فصلنامه مطالعات تاریخ فرهنگی
پیاپی 17 (پاییز 1392)

Artworks of religious buildings have theirs structural, artistic and historical functions as well as their communicative function. Extension of messages, diversity of audiences and multiplicity of arts in religious buildings, have increased the importance of this function. Historical analysis of the communicational function art applied in religious buildings help us to find a way to benefit from the communicative ability of art to enhance the development of culture in current society beside gaining a better understanding of the past. The aim of this paper is to study during the typology and hazards of the communicative function of art in religious buildings of Tehran at Qajar Era with a historical approach based on arts such as Architecture, Calligraphy, Ta’ziyeh khani and Shabih khani. Tehran during Qajar Era saw the emergence of intellectual and religious ideas as well as social and political tensions. This survey could help us to understand the pathology and the necessity of communicational function of art in religious places.

Administration of the Pahlavi regime and its cultural policymakers benefited from historical precedence and models, especially the history of ancient Iran, which were useful for the reconstruction of the modern identity of Iranian society to realize their official ideology and to conduct society towards modernism. Hence the administration emphasized famous and prominent figures of ancient Iran and mythical culture, it also emphasize events and works of ancient times which were helpful to stimulate nationalist sentiments. This mixrure and the extreme exploitation of history by politics resulted in the changes in historical topics and prevented the spread of historical truths and facts and caused a serious damage to the status of the lessons of history. This paper tries to study the result of the extreme exploitation of history such as the spread of the idea of king worship.

The subject of the present research is the organization of the Iranian foreign ministry during the Nasseri period. Traditionally Iranian foreign policy was the privilege and the shah, at the time it was nominally the supervision and the court secretariat at other time it was supervised by the secretary and the province. (monshi al - mamalek). The aim of this research is to identify the process of organization and the creation of the components of this ministry during Nasser al-Din Shahs Period. In this study the descriptive research method is descriptive and based on documents, manuscripts and library sources. The conclusion it is a shown that the organization of the foreign ministry which was limited to the foreign minister, some secretaries, Enterpreters and scriveners during Fath ali shah and Mohammad shah’s reign changed by the institutionalization of the foreign ministry during the reign of Naser al-Din Shah by the organization of several components and department and regular office entrusted to the management of the foreign minister.

backwardness of Iran during the Qajar era compared with the progress of Europe placed the Iranian foreign relations at the center of Iranian intellectual pathological discussions. The emergence of the right policy was a characteristic of Qajar foreign relations. A study of the complete works of Nazem al-Dowleh enumerates the characteristics of a successful foreign policy and discourses his criticism of the conduct of Qajar foreign policy and its characteristics.

Architecture is a product of the culture of society rather than being a product of the decision of a team or of a person. To obscure the physical form and objective of architecture and to neglect cultural results lead to a superficiality understanding of architectural history. Cultural approach to history and architectural history will throw light on the study of the architectural history of Iran and enlighten some dark corners in the field of history. In the first step the authors will introduce the approach to cultural history by surveying the evolution of this approach and development. After this survey and introduction, the common features of all kinds of cultural history are considered. Then the feasibility of applying this approach to the architectural history of Iran is evaluated. The last section of this paper contains some suggestions for studying the cultural history of Iranian architecture. The Authors’ method in this paper is to study the scientific system of history and architectural history.

Kasravi lived in one the most critical periods of the contemporary history of Iran. He experienced two world wars, Constitutional Reform, the dictatorship of the reign of Reza Shah. His mental and the essence of his research conducted him to comment about various issues and think about diversified topics. It is obvious that Kasravi was a fond of and attached to the Constitutional reform and its ideals. But soon revolution was undermined by tyranny. Kasravi as a figure which has experienced both spheres, discussed them in his works. One of the characteristics of Kasravi is to praise the Constitutional reform and to defend Reza Shah. Thus the question is why and how he supported two contradictory phenomena? Till now Kasravi’s viewpoint and judgement about Reza Shah, has not been studied independently, thus this paper tries to evaluate his approach to Reza Shah according to his works and by applying the descriptive - explanatory method.