فصلنامه جغرافیا و پایداری محیط
پیاپی 5 (زمستان 1391)

The alteration of land uses based on defense and security issues، concentrating on the principles of passive defense، and getting benefited from the experiences of the pioneering countries in this regards could be very influential in sustainable and secure urban planning and development. Due to the military achievements in the developed countries، we must take steps to secure our cities so that they suffer least life and financial casualties and costs during wartime. This article tries to apply the principles of passive defense in urban planning especially in sensitive and installation land uses as the threatened land uses and in defending human beings and preserving their settlements and، consequently providing the cities with a safer space. In this study we have made use of GIS to determine the diffusion and position of strategic land uses in this old historic city located in the North West of the country. As the outcome of this research، central parts and the south and northwestern areas were identified as the most risky and unreliable places in terms of passive defense related issues.

With the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran، the rural guide plan was carried out to improve the social، economic and especially the physical status of the rural settlements. Now، 20 years after the provision and implementation of the rural guide plans، and with valuable experiences related to the physical-spatial change، we need to know the results and outcomes that these measures have brought about. The purpose of this paper is to assess the performance of physical plans in the development of rural settlements with particular attention to implementing the rural guide plans in Nabovat and Khoran villages of eyvan، Ilam. The sample population includes 290 residents living in the two villages، Krejcie sampling table and Morgan table were used to determine the sample size. To evaluate the performance of the rural guide plan’s implementation in physical development of the mentioned villages we use two statistical compare means and the Wilcoxon nonparametric test for evaluating the sample’s opinions before and after the implementation of the plan. to evaluate the performance of the plans we used questionnaire technique with the acceptable validity coefficient level 0. 77 (conbach alpha). The findings indicate that the implementation of the plans in these two villages to achieve physical objectives such as improving the quality of canals، agricultural canals، improving housing and construction، has been successful in fact، but according to the Wilcoxon test results the rural plan has not been able to cause a positive change in the improvement of the rural services، compared to the previous period.

Drought is a complex phenomenon with different effects. Hence، the indicators are used to determine the intensity and vastity of the drought. Using remote sensing science، we can study Drought over its effects on plants and Agriculture and achieve more precise and influential results for drought Modeling. In this research، evaluations of function of the MODIS data in estimating the drought in the Urumia lake basin from 2000 to 2011 was examined. Data from Terra-MODIS Satellite (for May the first) and Monthly precipitation data (from February to April) were also used in this process. Furthermore، VCI and TCI indexes were studied in this research. VCI was obtaibed through NDVI، and NDVI، in turn، was assessed from 13 and 16 bavds respectively. Also to get TCI، Brightness Temperature of band 31 was used and maps of drought from 2000 to 2011 were obtained for these indexes too. As the results of these two indexes were different، SPI was used to determine the functions in a 3month duration in 2011. The VCI and TCI figures in 2011 were extracted from the images and the Pearson correlation among them was concluded. VCI correlation with the SPI is 0. 7 and TCI correlation with SPI is 0. 25. The level of VCI significance was acceptable too. According to the results، VCI and MODIS images can be good substitutions for meteorological indexes to estimate the drought and since satellite images have more advantages over meteorological approaches such as the more sampling points، wider coverage، higher temporal resolution (separation) and lower costs، the use of remote sensing is proposed.

Drought is a climatic phenomenon which is resulted by the lack of periodical rainfall. to assess the drought the precipitation data in long-term period for each station are analyzed. In the present study، the rainfall data of 48 synoptic stations in Iran at a 30-year time period (2005-1976) based on the drought occurrences severity was extracted in order to map the drought and evaluate the different regions status in this regards. Then using PNI، RAI، SIP and SPI as the indicaters، the severity of the drought in 2001 was determined to give the optimized model. In 2001 a widespread drought occurred in Iran. So these indices are mapped through the two analysis methods containing spatial interpolating and digital elevation models. Finally، the adaption of the zonation maps revealed that the RAI and PNI indices have the more susceptibility and show the spatial distribution of drought intensity. Therefore by comparing drought intensity zoning maps and according to drought dependence on weather systems، it could be concluded that interpolation analysis without using the digital elevation model is the best method for evaluation of drought severity.

There are a lot of quantitative and qualitative factors about establishment and planning for facilities on cities. The effect of factors on facilities may be different and meantime، because of positive and negative autocorrelation efficacies of land uses، adjustment and non adjustment between city land uses، special factors for each of them apply in land use mosaics settings. This process is complicated for strong dependence between various city land use and impressments of beneficiaries and several factors in activity Land use city increase complexity of subject. On the other hand، collective nature of city activities and organic non deterministic extant in priorities and opinions of planners and necessity to use of various priorities and opinions of planners in this process have necessitated to use simultaneously collective make decision method and various tools for supporting to decision as Geographic Information System (GIS). Thus in present research has presented Fuzzy AHP Model and has evaluated city educational uses adjustment as for all effective factors in land use adjustments on basis of synthetic viewpoint Multi – Criteria Decision Models (AHP) and theory of Fuzzy. The results demonstrate that all high schools in Gorgan hold on a almost adjustment range (0. 052-0. 026) in view of adjustment to factors that studied in this research. The results also showed more prices and different levels of adjustments dedicate to Gorgan high schools uses and to efficiency of designed model for evaluation of city land use adjustment.

Management، control and reduction of pollution، at first step، need to close monitoring of water quality that it is usually done by a wide network of stations. However، for various reasons، it is not feasible to establish such network in more basins of Iran. So، we need a network including a few readily available stations which is enable to reveal pollution amount of a river where is affected human activities on drainage basin system. In this research has been tried to design a water quality monitoring network on the main rivers of Zimkan in the North West of Kermanshah province. Therefore، pollution sources in the basin were identified at first and then amount of their emissions were presented by indices. The indices were combined together according to topographical and hydrological effect on contamination movement to main stream and then the vulnerable reaches was introduced. Amount of vulnerability of the river reaches was confirmed by matching of pollutants priorities and the results obtained from the water quality factors and heavy metals of water samples. According to vulnerability of reaches، nine monitoring locations were suggested at three situations: the confluence of tributaries which are subjected to intense human interference; The effect of two main branches of Zimkan in where they are close together at the end of catchment; and before and after the entrance of the main pollutant that it is possible to measure amount of their pollution. The advantage of this location finding is that it can make most flexibility monitoring measurements at different levels.

This research assesses the agricultural development level of Kermanshah province''s townships in order to provide appropriate context for regional development planning. To do this we employed 52 indicators، and after removing the differencs among indicators from various scales and weighing them using factor analysis method the final compositional indicator was determined. The results show that the most variation coefficient exists for agricultural infrastructures، work force and institutional composite indexes; Also Kermanshah and Eslamabad- e Gharb placed first and second in developmental ranking and Pave and Salas & Babajani ranked eleventh and twelfth. Furthermore Pearson correlation approved positive so that a significant relation was seen between infrastructure and institutional indexes with other agricultural sub-sectors development. Therefore focusing on balanced agriculture development in the province with more emphasis on infrastructure، institutional and work force development was recommended.