فصلنامه مطالعات تاریخ فرهنگی
پیاپی 13 (پاییز 1391)

After the second Treaty of Erzurum, which was signed in May 1847 / 1263 hijri, it was expected that the signature of the treaty will be an end to conflict between Iran and Ottoman on the 'Atabat-e 'Aliat issue.But, the continuous flow of caravans of pilgrims and transfer of corpses to 'Atabat-e 'Aliat has created new problems in Iran - Ottoman relations.The behaviors of Ottoman agents and officials with Iranian caravans of corpses transfer in the borders were always strict and annoying.The pretext of Ottoman administration for response to the objections of Iranian government for such behaviors was referred to its concerns about Cholera outbreak and its threat for the population of the Ottoman territory. In this paper, it has been tried to analyze the problems those have been emerged in Iran - Ottoman relations on the issue of caravans of pilgrims and corpses transfer those have been in frequent traveling from Iran to the holy cities of Iraq. The authors tried to evaluate the effects of those problems on the political relationship between the two countries.

Every Sociopolitical evolution ensures the rise of new formulations from the ideas and concepts.In the course of Iran's constitutional revolution, the society's religious elites faced some concepts and principles that confronted them with different conditions from the previously existed discursive atmosphere.These Ulama, in confrontation with this situation, in two categories of constitutionalists and the sharia-based figures (Mashruteh Khah and Mashru’eh Khah) started to explain and to read the conditions and to make a system of meanings.The constitutional era Ulama were some fundamentalist prolocutors who took two different procedures in facing the necessities of living in the modern arisen world that has been created from the colliding with western culture and civilization. This writing is about to explain the Kalām based justifications of the constitutionalists Ulama in facing this condition.These Ulama by taking a Kalām based position, and referring to the religious texts and human thoughts were trying to do their tasks, first of all, play the role of guardians of the realm and honor of religion and then to present a scheme of meanings and concepts in a systematic way.This paper is about to illustrate the most prominent signs and concepts of the ideas of the constitutionalists Ulama and furthermore to demonstrate how they succeeded to organize a scheme of concepts in a systematic way by using a Kalām based approach, especially what is called new Kalām.

Khalil Maleki, the intellectual and spiritual leader of Zahmatkeshan-e Mellat-e Iran Party (Nirou-ye Sevom), was also one of the influential figures of contemporary history of Iran. He was one of figures whom theirs’ writings and speeches were always towards the explanation and providing solutions to improve the situation of society. He succeeded to analyze the structure of the nationalization of Iran's oil industry movement with introducing Intellectual and ideological framework and to present solutions to prevent reiteration of movement leaders’ mistakes. He did this job based on a political awareness which was a result of his party activities and his participation in Ideological and Intellectual debates. In this paper authors tried to evaluate the influences of Khalil Maleki theories and political writings in the understanding of Iran political events during the era of the movement of nationalization of Iran's oil industry. This evaluation is based on his accessible works such as his essays in Shahed Newspaper and also notes about him and his Ideas in contemporary figures’ works and published researches about him. The main problem of this paper is to review the political and intellectual approaches of Khalil Maleki, as a figure which has been introduced in many research sources as the owner of ‘Third Force Theory’. Although many works has been written on the Maleki’s Third force (Nirou-ye Sevom), but this paper in a different approach only focused on his political and intellectual viewpoints on the movement of nationalization of Iran's oil industry.

Increasing power of Russia and Britain in Iran and the weakness of Qajar Kings against those two countries excesses, forced Iranian authorities to try to find ways to break political deadlock to prevent any military confrontations which could have irreparable consequences like Gulistan and Turkmenchay treaties.Diplomatic relations with a third force was an option which has been considered and practiced from the period of Iran - Russia wars during Fath-Ali Shah reign. This policy has been done by establishing relations with France during that period. It was an unsuccessful experience, and however it has been considered by the rest of Qajar Kings but they accepted the risk of its re-experiencing by a crucial motivation, and it was a hope for reducing the pressure of Russia and Britain Governments. During the reign of Naser al-Din Shah, to find the way for reducing Russia and Britain Pressures on Iran, as a result of Mirza Taghi Khan Amir Kabir suggestion, which has predicted that this country will be one of world powers in future, the young and newly established Government of the United States of America has been considered and to establish relations with the United States became the main priority of Iranian foreign policy To study the history of Iran – United States of America relations and choosing this country as the third power in Iranian foreign policy during Naser al-Din Shah reign in one hand and to study the mutual incentives of the United Stated government in establishing relations with Iran on the other hand, were the main themes of this research, which has been done by applying the Historical Research method and using Descriptive - Analytical approach based on library resources.

Seljuk government extended the realm of Iran and played an influential role in the evolution of poetry and art, thus the era of this dynasty turned to one the most glorious periods of Art, Culture and Civilization in Iran history.During the Seljuk era of prosperity, the impact of Iranian - Islamic aesthetic approach, not only became apparent on Seljukid art, but also created a configuration of visual and conceptual traditions in Islamic civilization, which has influenced many of outstanding works of art on that period and also during later periods.With the advent of Islam, due to the prohibitions, the painting art of Iran moved toward abstract, geometric and plant motifs.Studying on the existing images on the metal and pottery works of seljuk era, suggests that there was a manner in drawing, despite the ban on the images in that period, which was a reproduced Manichaean tradition of painting.Seljukid Portrait Drawing was under which one of visual cultures? Or how the art pattern influenced it?During this research by applying a comparative study, 26 samples of works remained from two Iranian art period, Manichean and Seljukid has been studied. This research is trying to prove that the visual practices and portrait drawing patterns in Manichean paintings has been emerged again in paintings and artworks of Seljuks. In this paper the material has been collected by the Library and Archives and has been studied by analytical, descriptive and historical method. To understand the commonalities between painting art, especially portraits drawing of Manichean and Seljukid is one the main gaols of this research

With the beginning of Qajars’ reign in Iran, they developed a style of Governance practices in which the numerous Qajar princes were appointed as the governors of various regions of the country. Mohammad Ali Mirza Dowlatshah was one of those princes. Mohammad Ali Mirza along with his family took power in the western region of Iran.The presence of this family in power left political, social and cultural consequences. Those consequences, especially during Dowlatshah era, were influenced by his competition with Abbas Mirza for crown. In addition to its political outcomes, the rivalry of Dowlatshah with Abbas Mirza caused positive social consequences in the western region of country. Those consequences were evident in the progress and improvement of people’s life especially in Kermanshah.In this paper, with the historical research method and a descriptive analytical approach based on library sources and documents, the political and social consequences of the two princes’ competition have been studied.