نشریه فنآوری تولیدات گیاهی
سال هجدهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1397)

In order to study the effect of salinity on some morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of Alternanthera repens, this project was carried out as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with four replications in a greenhouse. Two Alternanthera genotypes, "Undulate leaf" and "Entire leaf" were propagated through plant division, and grown hydroponically. After establishment of the plants, they were treated with 0 (control), 30, 60 and 90mM NaCl for 12 weeks. Results showed that effects of genotype and salinity were significant on all measured traits. Compared to the controls, plants height were reduced in plants grown under 90mM NaCl to 50 and 28 percent, in "Undulate leaf" and "Entire leaf", respectively. As salinity level increased, shoot fresh and dry weight and relative water content (RWC) decreased. Further, as salinity level increased, proline content, electrolyte leakage (EL) and anthocyanin content increased. Compared to the controls, plants grown under 90 mM NaCl showed 18.15 and 31.95 percent less RWC, 57.5 and 78.5 percent less chlorophyll, 407.5 and 670.4 percent more EL, and 382.4 and 177.8 more anthocyanin, in "Undulate leaf" and "Entire leaf", respectively. According to the results, "Undulate leaf" was more resistant to salinity compared to "Entire leaf". At 90 mM NaCl salinity, "Undulate leaf" could survive, while, "Entire leaf" was completely injured.

In order to study the amounts of some phenolic compounds exuded from single node walnut explants in liquid medium (DKW), this experiment was performed in the form of a split units in time experiment based on split block design with three factors including cultivar in two walnut cultivars namely Chandler and Jamal, time of sampling in four levels including May 5 th, May 21st, July 5th and September 5th and the time of liquid culture assessment in three levels (24, 72 and 144 hours after the culture) using HPLC with three replicates. In independent experiment, phenolic compounds exuded in liquid medium 24, 72 and 144h after the culture and juglone were added to solid medium. The results showed that in terms of the 14 phenolic compounds (Ellagic, Vanillic, Coumaric, Chlorogenic, Caffeic, Gentistic Ferulic Syringic Cinamic acid, Catechin, Rutin and Myricetin, Juglone and 1,4 Naphthoquinone) in shoots and medium the cultivars were not significantly different but the time of sampling and liquid culture assessment showed significant differences between the cultivars. The results showed that Juglone, Myricetin, Ellagic and Vanillic acid were present in the current year shoots in higher amounts than other phenolic compounds and Juglone, Ellagic acid and Myricetin had the highest leakage in the culture medium. Adding exuded phenolic compounds after 144h in the solid medium had the lowest growth and fresh weight change of microcutting and significant difference with other treatments.The over all results of this study showed that Juglone, Ellagic acid and Myricetin are possibly the main obstacles to the fully succeed microcuttings establishment of two Jamal and Chandler cultivars.

Explant browning is the main problem in date palm tissue culture. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of various factors on browning of date palm explants, by five independent experiment including surface sterilization of explants with sodium hypochlorite (one-step vs. two-step), controlling explants browning through putrescine application (0, 4 and 8mM), medium strength (full, 1/2, 1/4MS), Zn source and concentration (MS without Zn, MS + 2.43 and 4.86 mg/l bulk Zn, MS+ 2.43, 4.86 and 9.72 mg/l ZnO nanoparticles) and culture systems (Temporary Immersion Bioreactor, vessel with filter on lid, and sealed vessel). Results showed that the best method for explants sterilization was one-step sterilization for 20min. with vigorous shaking. For browning reduction, the best results were obtained with 4mM putrescine, full MS strength, MS + 4.86 mg/l bulk Zn and culture in vessels with filters on lids.

In order to evaluate the effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and salinity stress on morphological and phytochemical characteristics of Satureja rechingeri, a factorial experiment was conducted in vitro based on completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. The first factor was the concentrations of 0, 50, 100 and 200μg/ml of carbon nanotubes and the second factor was the concentrations of 0, 50, 100 and 200mM NaCl. The number and length of shoots and roots, fresh and dry weight of the aerial parts, caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid content were evaluated. By increasing of NaCl concentration from 0 to 200mM, significant reduction in shoots fresh weight, root and shoot length and the number of shoots and roots was observed. Among different concentrations of carbon nanotubes, 100 μg/ml caused a significant increase in the aerial parts dry weight. Under salinity stress, carbon nanotubes improved the number and length of roots and the number and dry weight of shoots. By increasing of carbon nanotubes, caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid content were increased, while caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid content was significantly decreased under different NaCl concentrations. This finding shows carbon nanotubes alleviate the stress condition.

Exact classification of parental lines between hetrotic groups is necessary for improvement of hybrid rice breeding programs because it can help breeders in parental selection and prediction of F1 hybrids yield. In this research, genetic distance of 18 parental and 40 male sterile lines were evaluated based on morphological, floral and palynological traits. Cluster analysis indicated that Neda male sterile lines were placed in first sub-group and also Nemat male sterile lines were in second sub-group of the first group. Dasht A (Dasht × IR68899A), Khazar A, Hasani A, Gerde A, Sang Tarom A, Shastak Mohammadi A and their maintainer lines were in one separate group. Therefore, these lines had high purity after seventh backcross. The results of this research can be used for selection of suitable CMS lines used in breeding projects of hybrid rice to find high performance progenies.

In order to evaluate the effect of foliar spray of humic acid on the yield and quality characteristics of pomegranate fruit, an experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design with four replicates in Mahvalat city during 2014 and 2015. Foliar sprays of humic acid were carried out at four concentrations (0 (control treatment), 1000, 2000 and 3000 mg/L-1) at two stages, full bloom and one month after full bloom. Results obtained showed that humic acid sprays had significant effects on fruit yield, number of fruits per tree, fruit weight and fruit size. The highest yield and number of fruits per tree were obtained with the concentration of 3000mg/L-1 humic acid, whereas the heaviest and largest fruits were obtained with the concentration of 2000mg/L-1. Furthermore, humic acid sprays led to increases in TSS, pH, total anthocyanin and total carbohydrate and decreases in TA, in comparison with the control treatment. Foliar applications of humic acid had no effects on the juice antioxidant activity and total phenols. Application of humic acid increased the leaf concentration of N, K and Zn and decreased the leaf concentration of P, whereas it had no significant effect on the leaf Ca and Fe concentrations. Generally speaking, the results obtained showed that foliar sprays of humic acid led to increases in fruit yield through increases in the number of fruit per tree, fruit size and fruit weight, and also it improved the quality parameters of pomegranate fruit.

Drought is a serious problem for production of crops such as bean which is sensitive to this stress. In order to evaluate the effect of drought stress levels on physiological traits on bean cultivars, a factorial experiment in completely randomized design with three drought stress levels including after podding i.e. full irrigation as the control, slight water stress (30% water depletion of filed capacity) and intensive water stress (70% water depletion of field capacity) and four cultivars including White (Radan), Red (Azarshahr), Green (Sanray) and Pinto (Saman) was conducted in green house at faculty of agriculture, Gonbad Kavoos University, in mid-March 2014. In this experiment the traits of seed weight, grain yield, chlorophyll, prolein, protein and phenol were measured. The results showed that drought stress of last growing season was significant on all studied traits. Comparison means of cultivars in control level showed that the lowest (0.66mg/g) and the highest (2.20mg/g) chlorophyll amount were observed in Red and White bean, respectively, while the lowest amount of this trait in slight and intensive stress belonged to Pinto bean with 0.60 and 0.65mg/g, respectively. Total protein amount was higher in stress condition; the highest amount belonged to Green bean (42.91mg/g). The highest prolein amount in slight and intensive stress was observed in White bean with 90.08 and 10.51, respectively. The highest and the lowest seed yield were obtained in White and Pinto beans during intensive respectively.

In order to select drought resistant or tolerant local olive genotypes an experiment were conducted in field conditions. Seven olive genotypes (D1, Dd1, GW, Ps1, Bn3, Bn6 and Ds17) used as plant materials. A split plot experiment in time was used based on a completely randomized block design with three replications and three irrigation regimes for field experiment. Irrigation treatments period for field experiment were 6, 9 and 12 days interval and 6 days period was as control. Some vegetative characteristics such as plant height, trunk diameter, leaf number, leaf, shoot, and root fresh and dry weight were recorded. Result in field experiments show that Ds17 genotype had the highest trunk diameter and Dd1 genotype had the lowest trunk diameter. Bn3 genotype had the highest number of leaf and D1 had the lowest but D1, Dd1 and GW were in a statistic class. Genotypes show significant differences in leaf fresh and dry weight so that Bn3 genotype had the highest leaf fresh and dry weight and D1 had the lowest. Genotypes show significant differences in shoot and root fresh and dry weight so that Ds17 genotype had the lowest shoot fresh and dry weight and GW had the lowest root fresh and dry weight. The results indicated that olive genotypes had different resistance to drought and vegetative growth status of Bn3 and Ds17 genotypes were better in drought stress conditions.

Effects of salicylic acid and nitric oxide on quality of apple fruit (cv. Red Delicious) were investigated. Fruits were treated with nitric oxide (at 0, 3, 5 and 7µmol L-1) and salicylic acid (at 0, 1 and 2mmol L-1) and stored at 0-1oC with 85-95% RH for 2 and 5 months. Fruit quality characteristics including markability, total acidity, Catalase, phenolics contain, total soluble solids, pH and total antioxidant were evaluated. The antioxidant capacity of treated fruits was found relatively in highest range as compared with controls. Fruit treated with 7µmol L-1 nitric oxide and 2mmol L-1 SA L-1 salicylic acid had higher antioxidant capacity. Catalase activity of apple fruit treated with salicylic acid and nitric oxide were higher than that of control. Fruit treated with combination of 3 µmol L-1 nitric oxide and 1 mmol L-1 salicylic acid had higher phenole. All treatments decreased the rate of pH elevation. The highest titrable acidity was recorded in combination 1mmol L-1 salicylic acid and 7µmol L-1 nitric oxide. total soluble solids was increased during storage and treatment with salicylic acid and nitric oxide effectively decreased the total soluble solids elevation. The treatments and their interactions had highly significant effect on markability. Fruit treated with 3µmol L-1nitric oxide and 2mmol L-1 salicylic acid had higher markability. It was concluded that postharvest treatment of apple with the combination of nitric oxide and salicylic acid is a good alternative instead of chemical materials for postharvest technology of apple.

Due to low water and high sugar content, date fruit has long term longevity but fruit quality is affected by type and storing condition. This experiment was done based on complete randomized design with three replications to study the effects of pakaging type and storage condition on the maintenance quality of date fruit cv. Barhee. The fruit of date was prepared in four pakaging types i.e. control (without pakaging), vacuum, hand picked in cardboard box and pressed and then stored in two conditions i.e. room temperature (RT) and cold room (7°C). Fruits were analyzed at days 0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 of storage for quality attributes including weight loss, texture darkening, TSS, pH acidity, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. Results showed that in vacuum and pressed packages, changes in fruit quality were minimized. For fruits handpicked in cardboard box, in addition to significant weight loss or moisture absorption (at RT or cold room respectively), consistency of boxes was also affected. However TSS and pH were not affected by package type and storage temperature but during 240 days of storage, considerable changes was seen in these parameters. Increasing the duration of storage time, led to enhanced fruit phenolic content, antioxidant capacity and fruit darkening but fruit water content reduced. Despite the lack of a significant effect of pakaging type on main quality characteristics, most of them affected by storage condition significantly and so storing at 7°C, could prohibit the increase of titratable acidity, texture darkening and weight loss.

Stevia rebaudiana is a medicinal plant belonging to Asteraceae family. This experiment was carried out to optimize the in vitro callus induction and plant regeneration of Stevia rebaudiana. The explants used in this study were leaf, shoot tip, nodal segments with two leaves and nodal segment without leaves derived from in vitro grown plantlets. The explants were transferred to PGR-free MS medium or supplemented with BA (0.1, 0.5 and 2mgl-1) solely or in combination with 0.5mgl-1 IBA and TDZ (0.1, 0.5 and 2mgl-1) solely or in combination with 0.5mgl-1 IBA. The highest callus percentage and callus volume induced with culturing leaf explant on MS medium containing 0.1 mgl-1 TDZ. The nodal segment without leaves cultured on MS medium containing 2mgl-1 BA + 0.5mgl-1 IBA produced the highest regenerated shoot number. The highest and lowest shoot length was observed in shoot tip cultured on MS medium containing 0.1mgl-1 BA + 0.5mgl-1 IBA and MS medium containing 2mgl-1 BA + 0.5mgl-1 IBA, respectively. Indirect shoot regeneration was observed only in leaf explant cultured on MS medium containing 0.5mgl-1 TDZ + 0.5mgl-1 IBA. The highest percentage of root induction was observed with culturing shoots on MS medium containing 0.1mgl-1 IBA.

Strawberry is a highly perishable fruit sensitive to fungal infections especially gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea, and has a short postharvest life. In this research, the effect of potassium tetraborate on the growth of the above fungus in vitro, as well as on gray mold severity and some qualitative indices of strawberry fruit cv. Selva during cold storage were investigated. In vitro experiment, the concentrations of borate solution were 0 (control), 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3% in two pHs of 7 and 9 added to the Botrytis culture medium, and in in vivo experiments for incubated fruits with the fungus spore suspension, were 1 and 1.5% (pH= 9) and 2 and 2.5% (pH= 7). For the evaluation of qualitative indices, only non-inoculated fruits were treated with different concentration of borate solutions and kept in cold storage. The results showed that Botrytis growth was completely blocked in vitro when borate with the concentrations of 1% or higher (pH= 9) and 2% or higher (pH= 7) was added to the fungus culture medium. Also, treatment of strawberries with 1% borate solution could control gray mold of infected fruits (showing least decay grade) and preserve certain qualitative characteristics including weight loss, tissue firmness and fungal infection during storage.

In order to assess the effect of different fertilization systems on competitive and economic indices of fenugreek and black cumin intercropping, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Shahrekord University Research Farm in 2013. Sole cropping of fenugreek (F), Sole cropping of black cumin (B) and three intercropping ratios (B:F; 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2) were evaluated as the first factor and three sources of fertilizer consist of chemical fertilizer, broiler litter and integrated fertilizer (1:1) as the second factor. Results showed that fenugreek was dominant plant and had greater competitive inetensity than black cumin, but broiler litter application reduced the amount of competition. The competitive indices were markedly reduced under broiler litter application. The greatest value of land equivalent ratio (LER), relative crowding coefficient (K), actual yield loss (AYL), monetary advantage (MA) and intercropping advantage (IA) was observed for B:F (2:1) treatment under broiler litter application. Overall, the application of animal manures in sustainable agriculture will increase intercropping advantages compared to chemical fertilization system.

In order to study the effect of deficit irrigation and bio-fertilizer on potato cultivars, a field experiment was conducted at Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Research Center, Iran, in year 2014. Water deficit stress set as main factor with three levels, I1 (full irrigation), I2 (0.8 full irrigation) and I3 (0.6 full irrigation, three genotypes set as split plot and bio fertilizer set as split split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Adjectives such as emergence and flowering time, plant height, main stem diameter, number of stem, leaf and stem dry weight, chlorophyll and carotenoid content and plant yield were studied. Results indicated that all traits significantly affected by Irrigation treatments, exception number of branches. Emergence, flowering date, plant height, stem diameter, number of branches and plant yield had significant differences among genotypes. Effect of interactions between irrigation and genotype were significant on stem diameter only. Bio fertilizer increased amount of all traits as plant yield increased in 10 percent proportion compared with control. The highest potato yield was obtained in Clone 97-2. The highest yield obtained with full irrigation and potato yield decreased 40 percent by severe water stress compared with control. Therefore using of bio fertilizer recommended as supplement fertilizer for potato.

The correct management of kiwi fruit tree nutrition can affect an increase in postharvest life of kiwi fruit. At this research, based on randomized complete block design with 10 fertilization treatments, the effect of different stages of foliar spraying CaCl2 (August to October) and different amounts of urea, triple superphophate and potassium sulphate on kiwi fruits in a kiwi orchard located at Astaneh Ashrafieh, Guilan Province, Iran, was investigated. The traits including fresh and dry weight, acidity, percent of dry matter, the brix and firmness of fruit, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium of fruit in harvesting time; and fruits firmness and brix in 60 and 120 days after keeping fruits in storage (temperature 0 ±0.5ºC and 90-95% moisture) were measured. Results showed that the dry matter percent in treatments of five stages foliar spraying calcium was significantly more than control. The brix in the control treatment was 2-2.3 degrees more than in the treatment of five stages of foliar spraying with Ca. The highest concentration of calcium was observed in the treatments of three stages foliar spraying with Ca. The highest fruit firmness obtained in four and five foliar spraying Ca treatments and the lowest firmness in control treatment. Decreasing of fruit firmness during the time in four and five foliar spraying Ca treatments was lower than control. Results indicated the influence of different levels and periods of macro elements fertilizers application with foliar spraying of calcium on the quantities and qualitative promotion of kiwifruit in comparison to traditional fertilization.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different amendments on soil properties, mass and accumulation of elements in corn (Zea mays) grown on irrigated soil with wastewater of Bu-Ali industrial region. The green house experiment was conducted with treatments of Gypsum, Citric Acid, farmyard manure and compost separately and as complex, in a completely randomized design with four replicates in Bu-Ali Sina University at 2013. Obtained results showed that the applied different amendments under wastewater irrigated, changed significantly chemical characteristics in the studied soil i.e. pH, EC, CEC, organic matter, CCE, soluble cations. The results also showed that the applied different amendments increased significantly dry and wet mass of corn, in which the maximum and minimum (350.50 and 42.75mg/kg respectively) was in farmyard manure treatment and those amount (74.87 and 10.54mg/kg respectively) observed for control treatment. Applied amendments on irrigated soil with wastewater was effected on heavy metal concentration of shoot corn plants, however it was much less than background in which was not adverse effect on plants. But on root corn plant concentration of Zn and Cd was above background in which was adverse effect on plants. The results showed that maximum and minimum heavy metal concentration in corn plant (root + aerial part) was related to Fe and Cd, respectively. The application of amendments (particularly compost and farmyard manure) and wastewater in soil coincidently, not only increased dry and wet mass of corn via nutrition of plant but also prevented salt and sodic conditions in soil for longer time.