فصلنامه جغرافیا و پایداری محیط
پیاپی 12 (پاییز 1393)

This research investigates agricultural development level of Iran’s provinces on the basis of 35 agriculture development indicators (infrastructural, institutional, manpower, mechanization and productivity) utilizing combined method of factor analysis and numerical taxonomy. The results indicate that despite of natural conditions’ effect, development level of countries’ regions to a large extent affected by human and managerial factors. Hence some provinces with appropriate natural capacities ranked as less-developed and non-developed in regard of agriculture development. Considering that sum of minimum gaps for East Azerbaijan equals to 4.51 and is more than upper threshold of homogeneity [d(+) = 4.331], this province is heterogeneous to others but in regard of agriculture development placed on the best condition. Furthermore among homogeneous provinces, Mazandaran, Isfahan, Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari and Tehran in regard of agriculture development level (DL< 0.7001) acquired first to fourth position in ranking. In addition Ghazvin, southern khorasan, khosestan and Sistan & Baluchestan one after the other, in respect of agriculture development level (DL > 0.9302) placed in twenty-sixth to twenty-ninth position. So for reducing regions and provinces agricultural development inequalities, approaching regional and local planning and taking into account balanced resources allocation, capacity assessment studies, production professionalism and attracting internal and external investors can be useful.

Social capital is one of the new concepts in the social sphere and sociology. It is widely has been used by researchers in various fields. It deals with components such as trust, partnership, integrity and awareness and refers to the communications and links between members of a network as a valuable source. With the creation of norms and mutual trust, social capital helps the goals will be achieved. It is suitable ground for human and physical capital productivity and the way to achieve success. The research in this paper is a descriptive - analytical method and needed data is gathered using a questionnaire survey. T-test and regression analysis were used to test hypotheses. The results show the average social capital in the 15 studied villages is 29.3. In the other words the level of social capital at the village of Asalem is moderate. The social capital average is for women 3.169 and for men 3.336. That is, two sample means are equal and there is not social difference between men and women. Among the factors, social participation rates Beta, 0.477 has the highest effect on the formation of social capital. So 47.7% of the changes in social capital can be explained. Social awareness has the lowest level with Beta 0.145.

Geological and geomorphologic factors can have effect on a river contamination. The West part of the Sirvan catchments has been selected to study the role of these factors. In this part, six sections of measurements are selected where 9 contamination indices were obtained from samples taken 2 or 3 times at each season. Comparing the experiment results with that of pollution indices and upstream geological and geomorphologic characteristics show that despite Sirvan pollution by sewages, other factors like rock type, a given stage of evolution in some parts of catchments, and different land use create a situation that make to carry sediments based on kind and amount of precipitation. So, it produces different turbidity and TDS on different parts of catchments that these indices affect, in turn, other indices as E.C., salinity and oxygen dissolve. Impermissible gravel is washed from river beds and erosion of terraces in some parts of river is locally agents to produce sediment. However, rock kinds and it's weathering, instability in some slopes and gelifluction debris that filled subvallys of Sirvan River are important factors to play role in amount and kind of delivered sediments.

The present research attempts to study about effectiveness accessibility of Iran’s climate by created changes during the extreme and normal phases of NAO and SOI events. Thus the temperature and rainfall data of 32 synoptic stations from all part of the country has been gathered during the period of 1960 to 2005. The study of relevance between this information and teleconnection data of NAO and SOI by analytical and perceptive statistics methods suggested that the autumn temperature and rainfall has the most relationship with mentioned indexes. So the rest of study focused on relation between time series of the indexes and autumn temperature and rainfall.Because there was no reasonable relation between each individual index and the climate data, the simultaneous effects of both indexes on Iran’s climate were studied. In this way, nine various states were created in the related with the directions of the indexes trend, and the subsequent research were implementing on then. All simultaneous states of indexes and the temperature and rainfall circumstances of the country were investigated again.It was determined that the behaviors of NAO and SOI have the most influence on Iran’s climate, when they are not at the same direction and also are in the extreme level.Occurring the negative SOI and positive NAO simultaneously, the Siberian High, Azores High, and Iceland Low centers are amplified with respect to a long time average which results in the incidence of SH system to Iran reducing the temperature. Besides, the Siberian High, Azores High, and Iceland Low centers are weakened as the positive SOI and negative NAO are occurred which leads to reducing the entrance of SH system and a decrease in precipitation in Iran.

Social sustainability is a concept that is largely in line with the dimensions of quality of life and Encompasses a wide range of concepts such as social development, social capital, participation, equity and belonging, a sense of security and. ... The social aspect is important because every thing and every event occurs within a social context. the objective of this study is identify and assess the social sustainability in Nowshahr. Research methodology, which is based descriptive - analysis method. data collection based on secondary data analysis and the survey technic and descriptive and inferential statistics were used in data analysis.we are designed to test the validity of the measure was based on face and content validity, and for reliability analysis, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used, which the value obtained (0/9338 for all items), indicating that reliability is adequate. Nowshahr in Mazandaran province is the study area. Statistical society of research includes people older than 20 years old in 2012, which is equal to 33,635 persons. the sample size is equal to 380 that was obtained according to Cochran formula. for higher quality samples was increased to 400. Research findings show that the most important component of social sustainability in Nowshahr are sense of place, solidarity and social cohesion, access to resources and services (social justice) and a sense of social security that In total, about 55% of the variance of latent (dependent) variable means social sustainability explained. between this factors, The prime factors 15/99%, the second factor 16/6%, the third factor 12/9% and the fourth 9/65% of the variance explained. Assessment the social sustainability by making the cumulative index is indicated the mean scores for social sustainability in Noshahr is equal to 2/296, which is less than the central theoretical research (3) and this shows Social Sustainability indicators are not very good in Nowshahr. the analyzes indicate that there is a significant relationship between social sustainability of citizens and the conditions of physical environment of the city / neighborhoods and mental well-being, economic conditions, occupancy of housing, residential land area, income level and gender. On the other hand, there is any significant relationship between variables such as age, education, precedence of living, and migration with the level of social sustainability in Nowshahr.

Oilseeds are of great importance in ensuring food needs and the overall national economy and have gained so much importance by the experts. Many studies on the characteristics of sunflower aspects of botany and economy have been conducted. The review of environmental and in particular climatic needs of sunflower can play an important role in optimizing water use and management of water. In this respect to identification of climatic capabilities in Iran for cultivation of rainfed sunflower synoptic dada from 114 weather stations on 20 year period from 1989-2008 were collected and processed. Absolute values of mean daily temperature, precipitation, and wind speed at 2 m from the ground, sunshine hours and relative humidity were obtained from Iran meteorology agency. Prone areas using maps of elevation, slope, and percent of water supply from rainfall, relative humidity and temperature thresholds affecting cultivation of sunflower was identified by GIS. AHP method for weighting and map combination were used. The results showed that just 14.7% of total area of Iran have moderate to good condition for cultivation of rainfed sunflower. Of these 1.6% of total area has very good condition, 3.6% have good condition and about 9.5% have moderate conditions. Caspian Sea Coasts are in the best condition. About 59% of crop water needs in this area is supplied by rainfall and suitable temperatures. Outside of this area just out of the coast of Persian Gulf coasts can be found in the appropriate areas. Despite the expectation, in Minab 54% of crop water needs provides by rainfall and suitable temperature conditions. Thus, it can be said that out of the Caspian Sea Minab has best condition for cultivation of rainfed sunflower.

Hydrometer and sediment data is very important in hydrology researches but the existence of statistical defects cause to decrease precision and accuracy of evaluations. Hydrometer station of Neka in sediment measuring has 8 years defects in sediment data from the establishment time until two years ago (1969-2011). In these study three equations of Toffaleti, Bagnold and Brox was used to determine the mean sediment linear equation. Among these three equations Toffaleti, Bagnold and Brox with correlation equation of 0.63, 0.49 and 0.38 respectively and Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient of 0.75, 0.32 and 0.86 were the best sediment estimation method for Neka stream. The best equation were y = 2.4756x – 146.15 forToffaleti y = 1.9555x + 168.78 for Bagnold and y = 1.619x + 269.2 for Brox. Results showed that althoughToffaleti equation uses the different factors in estimation and is more complex and difficult as compared to statistical methods but is more accurate and is the suitable alternative in reconstruction of sediment statistical defects beside the common statistical methods.