فصلنامه جغرافیا و پایداری محیط
پیاپی 14 (بهار 1394)

The increasing growth of cities, affected by population growth and migration, leading to unplanned constructing and lots of changes in spatial structures, especially physical developmental of city in unfavorable natural areas. This fact makes it necessary to focus on urban issues, particularly its physical issues. Knowledge of the spatial form of the city can be a contributing factor in the success of urban planners and practitioners. The present study aims at analyzing and understanding the physical space of Sanandaj to provide a model of future development by fuzzy logic. The methodology is a descriptive- analytic one. Moreover, the raw data were collected through documentary and field studies. The models for urban form determining like Entropy and Holden were applied to analyze the data. Google Earth Arc GIS 10.2 software were used to represent the findings. The results indicate that, according to the calculation of Entropy coefficient, Sanandaj has dispersed and non-condensing pattern. Based on Holden model, it turns out that approximately 57% of the physical growth of the city is related to the growth of the population while 43 percent of urban growth is related to urban horizontal and spiral growth. The findings from analysis indicate that the spatial data show that natural factors make serious constrains inside or around the city, as only a small percentage of the total area is considered as appropriate cores for physical-spatial urban expansion.

Homeil-Shabab road, a part of communication road of Kermanshah –Ilam, was established to shorten the distance between these two cities in 2006-2009. Since that time, the road has witnessed the events like rock-fall of the slopes.The present study aims at not only investigating the reasons for rock-fall event but also determining the dangerous regions for the aforesaid phenomenon. Therefore, the area was testes through field studies and 33 fall areas along the road were recognized. Each area was evaluated according to 11 parameters including slope sloping, slope height, slope materials, the distance of the slope from the surface of the road, shape of the roadside, slope vegetation, slope direction, slope geological construction, shape of slope sloping, the distance of the rock-fall area from the fault and the length of slope in direction of horizon to determine the amount of rock-fall danger. A numerical value from 1-10 was assigned to each parameter. Then, the quantitative value of each area was assessed according to the aforementioned parameters. The findings show that out of all 33 fall areas, 6.6% areclassified as the low –hazard class, 30.30% in the moderate-hazard class, 39.39% in the high-hazard class, and 24.24% in very high-hazard class.

Like other tourism models, second-home tourism leads to various consequences in rural areas. Due to the nature and development of this model, a lot of physical-environmental changes have been brought about in rural areas. For persistent development of second-home tourism, understanding both the impacts and the consequences of this model seem to be necessary. In Iran, one of those rural areas in which this model has been expanded and incorporated into inhabitants’ lives, is the rural area of Rudbar Qasran. Accordingly, this study aims at exploring the environmental-physical impacts of second-home tourism development in this geographical area. This applied study benefitted from the descriptive/analytic methods of data analysis. Library and field data collection methods were employed to collect the data. In the field method, a questionnaire was utilized in which the Cochran formula was used; 238 households were selected as the statistical sample. Moreover, descriptive/inferential statistical methods were employed to interpret the collected data. The findings showed that the model of second-home tourism had the greatest impact on the index of environmental changes and the least effect on the infrastructural services improvements. It was also found that none of the changes was statistically significant. The results also revealed that there were significant differences in views of people whose jobs were dependent on tourism compared with those who had other jobs regarding the effects of second-home tourism development.

Social Sustainability is one of the important dimension of sustainable urban development that rely on quality concept to achieve fresh, dynamic and pervasive urban space. Social Stability introduces an approach leading to identify and modify wide aspect of current citizen life challenges. The present study mainly aims at examining the social sustainability status and related component in Amol. The method of research is a descriptive – survey one. The population of the sample is 430 families. The findings show that the whole social sustainability of Amol city is in a satisfactory level. From all 9 component, “the quality of the environment” and “social participation” have undesirable status that should be consider more than other components. The mean of the components reveal the difference of the values with a desirable average. Besides, the findings of path analysis Show that Cooperation component and confident component have the most effect on promotion and improvement of social Sustainability of Amol.

The present study was done through Iran to investigate the best method of spatial interpolation to estimate the annual average temperature. Therefore, the data of 180 synoptic stations in Iran were used. Using different interpolation methods (IDW, GPI, LPI and RBF) with different powers of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 and models (Completely Regularized Spline, Inverse Multi-quadric, Multi-quadric, Spline with Tension, and Thin Plate Spline), spatial distribution of the average annual precipitation was investigated to recognize the best method of interpolation. The geo-statistical interpolation methods were kriging and co-kriging. Using some evaluation methods and some indices (RMSE, MBE, MAPE and R), the best method for interpolation was selected. Finally, annual temperature map in GIS was provided by the best method. The results showed that the RBF method has the least RMSE and the most correlation relationship than the others for the interpolating the annual average temperature in Iran (Multi-quadric)

Tourism industry is considered as an effective factor for economic and social development of urban areas. As a matter of fact, cities has always been regarded as one of the most attractive places for tourists which, as a symbol of the degree of human social evolution, include important economic, scientific, recreational, medical, centers. Moreover, they have natural attractions and cultural heritage. These features make cities attractive for tourists. However, if the tourist entrance to the cities were not accompanied by planning and management, it would not only stop the urban development and progress, but also make a lot of damages to these areas. Therefore, systematic analysis and comprehensive approach are necessary and inevitable to achieve a sustainable stable development of tourism according to the social, cultural, economic and environmental dimensions. Kerman, as one of the country's historic cultural center, attracts a large number of domestic and foreign tourists annually. The present study aims at evaluating the impact of historical and cultural tourism on stable development of Kerman. The Method is a descriptive - analytical one in which the data were gathered applying the field study and literature survey. Cochran formula was used to determine the samples, 384. Besides, sampling procedures and questionnaires were randomly distributed. The data were analyzed by applying Spss software. The findings which were the result of t-tests (one sample) and Spearman correlation, suggest that cultural-historical tourism has a positive impact on increasing the revenues in Kerman. Besides, the effects can be used to increase the income of citizens, create new jobs, and improve local businesses. Moreover, the effects of tourism on the stable development in dimensions (economic, social, and environmental) concluded that economic indicators index (0.763) has the maximum environmental impact, while bio-environmental coefficient (0.487) has the minimal effect on stable development in Kerman.