نشریه مطالعات سیاسی جهان اسلام
پیاپی 13 (بهار 1394)

This paper seeks to address this issue، why European countries that after World War II due to the need for labor to rebuild itself، provided a suitable platform to attract a large number of workers from African and Asian countries، especially from Muslim communities and adopted multicultural policies to cope with the cultural differences of migrants، now have announced the failure of this policy. The paper suggests that factors such highlighted the social and cultural aspects of social and political life of Muslim immigrants in European countries، expanding the scope of the Islamic awakening in the communities of origin of the immigrants، a new wave of commitment of Muslim immigrants to the value of their indigenous communities، the events of 11 September، some terrorist events in Europe and the expansion of Islamophobia in Western societies have changed multicultural policies in European countries. As a result of that، European leaders finally officially announced the failure of multicultural policy. The failure of multiculturalism as a policy resulted to alternatives policies such as integration and assimilation، promoting of Euro-Islam، exclusion and isolation of muslims، confronting with new immigration muslims،and deportation of Muslims from European countries which led to more limitations for social life of Muslims living in these countries.

The present study is to investigate the economic causes of revolutions in Egypt and Tunisia. The main question raised in the present study is that what are the causes of the occurrences of recent movements in these two countries? The present study، using Robert Gurr Relative Deprivation Theory، investigates the role of economic policies of governments of Bin Ali and Mubarak in creating the new middle class and enhancement of the relative deprivation level in these countries which finally resulted in revolutionary movements in 2010 and 2011. Because the Relative Deprivation Theory is a psychological one، along with making open economic policies and concurrent political limitations with the development and expansion of international communication networks، an appropriate ground was provided for Arab young people to feel relative deprivation in different political، economic، and social domains in one way or another and represent their protest and anger via revolutionary movements. This revolutionary rises and movements got gradually expanded into other Arab countries and paying attention to the non-democratic structure paved the paths for the Arab heads’ worries so that they apprehensively started to make policies for eliminating unemployment، corruption، and poverty.

This is an article about analyzing the Impacts of Islamic revolution of Iran on Iraq by using the Diffusion Theory. According to this theory Iran is the origin of diffusions and Iraq is the destination of them. So we searched the influences of the Islamic revolution in Iraq by considering the social and political situations of Shia people in Iraq before and after revolution. In subject of diffusion part، aimed to corroboration our view about the influences; we try to present some objective witnesses. How and in which manner، Islamic revolution has influenced on Iraq? This is the main question of this article and according to this، our main hypothesis is: Islamic revolution has cultural and political effects on society and government of Iraq. The information of this article gathered by using the library and Internet sources and we analyzed these information through descriptive-analytic approach.

The aim of this article is to analyze the functions of International Amnesty in observing the situation of Human Rights in Saudi Arabia. So، the main question is that what is the analysis of Amnesty International in relation to the human rights situation in Saudi Arabia? For this purpose، firstly، author explains three generations of Human Rights. Then، after analyzing the policies of Saudi Kingdom in these three areas author focus on the foundation of International Amnesty in the Saudi Arabia. Results show that study abuses in issues of the first and second generations such as low political participation، lack of freedom of expression and press، pressure on Minorities and women، class gap and governmental deterioration were on the focus of the organization، but there is no fact of any attention toward issues of the third generation such as issues related to International terrorism، opposition to democratization and spread of Salafism in the organization report 2007 until 2012.

Certainly، no one can ignore the role of Muslim Brotherhood that came into shape for the first time in 1928 which has been a reaction to deteriorating social، political، economic and cultural conditions of that time in Egypt in particular and Islamic nations in general، even up to today as we are witnessing Islamic awakening in these countries. The matter of the fact is that Brotherhood as the major contender of a kind of Islamic system and government has been able to take widespread actions in both executive (practical) as well as theoretical contexts in Sunni world and leave significant impacts on the recent Islamic movements، the radical movements such as Al-Qaeda، Taliban، Hamas and many others. This movement during long consecutive years and various political situations has always left serious impacts even on Egyptian critical conditions and as it is mentioned above various unfavorable factors paved the way for Egyptian to go along with Ahmad Hassan Albana who wished the return to true Islam and governing Muslim society through the ideas and teachings of holy Quran، unity of Islamic nation and removal of exploitation from the society. The Brotherhood was the first and most important active opposition during the leadership of young officers in Egypt. Although، in the early part of the young officers’ ruling، there were sometimes friendly relations between them، yet some pragmatic policies taken by the officers used to make their relations face with profound challenges. With the collapse of Nassser’s dictatorship from one hand، and with the outbreak of revolution or Islamic awakening movement among Arabs on the other hand، one could assume that the creation of idealistic government of the Brotherhood is easily done. However، certain events not only did not materialize Islamic state، but also made the establishment of a system based on Islamic good tradition a mirage for the Brotherhood in the land of Pharaohs. Therefore، this research is an attempt to explain the reasons for the failure of the Brotherhood’s ideal government after the overturn of the militaristic regime of Nasser.

The economy of Islamic country of Afghanistan in recent decades has been seriously damaged by civil war، political and security instabilities as well as continued droughts. The economy of this country in recent years، despite of having some suitable economic growth، has been faced with fragility and high fluctuations regarding to its structural problems including the lack of capital for investment and production purposes. Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a traditional solution for this problem. But، foreign capital inflows into Afghanistan were not enough during last decade. Therefore، it is mainly asked what reasons are behind of this problem? And what factors are determined the foreign investment inflows into Afghanistan? Using a regression model and in the atmosphere of Afghanistan’s political economy، this paper is aimed to study the effects of 6 important variables on the foreign direct inflow in this country. The results show that the effect of economic freedom on attracting of FDI in Afghanistan has been high and significant. Also، the inflation rate has been negatively significant effects on FDI in this country. Furthermore، important results of this study imply that government guaranties play significant role in inflows of FDI toward Afghanistan regarding to existing of security and financial risks in this country. Therefore، the intervention and supporting of Afghan government to avoid of risk is necessary. Also، suitable decision making in direction of FDI towards agriculture، industry and mining sectors in Afghanistan is suggested.