فصلنامه مطالعات تاریخ فرهنگی
پیاپی 8 (تابستان 1390)

Imam Ali caliphate period was associated with the incidence of overt opposition of some people and factions. The outbreaks of Camel, Siffin and Nahrawan battles were the result of those feuds. By reviewing of historical reports, the change of political behavior of Imam's Oppositions is appearing as a considerable phenomenon and to answer the question of the cause and quiddity of those changes in political behavior is the main problem of this research. For this purpose by application of the descriptive typological method, the political behavior of 296 dissidents of Imam Ali (pbu), including those behavior's changes during Imam Ali Caliphate, has been studied. Results showed four types of political behavior: cooperation, then opposition (approximately 44.59 %); opposition, then cooperation (approximately 4.39 %); Opposition, then cooperation and then opposition (approximately 1.01 %); continuous opposition (approximately 50 %). It should be noted that the new findings of this research have practical importance because of their usefulness in theorizing and interdisciplinary researches.

Due to the importance of the documents, especially the commands, which nowadays are among the most important sources of studying; in the historical researches, the written documents have special credit and importance as the primary sources and a kind of these documents are kings’ decrees, which are very important in more accurate studying of political, cultural, economic and social events, because they contain many contents and tips about historical, art, political, geographical, social, legal, financial and military issues. In the writing of decrees, the view of the government's highest decision-making body have been considered and theirs contents are largely devoid of sympathy or hatred.Each of theirs sheets depends on an actual time and a specific event, and turn light on the dark sides which historians have forgotten them because of inaccessibility to the main sources, such as the mechanism and the reasons of the removal and installation of important government officials; adoption or repeal of state regulations and etcIn this research the Qajar’s decrees from the beginning of their rule until the Nasseri period have been studied.The decrees of this period made of various components such as beginning (matla’), passion description (sharh e eshtiagh), conclusion (Hosn e Khetam) and several additions that will be described.Then the statue of these decrees in the Qajar history will be studied and we will show how a document reread would be useful in turning light on a vague historical point.

1929 Economic Crisis with the recession and the collapse of the economy and industry of industrial capitalist societies, faced dependent economy of underdeveloped societies, which were ingredient producers for industrial societies, with several and similar economic crisis and difficulties The economic reactions of those underdeveloped societies toward these difficulties were the same.To answer the problem of this research, the authors are going to study the consequences of 1929 economic crisis in Iran and the reactions toward that crisis with surveying the books, newspapers, journals and archival documents. The results of this research show that the 1929 economic crisis in Iran, like the other underdeveloped societies, led to the same economic behavior in the relations of global capitalist market and enduring the consequences of the crisis. Pahlavi government in reaction to the crisis, tried to increase the quantity and quality of exports, to enhance the surveillance and intervention in economic affairs by establishment of economic institutions and legislation and industrialization of the country and etc which have been studied and discussed in this article.

Persian Gulf has a continuous and original culture and historical identity. Due to these characteristics it attracted the researchers as a point with all its definitions. But nowadays we are witnessing a clear divergence between its coastal states. But the historical surveys in this region on the pre - colonization era show a kind of convergence between coastal powers.During these two centuries Persian Gulf region witnessed political and economic interventions of extra-regional and colonial powers. Those powers made a kind of cultural and identical gap or divergence in the region to exploit these differences for their benefits.Despite the increasing awareness about the essence of western powers’ efforts and their aims, but the passing of the time, have not been resulted to stop or elimination of divergence in the region.The existence a deep gap between Iranian and Arab elements in the region resulted to forget of region’s authentic culture and historical bonds and affiliation of the Persian Gulf lowlanders.This article is studying the cultural and identical factors and contexts of Iranian and Arab elements’ divergence in Persian Gulf.

Conservative members of parliament and clergymen in the fifth Majlis of the National Consultative Assembly [Majles-e Shoura-ye Melli] who were among the opposition of Reza khan, the prime minister, have assessed the Republicanism plan of Reza khan. After the evaluation of the plan, they regarded it basically as Reza khan’s and his modernist defenders’ first political upheaval for establishing a secular state and gradual removing of the clergymen from the political power structure of the country, and since they considered the plan inconsistent with the principles of the Constitution and also considered it as Reza khan’s first measure to abolish the sovereignty of the Qajar dynasty and to establish his absolute monarchy, they insisted on preserving the principles of the Constitution and the Qajar monarchy.Despite their criticisms against Qajar monarchs because of those monarchs’ approach to prevent the necessary political changes in the country, those parliament members and clergymen decisively opposed the ratification of the Republicanism scheme in Majlis and the promotion of Reza khan’s political base.In this article, a descriptive-analytic research method has been applied. Besides surveying the development process of Reza khan’s Republicanism plan and the causes of its failure, it has been attempted, at the same time to present a brief portrayal of Mohammad-Taqí Malek o-Shoarā Bahār's pathological view toward the Republicanism scheme and his political role (as one of the important leaders and representatives of the minority fraction of the fifth Majlis) and the reasons of his oppositions toward the ratification of the plan in Majlis with an emphasis on his historical and literature work (Tarikh-e Mukhtasar-e Ahzab-e Siyasi dar Iran and Divan-e Asha’ar).

During Seljuk period because of the vastness of their territory and changes occurred in the governance practices and internal links of power mechanism, appropriate conditions to experience a period of development and evolution of political – Social institutions commensurate with the local government of cities achieved. In this sphere, the role of local elites who participated in the citie's administrative issues was considerable.On one hand, as local elites, they played the role of connecting rings between urban communities to Seljuk administration. And on the other hand, their function as the curators of authorities in cities was an indicative of those communitie's facility and utilization of efficient governance.In this research, the duties and function of Ra’ees in the Seljuk period has been studied by Application of Descriptive - Analytic Method. The increase of local elite's role in the managing of urban affairs due to enhance of Raeese position in the cities is one this research's results. Another result of this research is the necessity of emphasize on the importance of growing affiliation and and inextricable connection between Raeese and local elites families because of their common local, religious and financial orientations.