. These problems may lead to accidents. Likewise, Farahani and Kasirlo’s (2006) indicated in a research that there is a significant difference in big 5 personality traits of rule-breaking drivers and law-abiding drivers. Several studies have also shown that there is a link between the quality of sleeping as a human factor and road accidents. A high percentage of accidents on highways or during work are believed to be the result of drowsiness, and other problems associated with insufficient sleep. It is becoming evident that sleep problems may lead to decrease in production rate at work and weakening of individual and community mental health (Paffenbger et al, 1999 Gillin & Byerle, 1992). As Carter and colleagues (2003) have found it seems sleepiness is more common among professional drivers. Therefore, lack of sleep can cause drowsiness and then increase occupational hazards. Hulbert (1972) has showed that prior to the final stage of falling into sleep while driving, people may: 1. Delay in response to changes in road conditions, 2. Delay in controlling the steering wheel, 3. Reduce electrical skin response to traffic changes and 4. Move more often than the usual (for example, rubbing the eye, closing it, stretching and bending) Also, irritability, aggressive behavior and less social interaction with others are much more common among people who suffer from sleep deprivation (Kelman, 1999; Garbarino et al, 2008). Variables affecting the quality and quantity of sleep include: 1. Age (Morin & Gramling, 1999), 2. Gender (Montgomery, 1998), 3. Types of exercise (aerobic and anaerobic) (Baekeland & Lasky, 1996, Davis, 1998; Shapiro et al, 1995), 4. Type of diet (Johnson et al, 1990), 5 Body mass index (BMI) (Bjorvatn et al, 2007 and McNamara et al, 1993), 6. Type of medication (Mark et al, 1998;). People with chronic insomnia are likely to get involved in road accidents 2.5 times more than those who sleep sufficiently. Frequent disturbances during sleep may also cause depression, cognitive impairment, decreased quality of life and increased health care costs (Bankowski, 2006). Given the importance of what was said so far, the purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between personality traits with road accidents and sleep quality among Drivers in Isfahan city.

One of the new, significant and complicated concepts in current world and in many political, social and economic discussions is the concept and subject of security. Security is considered as an individual’s and society’s constant need, whose lack or disruption brings consequences, and reflections which are perilous, and worrisome (Torabi and Goodarzi, 2004:32). Civil humans need peace in order to live together and make progress, but with the spread of crimes and social deviations, insecurity begins to increase feelings of anxiety and stress (Javid, 2006:119). On the other hand, one of the most fundamental factors that can lead to better security and an accepted level of tranquility and mental health in society is social capital, which plays a more effective role than the physical and humanistic capitals in society and in the case of its absence, it would be difficult or impossible to continue with the process of cultural, economic and security development. It can establish social consistency and provide social order that is the foundation of social security. In addition, security is improbable without the cooperation and participation of all members of society. So the lack or decrease of social capital leads to difficulties, crisis and a great deal of social problems. This article intends to explore feeling of social security and elements of social capital, examining the relationship between elements of social capital and feeling of social security in the city of Kashan.