نشریه پژوهش در طب ورزشی و فناوری
پیاپی 7 (بهار و تابستان1393)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of glucose and glutamine supplementation on serum HSP72, in non-athlete men during four weeks exhaustive endurance - intermittent training that causes glycogen depletion. For this purpose 20 non-athlete healthy men were selected and randomly divided into four groups including: glucose supplementation with glycogen depletion training group (n = 5, supplement 1), glutamine supplementation with glycogen depletion training group (n = 5, supplement 2), glycogen depletion training group (n =, placebo) and a group without any treatment (n = 5, control). The blood samples were collected at the onset of training protocol period and 48 hours after final training session from anticubital venous. Serum HSP72 concentration were determined by ELISA technique. The main and interaction effects of variables were determined using TWO WAY ANOVA compeleted with Tukey post-hoc test. The significant level was chosen as α = 0.05.The results showed the significant effect of training variable for serum HSP72 concentration, [F(1,17)= 6.362 P<0.05]. The effect of supplementation variable was significant for serum HSP72 concentration, [F(1,17)= 15.362 P<0.01]. Post-hoc test showed the significant difference between placebo with supplement 1 group (p<0.05) and placebo with supplement 2 group (p<0.01). The interaction effect between two variables was not significant. In summery, the results suggested that in glycogen depletion training condition, glucose or glutamine supplementation have significant effect on serum HSP72 concentration.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of combination specific resistance and ordinary swimming training on Breaststroke swimming performance in young boys. Twenty boys of Alborz province swimming team age of 13±1 years, weight 50/ 65±1/02kg and height 159/8 ±4/91cm, participated in this study. After the initial testing of the performance variable (Fifty-meter record of Breaststroke swimming), technical variable (stroke number) and strength variable (strength of spinal extensor muscles), subjects were randomly divided in two groups, Experimental group (combination specific resistance and ordinary swimming training) and control group(ordinary swimming training).A week of familiarization training was performed to adapt with vest (specific resistance) and then training program were performed for 6 weeks, three sessions per week. Training program consisted of 15minutes of warmup and 8 repeats of 50 meters breaststroke with minute rest interval between repetitions, in exprimental group (with vest of training) and control group(without vest of training). At the end of the training, post test was performed in accordance with the conditions of the pre test. Kolmogorov –Smirnov test was used to determine normality of data distribution, Paired t-tests was used to determine within group changes and the covariance analysis was used to compare the progress of dependent variables between the two groups. The results of this study indicated that although swimming performance was significantly improved in both groups (p≤0.05), but there were no significant differences between the groups in fifty-meter record of Breaststroke swimming, stroke number and strength of spinal extensor muscles(p≥0.05).It may be attributed to non professional subjects or Low-intensity resistance training.

Taekwondo is one of the most popular martial arts in the world and Iran. Taekwondo is a contact sport which contains a high rate of injuries. Thus, the more travelling through the time, the more protective equipments is provided to prevent injuries. The present study purposed to compare the sport injuries of premier leagues in 2 season and study the effectiveness of protective equipments such as protective gums, particular gloves and socks, and electronic Hugo in the Iranian taekwondo athletes. For this prospective study, 197 athletes(with the mean age and body mass of 23.2 year-old and 70.52 kg, respectively) were studied for injuries incurred in 2011-2012 league. Afterward, the collected results were compared with the results of the same league in 2006-2007, descriptively. As shown, the injury rate was declined from 69.5 injury per 1000 AE in 2006-2007 league to 19.09 injury per 1000 AE in 2011-2012 league. All injury types were decreased except epistaxis. Likewise, number of injuries in upper extremity, lower extremity, head and neck and trunk were decreased. The injury reduction may be due to the application of protective equipments like electronic Hugo which was a main factor in reducing strikes’ power, and the usage of particular socks and gloves for more coverage and protection. Additionally protective gums could protect tooth and mandible from injury. Of course the effect of getting more professional and performing scientific conditioning trainings should not be ignored.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between changes of some of the cardiorespiratory factors during submaximal activity with slow component of Vo2 after static and dynamic stretching in 16 active women from physical education college (Mean ± SD: age, 23.87 1.62 yr; weight, 57.20 ± 7.84 kg; height, 163.46 ± 6.23 cm; body fat %, 23.96 ± 2.70 and Vo2max, 42.15 ± 3.41 ml.kg-1.min- 1). After measurement of Vo2max and LT, the subjects performed two protocols of stretching (static and dynamic) and one protocol without stretching before submaximal activity (treadmill running at 70% Vo2max) in three separate sessions. Respiratory gas exchange and HR was measured by gas analyzer and polar and time constants (τ1- τ2 - τ3) were calculated from O2 kinetics graph. Results revealed a positive correlation between slow component of Vo2 with changes of VE (0.76), Fb (0.48), Tv (0.67), HR 0.41), τ1 (0.49), τ 2 (0.52), τ 3 (0.46) and steady state oxygen uptake increased significantly after static stretching (P=0.031). Therefore, results of this study showed that some of changes in slow component of Vo2 after static and dynamic stretching related to metabolic and cardiorespiratory factors.

This research aimed to analyze the effect of 12 weeks aerobic exercise training on some characteristics of immune system and general health of women with breast cancer. 40 female with breast cancer, undertaking chemotherapy, were classified in exercise group with mean age of 36/9±13/2 years, weight of 67/2±9/95 kilograms and body mass index of 21/9±2/9 kg/m2 and control group with mean age of 38/6±10/1 years, weight of 65/1±8/28 kilograms and body mass index of 21/4±2/1kg/m2. Exercise group Perfored in 12 contionous weeks walking with moderate intensity (based on Modified-Borg scale and 40-60% Maximum Heart rate)/3 times a week/30-45 minutes in each session. General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) was used for evaluating general health level. Before and after 4, 8 and 12 weeks CBC DIFF test was conducted for aim of assessing some characteristics of immune system. CANCOVA was used to determine the pure effect of exercise intervention. The data were analyzed with significant level of p≤0/05 and by SPSS 16. General health and hope of life was decreased significantly after intervention in control group (p≤0.05). Number of leukocytes of exercise group was higher after the exercise intervention, but this difference was not significant, but number of leukocytes of control group was decreased significantly (p≥0.05). Regular aerobic exercise with moderate intensity is an effective way in maintenance the number of leukocytes, improving immune system and enhancing levels of general health.

This study investigated the effects of creatine and L-carnitine supplementation on anaerobic performance and body weight changes in athletes. In this single-blind randomized clinical trial, 45 athletes were selected and randomly divided into four groups supplemented with: a) Creatine, b) L-carnitine, c) Creatine- L- carnitine and D) placebo. The supplementation period was 28 days. Wingate anaerobic test was done for assessing athlete's anaerobic performance and their weights were measured before and after the supplementation period. To compare the variables before and after each test, paired t-test and anova are used compare within and between variables respecdivey. The anaerobic performance indices in the groups receiving creatine and creatine- L-carnitine were significantly increased after intervention. Body weights were also significantly increased in the supplemented groups. Based on the dosage and duration of supplementation in this study, concurrent creatine and L-carnitine supplementation has positive effects on anaerobic performance. Despite L-carnitine is a weight loss agent, the findings of this study showed weight gain in the supplemented groups.

The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the kinematics and kinetics of successful versus unsuccessful basketball free throw shots. Six professional basketball players (age= 23±2.09 years members of Iranian premier basketball league participat in test. Kinematics of arm motion during basketball free throws were recorded by two Casio zr200 camera in frequency of 240 Hz. Wilcoxon test was used for significant differences between successful versus unsuccessful free throws (p ≤ 0/05). Angular velocity of the wrist was found to be significantly higher in successful versus unsuccessful shots at the time of ball release (p ≤ 0/028). Wrist (p ≤ 0/008) and shoulder (p ≤ 0/023) joints were found to have significantly more flexion in successful versus unsuccessful shots while elbow (p ≤ 0/002) remained significantly less flexed in successful shots. Angular displacement of wrist (p ≤ 0/034) and elbow (p ≤ 0/004) was shown to be significantly greater in successful versus unsuccessful shots. Integrated EMG of Anterior Deltoid (AD), Triceps Brachii (TB) and Flexor Carpi Radialis (FCR) muscles was more in successful free throw versus unsuccessful free throw, but the only significant difference was observed in the Integrated EMG of the Triceps Brachii muscle (p ≤ 0/034). In summery, increasing the wrist angular velocity and activity of triceps brachii muscle affected successful free throws.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks comprehensive corrective exercises on upper Crossed syndrome. 40 female college students with forward head, forward shoulder, and kyphosis voluntarily participated in this study and randomly divided to two experimental group (with mean age 21.60±1.70 years, height 159.78±5.11 cm, and weight 59.04±4.6 kg) and control group (with mean age 21.85±1.87 years, height 160.15±4.32 cm, and weight 58.42±5.76 kg). The experimental groups performed comprehensive corrective exercises included eight weeks and three times per week. The angles of forward head and forward shoulder were assessed using photographic taken from lateral view and Kyphosis angle was assessed using flexible ruler (r=0.93) before and after eight weeks corrective exercises program. The data was analyzed by SPSS (p≤0.05). On the base of findings, we suggest that experts in order to obtain better results in their training programs, pay attention to correct abnormalities simultaneously, as a new approach.

Validation of predicting fatness methods in the Iranian girls with respect to the maturity process could help to identify anthropometric risk factors. This study evaluate the accuracy of four body composition prediction equations in the teenager students in Hamadan city. The anthropometry profile of 266 adolescent girls (12-16 ys) including, weight (55.69±10.18 kg),body mass index (21.93±3.6 kg/m2) and percent body fat averages (29.65±4.41%) were measured using the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) as a reference style and the selected skinfold prediction equations, ie, Durnin-Rahaman, Deurenberg, Westrate- Deurenberg, Slaugter. Significant relationship was observed between BIA and four body composition prediction equations (p<0/05) with intervene the maturity level. However the most relationship was found among BIA method and Durnin-Rahaman logarithmic equation (R=0.82-0., p<001). It seems that physical education coaches and health-related organizations for athletic performance and Clinical assessments of body composition in young individuals probably can accurately utilized fat prediction, especially by applying the Diurnin- Rahaman skinfold equation.