نشریه پژوهشهای سیاسی جهان اسلام
سال هشتم شماره 3 (پیاپی 28، پاییز 1397)

This Article Tried Survey American Policy on Middle East in the Early New Century with Attention to Democracy Problem. The US Foreign Policy Was Encountered With New Opportunities And Challenges By 11 September Event In The Georg W Bush Period And MENA Developments In The 2011 Year So Far In The Obama Period. The Identity Centric As One Of Elements Of American Foreign Policy Was Encountered With Complicated And Multifaceted Structure Of The Middle East Region And This Country Tried Remaking To Balancing Between This Section From Identity And Traditional Interests With Attention To Democracy Centric And Self-Rhetoric On It. In Order to Explanation Research Problem Have Had Utilized Theoretical Framework Constructivism Especially Systematic Type of Alexander Wendt. The Research Method In The Research Is Also Descriptive-Analytical Method And It Has Used Attributive Data Method. The Research Finding Is Too That Contrary To US Rhetoric About Democracy And It Promotion In The Middle East, Interaction Type And Method Of This Country With Complicated And Paradoxical Structure Of The Middle East Region Has Produced Type Of Directed And Controlled Democracy Promotion In The Middle East In The Early New Century.

A brief definition of political culture refers to the attitude and insight of each individual towards the political system, political figures, and their functions and duties, as well as the attitude of political figures towards the role and position of the people in the political system. According to this definition, the total expectations of the people of the state institution and the total expectations of the people of the people in the form of this political culture is formed. This issue, of course, becomes more important in doubling the effectiveness of the effective political system as a military system that can accomplish tasks that most people are expected to accomplish and achieve the goals set out in these tasks for themselves. For this reason, as a glimpse of the features of Iranian political culture, it clarifies its statehood. The purpose of this research is to use a descriptive and analytical method to find the answer to the question: How does state-oriented culture affect the efficiency of the system? Have you got political in IRAN? In response to this question, the following hypothesis is tested: the state-run culture has been weakening the political system in the Islamic Republic of Iran by explaining various tasks in the political and economic arena for the government. The results of this study confirm the hypothesis that state-controlled culture has led to the continued passive participation and the weakening of political parties in the political arena and the formation of economic monopolies and, consequently, inflation, unemployment and the increase of economic corruption in the economy, which itself leads to the ineffectiveness of the political system. .

The existence of single-party systems in the world today, on the one hand, and the fact that federal governments in some parts of the world, meanwhile, make the two cases more contemplative. On the other hand, with the advent of both systems in Iraqi society, it is questioned how the interaction of a single-party system with federalism and what problems and challenges have arisen in this regard? It is a multifaceted community that has been formed in ancient times by the plurality of groups with mosaic arrangements, and this ethnic, linguistic and religious diversity has continued in the process of nation-state-building since the foundation of the Ba'ath party until its fall and new rulers. In this paper, using the conceptual model of Jean Blundell, the damages and challenges of the one-party system during the rule of the Ba'ath Party for federalism have been evaluated using a descriptive-analytical method. We have been struggling with the fact that the mosaic texture, social fragmentation, Baathist shamelessness, ambiguity in the sense of federalism and differences in perceptions, the severe crackdown on Aqrah and Shiites, and the inconsistency of the defenders of federalism have been one of the main challenges of the realization of federalism in Iraq under the rule of a single-party system.

Why and how intensification of the activities of extreme right-wing groups in the West has become a major issue in security studies in recent years. Despite the differences in the activities of these groups in the two geographies of Western Europe and North America as the main focal points of Western civilization, the available evidence suggests that the greatest opposition to Islam and Muslims is in particular on the agenda of both streams Is located. Violent acts such as the burning of places and shelters for many immigrants, including Muslims, as well as the scourge of honoring their religious sites are just two examples of the symbols available for this claim. Given the increasing role played by the sympathies of this extreme trend in the political transformations that should be highlighted in the election of Donald Tramp as US President, the study of the dimensions and strains found and hidden by this intellectual-political process, Topics like new fascism are also mentioned as twofold. Therefore, in this article, we will try to find, by referring to the latest works and information about the activities of these groups, and to use the comparison method to distinguish the two main trends in the two geographies of North America and Western Europe. . The main findings of this article suggest that, given the various historical and sociological traditions, there are quite different forms of radical rightwing revival in the two geographies. While in the United States these streams are often religious streaks and it is essentially impossible to study them without regard for the religious variable. In Western Europe, the opposition to multiculturalism and the less emphasis on race and biological differences are the main focus of this group's activity. Forms are formed.

Power and security are the key concepts of international relations. Nevertheless, these two concepts can be considered as the most complex concepts of this discipline. This issue, in particular in the light of the dynamism of international politics and the paradigmatic transformation of this science, in both areas of the method and nature, the emergence of numerous non-state actors, the interdependence of economic, political and security of nations and the development of information and communication technology in the era of globalization. Which today is faced with a wide variety of forms and dimensions of power and security and different approaches to explain it. Accordingly, despite the hegemonic approach of realism in international relations, the definition of power and security has been criticized and constricted as force. In this regard, concepts such as soft power, smart power, soft security, security kernel, intelligent defense, and so on appeared. Regarding this issue, the main purpose of the present research is to review the paradigm shift of power and security in the era of globalization of politics and its impact on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This article attempts to answer the question that what should be the essential components of the Islamic Republic of Iran's security strategy in the age of globalization? By accepting the evolution of the meaning of the concepts of power, security and threat, the authors of this article believe that the lack of attention to the development of these concepts and the pursuit of national security strategies based on the traditional definition of power, security and threat, Will not provide the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the era of the globalization.

Beginning with the late 19th century Iran underwent a great deal of transformation. Central to this transformation was the change from a decentralized monarchy to the modem nation state and the development of an official Iranian nationalism under Reza Shah. Nationalism was the main axes of the first Pahlavi era that was followed by using the Persian language and ethnicity, paying attention to the historical past and relying on the antiquity were of its manifestations the result of which was crystallized in the homeland patriotism. In this age of homeland, close bond component was king worship and archaism. Reza Shah's government, by leading the intellectuals sought to replace Imperial ideology of nationalism with the Iranian and Islamic culture and rests the legitimacy of his regime on it. One of the features and characteristics of the Pahlavi regime was the emphasis on the idea of nationalist glory and honor of the Zoroastrian religion of pre-Islamic Iran and the Persian language worshiped by that time.This article aims at the crystallization phenomenon of nationalism and ethnicity importance of convergence in the approach of the Iranian in the Pahlavi era and investigated the implications and intentions of the founders approach

It is considered intellectual subject and intellectual trend from the major issues of political sociology, which means it has several stages over the past two centuries. This elite group that has formed in most cases, one of the most disparate groups, it has been effective in the history of Iran's developments as a social trend. Has always challenged Iran's contemporary intellectual studies, the term "religious intellectual"as one of the common terminology. Therefore there is no sociological possibility of ignoring it in the course of developments in the intellectual trend. Religious intellectual is one of the phenomena of a relatively new and unique social, which has attracted the attention of many contemporary political thinkers, according to the principles of thought and its foundation contexts. In this article, the authors; based on the new approach of religious intellectualism to religion and community issues,the relation between religion and science, adapting new ideologies to religion, attention to religion in the reform of social affairs, a critical look at tradition and modernity and the emphasis on positivism,has formed the most important principles of this trend.The factors influencing their formation have been, serious confrontation with non-religious or anti-religious thoughts and worldviews such as the ideas of leftist intellectuals, the trend of Baha'is and claimants for reforming religious thoughts, the impact of traditional and modern dual institutions such as social and family origins,educational and social institutions,the lack of faith and the desire of religious traditionalists to change and change in religion and entering the modern world and etc.