نشریه مطالعات سیاسی جهان اسلام
پیاپی 17 (بهار 1395)

Water Conflicts can occur when a water source, have a range of more than one country, and countries disagree on how to use it. The Middle East is a region that is facing with the water crisis. One of the most important areas of potential crisis is the Tigris and Euphrates basin that unlike other basins is facing with excess water and discordance on the fair division. Nowadays, Turkey with the implementation of plans and projects and construction of numerous dams have reduce quantity of Euphrates water to Syria and Iraq and caused they sought protest against this projects. The two countries are willing to make a deal and a fair share and called this rivers as the international river, While Turkey called them as territorial rivers. Syria and Iraq in the current situation not be able to cope with Turkey. Among the Turkey’s projects in Euphrates is Manavgat and GAP projects and also Peace Pipeline. This article examines the hydropolitical of the Tigris and Euphrates basin and investigate potential and actual hydropolitical challenges between the countries in the basin. The method used in this article is descriptive-analytical. It seems that according to the current situation, development of water projects by Turkey is one of the main obstacles in the way of achieving hydropolitical consensus in this basin. Given the current relations between Syrian and Turkey during recent unrests in Syria, we should also wait for intensification of conflicts over the water basin.

The relation between government and society in the Middle East is based on silence and passivity which is considered to be odd and specific due to the lack of democratic change and reform in the region. However, there was a dramatic change in the region in 2010 and there was a government collapse in some countries such as Egypt. As the results, the relation between the government and society was investigated from different perspectives. The present study clams that globalization in different economic, social, technological, and cultural led to the emergence of understanding globalized human rights in Egypt. However, the government refrained to accept the political, civil, social, economic, and cultural rights of the society by opposing such changes. The government stimulated the people revolutionary acts by violating the rights and high values of the society such as the right to live, justice, decency, and equality. This issue occurred practically occurred on the streets and ended detached the relation between the government and society in Mobarak presidential era.

In this study, the researcher is looking for future studies of Iran and Saudi Arabia’s foreign relations based on transitions of Arab world. In order to have a correct and scientific research, first, this question arises that what is the most important future for Iran and Saudi Arabia’s foreign relations based on the geopolitical transitions of Arab world. In the path of finding the answer, five more sub-questions are raised. This research is designed as an applied research in which the researcher uses an analytical – explanatory methodology (the snowball method). In this method, 25 members of faculty and elite with specific characteristics were selected and were asked through questionnaire. The components, indicators and items were carefully assessed by these experts. After confirmation of the reliability and validity, the Friedman Test was used to analyze the results. The most important results from the items and indicators analysis show that: three potential, probable and desirable futures are predicted for Iran and Saudi Arabia’s foreign relations following transitions of Arab world (Yemen, Syria, Iraq, etc.). And the most influential factors in future studies of Iran and Saudi Arabia’s foreign relations are defensive, cultural, and political, social and economic factors (in order of importance). The researcher also concludes that no bright future lies ahead of Iran and Saudi Arabia relations and it can be explicitly stated that these relations will be even darker in future. The strategic considerations on relations with Saudi Arabia should be taken by outlining goals ...

The purpose of this study is to examine the interests and considerations of regional powers (The Islamic Republic of Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey) in process of Syria crisis. crisis which began in 2011 and continues today. In fact, our question is what the goals and interests that the Islamic Republic of Iran, Saudi Arabia and Turkey seek in the Syrian crisis? The main hypothesis is that these three regional power have sought some goals and interests in three models of order including Shia (Iran), Salafi (Saudi Arabia) and, Brotherhood (Turkey). The commonality of these regional powers in crisis of Syria is to effort for protect and offer their order in this country and increase their regional influence and, their dissociation is way of their role-playing in the process of crisis and, also their antithetical interests in this crisis In the framework of the model based on the balance of power.

Some 20 million Muslims are living in the European Union member countries. These Muslims are living in these countries as citizens and immigrants and their population is rising in view of the high birth rate among Muslims. From the point of view of certain European countries presence of this Muslim population is considered as a sort of challenge due to their non-European culture and belief, so a discriminative approach toward Muslims is prevalent in these countries. This discriminative outlook mainly relates to the Islamic identity of this population. After the World War II support for or membership in the right-hand parties was considered as a taboo in many European countries however as time elapsed and memories of war faded away, the right-hand parties used slogans for establishment of economic welfare and mingled them with nationalism to secure a considerable stand in the political structure of the European countries by holding Muslims responsible for some of the problems of their societies.
Some people believe that the economic crisis and implementation of economic austerity policies are the main cause of the coming to power of right-hand and anti-immigrant parties in the countries such as Greece, Holland, Germany, France and other countries of the European Union, and some others believe that the potential for the emergence of parties with xenophobia tendency exists in all the European countries and a party just needs to use this potential.

After 50 years of hegemony of The Mubarak authoritarian discourse in Egypt, the people of this country were able to challenge the hegemony of authoritarian discourse. With the fall of the Mubarak regime, the Muslim Brotherhood Seized power. A year after That Muslim Brotherhood coming to power, the group, due to the Incompetence in accordance with the political and economic conditions, Lack of charismatic leadership, Inability to retain key institutions of the Community and Practical action conflicting with the principles of Islamism discourse, so defeated in the Egypt political arena In the revolutionary movement (2011-2013). As a result of these factors, The context was provided for the emergence of rival discourse though the coup. The main question in this article is: what caused the Islamist discourse of Muslim Brotherhood failed And what causes the re-emergence of secular discourse? The hypothesis here is that Muslim Brotherhood Failed to articulate a comprehensive discourse And gradually provide The conditions for the return of secular discourse. In this article, the meaning constellation of Laclau and Mouffe's and Teun Adrianus van Dijk discourse theory have been used as the research method.

Turkish foreign policy as an emerging middle power in world politics has its own consequences. As Eduard Jordan in his conceptual analysis about middle power in international relations notes, the differences between traditional and emerging middle powers in international relations is indeed a reason on importance of geopolitics and regional security competition in the world which defines the security architecture of world politics in current moment and future. As superpower tries to consolidate its effect and dominance in world regional security complexes, it faces the great regional players which mostly are middle powers in international system. In this article we will analyze the Turkey's position as an emerging middle power dealing with U.S. containment policy on issue of Iran to understand the foreign policy making of emerging middle powers being align with grate powers in stabilization of international system and pursuing their own interests.