فصلنامه مطالعات تاریخ فرهنگی
پیاپی 18 (زمستان 1392)

The main question of this article is: What is the pattern of distribution, structure and ornaments of monuments during Seljuq period? To answer this question, primary data have been collected and categorized in field observation and library research method, while cities, villages and architectural evidence of Barkhar from Seljuq period have been introduced. Elements of architecture and the function of monuments have been presented by studying their maps and the prevailing pattern of their structure and ornaments are explained based on comparative comparison. Then central and satellite habitation of Barkhar field have been identified and the process of interplay between these habitation centers in aforementioned period have been studied according to Cristaler's Central Place Theory. The most important accomplishments and results of this article is a specific pattern in building Seljuq caravansaries and mosques of Barkhar. It means that the structure pattern of caravansaries in Barkhar is based on a methodical, symmetrical and already determined map, formedon the axis which is opponent to the gust of Eastern, Northern and Western winds (bias axis), four ivan plan, locating rooms for travelers around the four side of the yard, using ballast as the main material, using mud and plaster as grout and coat, and the absence of ornaments in caravansaries. A common pattern for Seljuq mosques in Barkhar includes a completely identical and isometric vault, single ivan primary form, single specific minaret (spire) with brickwork ornaments of rhombus forms, enameled brick in vaults, simple and short inscription, decorating adobe with patterns of hexagonal star, roundel and medallion fretwork. Determination of central and satellite centers in Barkhar field is another result of this research.

With the Rustamid's rise to power, commerce and trade in Maghrib had prominent growth during 2nd and 3rd century AH/ 8th and 9th century AD. Tahret (Tiaret) the center of Rustamids could compete commercially with most of the civilized cities of that period. This superiority and prosperity was due to the extensive trade, consequent on Tahert proper geographical position, locating in the trading mainland, plentitude of markets and commercial centers, and special attention paid by Rustamids to the trade besides expansive immigration of merchants, craftsmen, scholars and students. Commercial relations with Sudan, Andalusia and local states of Maghrib region accelerated the commercial growth and Tahert blossomed more. The purpose of this research is to study Rustamid's commercial and economic policy and their mercantile relations while depicting the commercial situation of Tahert in aforementioned era.

Print culture, as part of history of printing in India, has been unnoticed by the historians especially on the subjects related to the socio-cultural history of Persian Language. The aim of this article is to reflect parts of Persian writer's endeavors in India for refinement of writing Persian. The article is based on Print Culture and its influence in forming the issue of refinement of writing Persian in historical texts and lexicons in India during the half of the Nineteenth century, while focusing on the Persian Writing idea of Mirza Ghalib Dehlavi. Printing had close relation with the hylomorphism of cultural identity of that era and created a new form of conductive system between writer, publisher and reader.It has to be mentioned that literary analysis of aforementioned issues is not included in this article.

Timurids adopted a specific religious policy which canbe interpreted as "recrudescence to the Khurasanian Sunnism paradigm" during 9th century AH/ 14th century AD. Opponents of this attitude had been repressed by the support from political power of Timur's successors notably Shahrukh. Shaikh Saen al-din Ali Turkeh (770-835 AH) is amongst those whose activities and ideas was suspected as inconsistent with intellectual-religious policy of the government. The aim of this article is to answer this question that regardless of Saen al-din's amicable tack, why government was always distrusted him. Therefore, the main issue of this article is to explain the connection between Shahrukh's religious policies with Saen al-din Ali Turkeh's preferences.

Although geography and location is not a privilege for benevolence and virtues of its inhabitants, to mention the merits and virtues of cities has been a common tradition for ostentation and vying. Nabawi's anecdotes are amongst various aspects for ostentation about cities. Regarding this issue, city of Qazvin is unique and incomparable for the number of anecdotes. Therefore, this study finds the dominant motives in using Nabawi's anecdotes for mentioning the virtues of this city in a Grounded Theory approach by codification, titling data and constant comparison of topics and themes. "Production of a popular culture of guarding borders" is suggested as the main topic of this issue.

The aim of this article is to study the action and thoughts of Mustafa Kamil, his role in Egypt nationalism movement and to represent a distinct image of his function in that movement. He quickened the Egypt nationalism movement and introduced the will of his nation for independence and freedom to the world. Mustafa claimed the contribution of Europe and the West in solving issue of Egypt, while demanding Abbas II, Sultan Abdul Hamid II and Ottoman superiority over his country. This issue indicates a paradox in thoughts and actions of Mustafa Kamil. Thepresent article attempts to penetrate this paradox and its reasons by reconstructing its historical background.