فهرست مطالب

Research and Rural Planning - Volume:5 Issue: 1, 2016

Journal of Research and Rural Planning
Volume:5 Issue: 1, 2016

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1395/03/24
  • تعداد عناوین: 13
|
  • علمی پژوهشی
  • حسنعلی فرجی سبکبار صفحات 1-18
    هدف
    تحقیق حاضر به دنبال ارایه الگویی دانش بنیان برای اندازه گیری و ارزیابی کیفیت محیطی در مناطق روستایی است و مناطق روستایی شهرستان های قوچان- فاروج به عنوان مطالعه موردی انتخاب شده است.
    روش
    در این تحقیق نواحی روستایی شهرستان های قوچان- فاروج مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته است. برای ارزیابی از 15 شاخص، در قالب 4 مولفه استفاده شده است. برای ارزیابی کیفیت محیطی از سیستم دانش بنیان بر اساس سیستم استنباط فازی به کارگرفته شده است.
    یافته ها
    زندگی انسان به شدت وابسته به محیط و خدماتی است که از سوی محیط ارایه می شود. کیفیت محیطی، با مجموعه ای از خصوصیات و صفات مشخص می شود که به کمک آن ها می توان به ارزیابی شرایط محیط پرداخت. مناطقی که دارای شرایط محیطی بهتری هستند بستر و زمینه مناسبت تری برای زندگی و فعالیت های بشر فراهم می آورند. یافته های تحقیق دو بخش می باشد: یک بخش پایگاه دانش است که به کمک آن امکان ارزیابی کیفیت محیطی وجود دارد و همچنین، قوانین و شرایط حاکم برای ارزیابی کیفیت محیطی مشخص می شود و دیگر، پهنه بندی منطقه است. بسط این مدل می تواند در تحقیقات بعدی با تلفیق آن روش های کشف دانش و شبکه های عصبی مصنوعی باشد.
    راهکارهای عملی: در مطالعات و برنامه ریزی نواحی روستایی، کیفیت محیطی برتصمیم گیری ها اثر مستقیم داشته و می تواند موفقیت برنامه ها را تضمین کند. ارزیابی کیفیت محیط، یکی از ابزارهای مهم در زمینه برنامه ریزی فضایی و برنامه ریزی محیطی است و مدل ارایه شده در این جا می تواند راهکاری عملی در زمینه سنجش و ارزیابی کیفیت محیطی محسوب شود.
    کلیدواژگان: ارزیابی، کیفیت محیطی، سیستم استنباط فازی، پایگاه دانش، سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی، برنامه ریزی روستایی
  • علی شمس الدینی، محمدرضا امیری فهلیانی صفحات 19-32
    هدف
    با توجه به این که شناخت و بررسی وضع موجود، اولین گام در تدوین و اجرای برنامه های توسعه در جهت رفع فقر و نابرابری سکونت گاه های شهری و روستایی است، برنامه ریزی در راستای توسعه صنعت گردشگری در این گونه مراکز جمعیتی می تواند یکی از مهم ترین راهبردهای دست یابی به توسعه پایدار در این نواحی سکونت گاهی باشد. این مقاله با هدف رتبه بندی دهستان های شهرستان ممسنی با تاکید بر توان مندی های گردشگری و در راستای ایجاد زمینه های رونق صنعت گردشگری در منطقه مورد مطالعه، انجام گرفته است.
    روش
    روش تحقیق در این مطالعه از نظر هدف کاربردی و از نظر روش توصیفی- تحلیلی می باشد که در آن با استفاده از مستندات و شیوه های اسنادی و مطالعات میدانی، معیارهای رتبه بندی را شناسایی کرده و با تکیه بر ابزارهای تحلیل آماری و مدل تصمیم گیری تاپسیس و ضریب آنتروپی شانون، به ارزیابی و رتبه بندی دهستان های 9 گانه منطقه ممسنی (از توابع استان فارس) با توجه به تعداد و انواع پتانسیل های گردشگری پرداخته است.
    یافته ها
    یافته ها نتایج نشان می دهد که دهستان فهلیان با شاخص 683/0 به دلیل برخورداری از جاذبه های تاریخی و عامل دسترسی مناسب، بیشترین امتیاز و دهستان مشایخ با شاخص 299/0 کمترین امتیاز و آخرین رتبه را در زمینه توسعه فعالیت های گردشگری در منطقه، دارا می باشد.
    راهکارهای عملی: ایجاد و تقویت زیرساخت های زیربنایی و روبنایی توسعه گردشگری در روستاهای دارای قابلیت بالا، در کنار معرفی و شناساندن توانمندی ها و جاذبه های صنعت توریسم در شهرستان ممسنی. آن چه در این فرآیند مهم و ضروری است، جذب سرمایه های دولتی و خصوصی درون و بیرون از منطقه به منظور سرمایه گذاری در مکان های دارای مزیت برتر گردشگری است.
    اصالت و ارزش: امروزه گردشگری توانسته است تغییراتی شگرف در فضای زندگی و چشم اندازهای جغرافیایی نواحی مختلف به وجود آورد و اثرات عمیقی در ساختارهای اقتصادی و اجتماعی جوامع بر جای بگذارد. این وضعیت، ما را برمی انگیزد تا با هدف دست یابی به سهم خود از ثمرات این صنعت از توان مندی های بالقوه و بالفعل موجود در راستای توسعه نواحی سکونت گاهی کشور بهره برداری کنیم.
    کلیدواژگان: رتبه بندی، توسعه گردشگری، تکنیک تاپسیس، روش آنتروپی شانون، شهرستان ممسنی
  • علیرضا عبدپور، وکیل حیدری ساربان، نوذر ترابی صفحات 33-48
    هدف
    هدف کلی این تحقیق، بررسی عوامل اقتصادی و اجتماعی موثر بر تمایل کشاورزان به پذیرش کشت سیر ارگانیک در استان همدان می باشد.
    روش
    تحقیق حاضر از لحاظ هدف، جزو تحقیقات کاربردی است. جامعه آماری تحقیق را کشاورزان تولید کننده سیر در استان همدان تشکیل می دهند. در این تحقیق از روش نمونه گیری تصادفی ساده استفاده و حجم نمونه با استفاده از فرمول کوکران 163 کشاورز برآورد شده است. برای گردآوری داده-های مربوطه از پرسش نامه استفاده شده است. روایی محتوایی آن به کمک گروهی از اعضای هیات علمی دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی مورد تایید قرار گرفت. آزمون مقدماتی نیز برای به دست آوردن پایایی ابزار پژوهش انجام گرفت و ضرایب آلفای کرونباخ برای بخش های مختلف پرسش نامه بین 72/0 الی 83/0 محاسبه شد.
    یافته ها
    نتایج نشان داد که بین متغیرهای میزان تقاضا برای سیر ارگانیک، میزان در دسترس بودن بذر برای تولید سیر ارگانیک، هزینه های تولید سیر ارگانیک و وجود بازار مناسب برای فروش سیر ارگانیک با تمایل کشاورزان به پذیرش کشت سیر ارگانیک، رابطه معنی داری وجود دارد و وجود روحیه محافظه کاری در بین کشاورزان بر تمایل به پذیرش کشت سیر ارگانیک تاثیر منفی می گذارد.
    محدودیت ها: دسترسی به کشاورزان و کسب اطلاعات در راستای اهداف تحقیق، عمده ترین چالش تحقیق حاضر است.
    راهکارهای عملی: با توجه به یافته ها ی تحقیق، فراهم کردن تسهیلات برای کشاورزان جهت تولید محصولات ارگانیک، برگزاری نمایشگاه ها و تیزرهای تلویزیونی و رادیویی و پخش بروشور در بین کشاورزان تا حد زیادی تمایل کشاورزان را برای پذیرش کشت سیر ارگانیک افزایش می دهد.
    اصالت و ارزش: نو آوری این مقاله در شناسایی عواملی که می تواند پذیرش کشاورزی ارگانیک را در منطقه تسریع بخشد، می باشد. تا کنون چنین تحقیقی در این منطقه انجام نشده و نتایج حاصل می تواند راهگشای اتخاذ تصمیمات و اقدامات مسوولان نهادها از جمله جهاد کشاورزی در سازمان دهی و حل مسائل مربوط به کشت سیر ارگانیک شود؛ به طوری که پیامدهای نهایی آن نصیب کشاورزان شود.
    کلیدواژگان: کشاورزی پایدار، کشاورزی ارگانیک، سیر ارگانیک، استان همدان
  • مصطفی بیات، زهره ستاری، حسن محمدیان مصمم، محمد رمضان جورنبیان صفحات 49-66
    هدف
    تجلی فضایی افزایش جمعیت سیاره خاکی به تبع صنعتی شدن، بهبود استانداردهای زندگی و کاهش بیماری های همه گیر طی سده گذشته، گسترش کالبدی- فضایی سکونت گاه های شهری و روستایی بوده است.
    روش
    بر این اساس، پژوهش حاضر، با بهره گیری از روش پژوهش توصیفی- تحلیلی و استفاده از روش های کتاب خانه ای و میدانی برای گردآوری اطلاعات، بر آن است تا ضمن تحلیل الگوی گسترش فضایی روستاهای آخوند محله و سلیمان آباد به ترتیب، طی سال های 92-1389 و 92-1386 بر مبنای الگوی پراکنده رویی روستایی به بررسی مزایای احتمالی کار بست راهبردهای رشد هوشمند به عنوان رهیافت بدیل پایدار در گسترش کالبدی- فضایی سکونت گاه های روستایی بپردازد. جامعه آماری مورد بررسی، خانوارهای ساکن دو روستای سلیمان آباد و آخوند محله است که در سال 1390 دارای 894 خانوار بوده است. حجم نمونه مورد مطالعه نیز 286 خانوار است. شاخص هایی که در این پژوهش مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است؛ شامل: نیروها و عوامل اقتصادی (اشتغال و سرمایه گذاری)، اجتماعی (جمعیت و مهاجرت) و فرهنگی (جدایی گزینی و تملک اتومبیل) است.
    یافته ها
    نتایج این پژوهش نشان می دهد که تحولات جمعیتی و ورود مهاجران که با خود سرمایه به همراه آورده اند و تغییر ساختار اشتغال و نوع سرمایه-گذاری های ساکنان و تملک بیشتر اتومبیل شخصی از جمله عوامل موثر در پدیده رشد پراکنده هستند. هدایت رشد به درون بافت، تقویت پیوندهای روستایی- شهری و تقویت خدمات و امکانات روستایی، اولویت بندی اصلی رشد هوشمند در سکونت گاه های روستایی مورد مطالعه است.
    محدودیت ها: محدودیت اصلی که حاکم بر این پژوهش، دسترسی نداشتن به داده ها و نبود پژوهش های مرتبط در ارتباط با سکونت گاه های روستایی بود.
    راهکارهای علمی: جلوگیری از رشد بیرونی با هدایت رشد به درون بافت، افزایش خدمات و مراکز تامین نیازهای اصلی روستاییان جهت کاهش رفت و-آمد، تقویت پیوند روستا- شهری جهت تامین نیازهای دو طرفه و نه صرف شکل گیری جریان یک طرفه، تهیه استراتژی های توسعه اقتصاد زراعی که بر چشم انداز سنتی روستا تکیه می کند، احیای محله های قدیمی با تکیه بر ویژگی های فرهنگی و کالبدی برگرفته از محل به منظور تقویت حس تعلق مکانی.
    اصالت و
    روش
    انجام نشدن کار پژوهشی در حوزه رشد هوشمند روستایی از نوآوری های این مقاله است. به جرات می توان گفت این پژوهش در این حوزه، جزو اولین پژوهش ها است.
    کلیدواژگان: رشد پراکنده، رشد هوشمند، روستاهای سلیمان آباد و آخوند محله، نیروها و عوامل بیرونی و درونی
  • صادق صالحی، زهرا پازوکی نژاد صفحات 67-81
    هدف
    بخش کشاورزی سهم بالایی در اقتصاد کشورهای در حال توسعه دارد؛ ولی با توجه به گستردگی فعالیت های آن، نه تنها ابعاد اقتصادی و زیست محیطی آن مورد توجه سیاست گذاری های جهانی قرار می گیرد؛ بلکه ابعاد اجتماعی و فرهنگی آن نیز به اندازه دیگر ابعاد حایز اهمیت است. توجه هم زمان به سه بعد مذکور را معمولا در قالب کشاورزی پایدار مطرح می-کنند، در حالی که غالب تحقیقات پیشین به دو بعد اول توجه کردند، مقاله حاضر بر بعد سوم؛ یعنی ابعاد اجتماعی تاکید کرده است. دو هدف اصلی این مقاله عبارت اند از: الف) شناخت میزان گرایش روستاییان نسبت به کشاورزی پایدار و ب) شناسایی عوامل اجتماعی و فرهنگی موثر بر این گرایش.
    روش
    ابزار گردآوری اطلاعات تحقیق، پرسش نامه محقق ساخته بود و میزان پایایی سوالات بیش از 65 درصد برآورد شده است. جامعه آماری این تحقیق را روستاییان شهرستان بابلسر (مازندران)تشکیل می دهند. تعداد 140 نفر از کشاورزان به عنوان نمونه آماری برگزیده شدند.
    یافته ها
    یافته های تحقیق نشان داد روستائیان نسبت به کشاورزی پایدار گرایش کمی داشتند. بررسی وضعیت نگرش زیست محیطی و پایبندی روستاییان به ارزش های زیست محیطی نیز مطلوب بود. سطح اعتماد اجتماعی روستاییان و نیز میزان بهره گیری از منابع اطلاعاتی متوسط رو به پایین بود. در بین عوامل مورد بررسی، نگرش زیست محیطی، ارزش های زیست محیطی و سن بر گرایش به کشاورزی پایدار، بیشترین تاثیر را داشتند.
    راهبردها: بر اساس نتایج این تحقیق، به منظور بهبود نگرش های طبیعت محور بر تقویت هنجارهای اخلاقی و هنجارهای ذهنی اجتماعی کشاورزان تاکید شد. علاوه براین، حمایت اقتصادی نهادهای مرتبط در امر کشاورزی از روستاییان، استفاده از نظرات و دیدگاه های روستاییان در امر نوسازی مراحل کاشت، داشت و برداشت، تقویت مدیریت دانش افزایی افراد بومی و محلی نسبت به مخاطرات زیست محیطی و آلودگی های زیست محیطی و تغییر باورهای مخالف فرآیند توسعه پایدار در روستا نیز حایز اهمیت است.
    اصالت و
    روش
    دراین تحقیق سعی شده است برخی از عوامل اجتماعی و فرهنگی تاثیرگذار بر گرایش روستاییان به پایداری نظام های زراعی ارزیابی شوند، در حالی که در تحقیقات پیشین، بیشتر تاکید بر عوامل اقتصادی و معدودی از شاخص های اجتماعی؛ مانند تحصیلات بوده است.
    کلیدواژگان: کشاورزی پایدار، کشاورزان، نگرش های طبیعت محور، ارزش های زیست محیطی، بابلسر
  • حسن افراخته، رضا منافی آذر، محمد ولایی صفحات 83-98
    هدف
    هدف از تحقیقحاضر، مطالعه و بررسی اثرات مکانی- فضایی مهاجرت بازگشتی در روستاهای شهرستان میاندوآب است.
    روش
    تحقیق حاضر از لحاظ هدف کاربردی، روش تحقیق توصیفی- تحلیلی است. جامعه آماری تحقیق، مهاجران بازگشته به این شهرستان (126 خانوار) بوده و با روش نمونه گیری متوالی نظری به تعیین حجم نمونه پرداخته شد. ابزار گردآوری داده ها، مصاحبه های نیمه ساختار یافته بود و با انجام 22 مصاحبه به اشباع نظری رسید.
    یافته ها
    در بازگشت مهاجران، عوامل اقتصادی بیشترین تاثیر را دارد و مهاجران با ارزیابی هزینه- فایده و تصور فواید بیشتر از هزینه ها تصمیم به بازگشت می گیرند. عوامل اجتماعی، روان شناختی و عمرانی نیز از سایر عوامل تاثیرگذار در بازگشت مهاجران هستند. پیامدهای بازگشت مهاجران شامل نوسازی مسکن روستایی، احیای اراضی کشاورزی، تبدیل اراضی زراعی دیم به باغی و مکانیزاسیون کشاورزی، توسعه دامپروری، احداث کارگاه های تولیدی و غیره بوده و نوعی بازساخت فضایی را نشان می دهد.
    محدودیت ها/ راهبردها: محافظه کاری برخی افراد نمونه در انجام مصاحبه و در دسترس نبودن برخی افراد نمونه با مراجعات مکرر به روستاها و انجام مصاحبه ها در فضای صمیمی صورت گرفت. بومی بودن مصاحبه گران در خلق این فضا کمک می کرد.
    راهکارهای عملی: علاوه بر تحلیل فضایی پیامدهای اقتصادی، بررسی نگرش روستاییان به بازگشتگان، دلایل ارجاع کامل سرمایه های مالی به روستا با روش مصاحبه های مشارکتی روش مناسبی خواهد بود. همچنین، ارایه زیرساخت های عمرانی و اجرای طرح های، متنوع کردن اقتصاد روستایی، ایجاد فرصت های شغلی و حرفه ای برای ایجاد اشتغال دائم و پایدار به ویژه در بخش صنعت و خدمات در نواحی برای بازساخت فضایی ضرورت دارد.
    اصالت و ارزش: نقطه قوت این پژوهش، پرداختن به موضوع مهاجرت بازگشتی و تعریف این پدیده از نظر علمی و تمایز آن از مهاجرت معکوس است. از سوی دیگر، پیامدهای اقتصادی- اجتماعی ناشی از بازگشت مهاجران را تحلیل فضایی می کند.
    کلیدواژگان: مهاجرت بازگشتی، مهاجرت شهری، روستایی، بازساخت فضایی، شهرستان میاندوآب
  • خدیجه بوزرجمهری، مهدی جوانشیری، علی قربانی، محمدرضا دربان آستانه صفحات 99-121
    هدف
    با توجه به این که ایران از کشورهای بلا خیز دنیا است، لازم است مدیریت روستایی قدرت بالایی در مواجهه با حوادث ناگوار طبیعی داشته باشد. برای این منظور، در سال های اخیر احداث پایگاه های پشتیبانی مدیریت بحران در دستور کار سازمان پیشگیری و مدیریت بحران در شهرها و روستاها قرار گرفته است. یکی از موارد قابل توجه قبل از احداث این پایگاه ها، مطالعه، بررسی و انتخاب مکان مناسب برای استقرار این نوع کاربری است. این پژوهش با هدف مکان یابی بهینه پایگاه های اسکان موقت در مدیریت بحران، در سطح روستاهای بخش مرکزی شهرستان فاروج تهیه شده است.
    روش
    بر این اساس، در چارچوب روش تحقیق توصیفی- تحلیلی، پس از گردآوری و آماده سازی لایه ها، نقشه های فاکتور فازی تهیه شد و سپس، وزن دهی معیارها و شاخص های مورد مطالعه با استفاده از فرآیند تحلیل سلسله مراتبی در نرم افزار Expertchoice انجام گرفت. در مرحله بعدی، لایه های اطلاعاتی (محیطی و کالبدی) در محیط نرم افزار ArcGIS، بر مبنای مدل های هم پوشانی شاخص و وزن فازی با یک دیگر تلفیق و در نهایت، از ترکیب نتایج، نقشه نهایی مکان بهینه پایگاه اسکان موقت تولید شد.
    یافته ها
    نتایج نشان داد که 4 درصد روستاهای بخش مرکزی فاروج در شرایط کاملا مناسب و 56 درصد در از شرایط مناسب برای مکان یابی پایگاه های اسکان موقت برخوردارند و در مقابل، 40 درصد روستاها از شرایط نامناسب برای این منظور برخوردار هستند.
    محدودیت ها: نبود اطلاعات کافی در سطح روستاها، عدم دسترسی آسان به اطلاعات موجود در سازمان ها، عدم همکاری به موقع کارشناسان در تکمیل پرسش نامه ضریب ارجحیت شاخص های مکان یابی.
    اصالت و ارزش ها: برنامه ریزی پیش از وقوع بحران از مسائل مهم پیش روی مدیران روستایی، به ویژه حوزه مدیریت بحران است. این پژوهش با استفاده از تکنیک های نوین در این راه گام برداشته است.
    کلیدواژگان: مدیریت بحران، پایگاه اسکان موقت، مکان یابی، GIS، AHP، هم پوشانی، شهرستان فاروج
  • علی حاجی نژاد، زهرا مظفری صفحات 123-135
    هدف
    تک بخشی بودن اقتصاد روستایی و تاکید بر فعالیت های بخش کشاورزی در نواحی روستایی یکی از مشکلات پیش روی پایداری اقتصاد روستایی است؛ زیرا در نواحی روستایی کشور بخش کشاورزی با بحران های زیست محیطی، محدودیت فرصت های اشتغال و افزایش نرخ مهاجرت روستا به شهر مواجه است. با این حال، امروزه در بین محققان این موضوع مطرح است که نواحی روستایی مجددا به عنوان کلید پیش برنده توسعه اقتصادی و اجتماعی مطرح شوند و چنین امری عمدتا از طریق تمرکز بر رونق بخشیدن اقتصاد غیرکشاورزی امکان پذیر است. به این منظور، هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی نقش معادن فیروزه به عنوان یک فعالیت غیرکشاورزی در پایداری شاخص های اقتصادی و اجتماعی در دهستان فیروزه، شهرستان فیروزه می پردازد. جامعه آماری شامل روستاهای دهستان فیروزه است. شهرستان فیروزه دارای 3205 نفر جمعیت و 948 خانوار می باشد. حجم جامعه نمونه 250 نفر از شاغلان فعالیت های معدنی و غیر معدنی در دهستان فیروزه است که با استفاده از روش نمونه گیری طبقه بندی و تصادفی ساده و با استفاده از فرمول کوکران انتخاب شدند. روش گردآوری داده ها؛ میدانی و با استفاده از ابزار پرسش نامه است.
    روش
    تحلیل داده ها با استفاده از آزمون T تک نمونه ای، آزمون تحلیل واریانس فیشر (Anova) و آزمون Tukey می باشد.
    یافته ها
    نتایج حاصل از آزمون تی تک نمونه ای بیان گر تاثیر مثبت معادن بر رشد شاخص های اقتصادی و اجتماعی در دهستان فیروزه می باشد، اگرچه بر اساس نتایج حاصل از آزمون (Anova) در رابطه با میزان بهره مندی از شاخص های اقتصادی و اجتماعی درخانوارهایی که صرفا در فعالیت های کشاورزی فعالیت می کنند با خانوارهایی که در معادن فعال هستند و یا خانوارهایی که به صورت هم زمان درهر دو بخش فعالیت می کنند، تفاوت معناداری وجود دارد.
    راهکارهای عملی: یکی از راهکارهای عمده در این زمینه، توجه به خوشه سازی فعالیت های معدنی و تجمیع آن ها در قالب خوشه است. با تجمیع فعالیت های معدن فیروزه امکان استفاده از تجربیات و امکانات یک دیگر، امکان ایجاد امکانات مشترک و انجام امور به صورت اشتراکی به وجود می آید. از این رو، می توان گفت که ایجاد خوشه های معدنی در حوزه های مختلف، باعث توسعه این منطقه می شود.
    کلیدواژگان: فعالیت های غیرکشاورزی، توسعه پایدار، معادن فیروزه، شهرستان فیروزه
  • حمید برقی، متین معمار امامیه صفحات 137-148
    مقدمه
    سالی که میزان بارش آن کمتر از میانگین دراز مدت بارش در منطقه باشد، خشکسالی اتفاق می افتد. پژوهش حاضر به دنبال بررسی تاثیر بحران خشکسالی بر ساختار اقتصادی روستایی است. منطقه مورد مطالعه در شهرستان کاشان ، دهستان گلاب که در اقلیم خشک واقع شده و حیات آن منابع آب سطحی و به ویژه زیرزمینی منطقه وابسته است که با بروز خشکسالی در سالهای اخیر به شدت با مشکل کم آبی مواجه شده است. تحقیق حاضر با توجه به معضلات ناشی از خشکسالی در منطقه انجام گرفته و به دنبال آن است که در مرحله اول با توجه به همه جوانب به ویژه قدمت کشاورزی در منطقه امکان استمرار و توسعه کشاورزی با روش های مناسب در شرایط کم آبی و خشکسالی را بررسی نموده و در مرحله بعد راه کارهایی را جهت کاهش اثرات این پدیده بر اقتصاد و کیفیت زندگی روستاییان به منظور رسیدن به معیشت پایدار در منطقه ارائه می کند.
    مبانی نظری: بر اساس گزارش استانداری استان اصفهان خشکسالی در شهرستان کاشان وارد هفتمین سال خود شده است بر این اساس میزان آبدهی قنات ها و چشمه های این شهرستان 4807 لیتر در ثانیه رسیده است این رقم در سال زراعی 1391 به 2676 لیتر در ثانیه کاهش یافته است. همچنین میزان آبدهی قنوات و چشمه ها در این شهرستان بیش از 44 درصد کاهش داشته است. کاهش بارندگی ها و پراکندگی نامناسب بارندگی در فصول زراعی سال از دلایل عمده برای بوجود آمدن این خشکسالی های اخیر می توان عنوان کرد. براثر این خشکسالی ها بیش از 624 هکتار باغ های شهرستان خشک و یک هزار و 176 هکتار نیز محصول تولید نکرده و یا با کاهش تولید 80 درصد مواجه بوده اند. افزون بر این به علت خشکسالی سال زراعی 92 – 91 بیش از دو هزار و 72 هکتار از زمین های زراعی کشاورزی شهرستان کشت نشده اند. بحران خشکسالی در منطقه از سال 1384 آغاز گردیده و هرچه به جلو پیش رفته شدت و خسارات ناشی از آن بر منطقه به ویژه نواحی روستایی بیشتر شده طوری که ساکنین نواحی روستایی برای تامین آب شرب خود دچار مشکل جدی شده اند . بر اساس نقشه ی بارش طی دوره ی 1385-1391 و وضعیت خشکسالی طی سالهای(1392-1391) شهرستان می توان روند پدیده خشکسالی را بررسی کرد . وضعیت بارش در شهرستان کاشان ، به میزان115-147 میلیمتر را نشان می دهد این حاکی از کاهش میزان بارشها در این دوره می باشد که این وضعیت به خودی خود بر روستاهای شهرستان کاشان از جمله بخش برزک تاثیر بسیار زیادی در عرصه اقتصادی به ویژه کشاورزی روستا گذاشته است.نقشه خشکسالی نیز این وضعیت را به خوبی نشان می دهد طوری که محدوده مورد نظر با کاهش 20-45 درصدی از بارش نرمالمواجه است و دارای وضعیت خشکسالی متوسط می باشد.
    روش شناسی: هدف پژوهش حاضر کاربردی و با استفاده از روش توصیفی- تحلیلی انجام شده، همچنین جمع آوری داده ها به شکل اسنادی و میدانی(پرسشنامه) صورت گرفته جامعه آماری شامل 317 پرسشنامه که به تصادفی در دو بخش اثرات خشکسالی بر ساختار اقتصادی نواحی روستایی منطقه و راه کارهای مقابله و کاهش اثرات خشکسالی بر کشاورزی محدوده تکمیل گردیده .روایی آن از طریق صوری و مصاحبه با کارشناسان و ضریب پایایی عوامل اقتصادی(31 گویه) از طریق آلفای کرونباخ این میزان(794/0) به دست آمده است. تحلیل داده ها بر مبنای تکنیک تحلیل عاملی به عنوان روشی تحلیل چند متغیره بهره گرفته شده تا هم داده ها کاهش یابد و متغیر های مربوطه پالایش شوند و هم مولفه های زیربنایی معنی داری در این زمینه به دست آید. مجموعه تحلیل عاملی انجام شده دارای یافته ها و نتایج به شرح زیر می باشد. بر اساس یافته های حاصله مقدار KMO برای اثرات خشکسالی بر ساختار اقتصادی برابر با 634/0 است و مقدار ویژه بارتلت آن 52/71 که در سطح معنی داری بیش از 99 درصد قرار دارد(جدول 1) و از مناسب بودن مجموعه مورد نظر برای تحلیل عاملی حکایت می کند. تحلیل عاملی، اثرات خشکسالی بر ساختار اقتصادی به استخراج5 عامل انجامیده است که عامل های استخراج شده همراه با مقدار ویژه و درصد واریانس آنها ارائه شده است، همین طور از شاخص SPI برای نشان دادن وضعیت خشکسالی منطقه استفاده گردیده .شاخص SPI که بر اساس احتمال بارندگی در زمان (هفته، ماه، سال) بنا شده است و در برنامه ریزی خشکسالی کاربرد دارد. این شاخص پیش آگاهی های لازم در مورد خشکسالی را می دهد شاخص SPI نشان دهنده وضعیت خشکسالی می باشد ،برای بیان کمی خشکسالی از شاخص های خشکسالی استفاده می شود. با استفاده از این شاخص ها اطلاعات لازم درباره آغاز ، خاتمه و شدت خشکسالی در مقیاسهای زمانی و مکانی مختلف فراهم می آید.
    بحث و نتیجه گیری
    در واقع خشکسالی به عنوان یک بحران ملی در نوع خود پدیده ای پیچیده و بغرنج است و به مثابه یک موقعیت بحران زا ، مدیریت و مقابله موثر در راستای کاهش اثرات مربوطه نیازمند رویکردی جامع هم از بعد شناسایی زمینه ها و ریشه یابی علل آسیب پذیری و هم از بعد طرح و پیگیری سازو کارهای سازنده در فرآیند مدیریت زیست محیطی این بحران در پرتو یک رویکرد جامع نگر در تمامی ابعاد است. نتیجه گیری یافته های حاصله در پژوهش حاضر در ارتباط با بررسی اثرات خشکسالی بر ساختا اقتصادی نواحی روستایی را تبیین می کند بر این اساس می توان بیان داشت اثرات متعددی از این پدیده متوجه جنبه های مختلف زندگی ساکنین روستایی باالخص شرایط و وضعیت اقتصادی آنها است .این اثرات در بررسی های انجام شده که از بین آنها عامل درآمد و سرمایه با درصد واریانس 452/54 بیشترین تاثیر را بر خشکسالی منطقه دارد. بی تردید پژوهش و برنامه ریزی در فرآیند مقابله و کاهش اثرات خشکسالی فقط با شناخت علل و اثرات خشکسالی پایان نمی یابد، بلکه پس از شناخت زنجیره علت - اثر در بحران خشکسالی در ابعاد مختلف نوبت به چاره اندیشی جهت ریشه کنی یا کاهش تاثیرگذاری علل مزبور و کاهش حدت و شدت اثرات و پیامدهای حاصله می رسد. این مهم از طریق راه کارها و تکنیکهایی جهت مقابله و کاهش این اثرات و انسجام بخشی به آنها در یک برنامه ی راهبردی – عملیاتی با هدف ظرفیت سازی و توانمند سازی در افق های زمانی بلند مدت ، میان مدت و کوتاه مدت در فرآیندهای مختلف جریان پدیده خشکسالی درسیر چرخه ای پیش آگاهی ، آماده سازی،مقابله و کنترل ، احیا و بهبود به خصوص در جوامع روستایی به عنوان جوامعی بسیار آسیب پذیردر برابر بحرانهای مختلف طبیعی به ویژه خشکسالی ، به انجام می رسد . بررسی راه کارها و تکنیک های مقابله و کاهش اثرات خشکسالی در این پژوهش به 3 مولفه مدیریت منابع آب و آبیاری، مدیریت و ظرفیت سازی نهادی و تکنیکهای موثر در کاهش تاثیرات خشکسالی انجامیده که هریک از این مولفه ها می توانند محور یک برنامه کار و طرح عملیاتی برای کاهش تاثیرات خشکسالی به خصوص در بخش اقتصادی و کشاورزی در جوامع روستایی محسوب شوند که از بین آنها نیز مولفه ی مدیریت منابع آب و آبیاری با درصد واریانس 113/27 می تواند به عنوان مهمترین راه کار مدیریتی به منظور کاهش اثرات بحران خشکسالی در منطقه مورد استفاده ی برنامه ریزان و دستگاه های مربوطه قرار گیرد.
    کلیدواژگان: خشکسالی، اثرات اقتصادی، توسعه نواحی روستایی، دهستان گلاب، تحلیل عاملی
  • سید امیر محمد علوی زاده، محمود رضا میرلطفی، میثم بندانی علی ایزدی صفحات 149-162
    هدف
    هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی قضایی شدن مناقشات روستاییان و عوامل موثر بر آن است. به طور کلی قضایی شدن مناقشات در روستا به طور بلافصلی با موضوع تحول روستاها از اصلاحات ارضی به بعد پیوند دارد. بنابراین، انتظار می رود بخش عمده ای از این گونه تحولات در روستاها موجبات قضایی شدن مناقشات روستاییان را در سطح روستاها به دنبال داشته باشد.
    روش
    در این مطالعه، روش تحقیق از نظر هدف، کاربردی و از حیث روش، توصیفی- تحلیلی است. برای تجزیه وتحلیل داده-ها از نرم افزار SPSS، ArcGIS، Expert choice استفاده شده است که با استفاده از این نرم افزار از دو آزمون t تک نمونه ای و کروسکال-والیس استفاده شده است. داده ها بر اساس مطالعات میدانی و با روش نمونه گیری کوکران، از سطح 350خانوار نمونه ناحیه، جمع آوری شده اند.
    یافته ها
    یافته های به دست آمده حاکی از آن است که در آزمون t تک نمونه ای، تفاوت معناداری بین ابعاد در نظر گرفته شده (اقتصادی، اجتماعی- فرهنگی، کالبدی- فیزیکی) وجود دارد (5 /0>p)؛ ولی در آزمون کروسکال- والیس این تفاوت در بعد کالبدی- فیزیکی قابل مشاهده نیست (5/0
    کلیدواژگان: قضایی شدن مناقشات، تحولات اجتماعی، مناقشه، دهستان رشتخوار
  • سیدهادی طیب نیا، سعدی محمدی، سوران منوچهری صفحات 163-179
    هدف
    هدف از پژوهش حاضر، سنجش تاثیرات گردشگری در تغییر سطح کیفیت زندگی روستاییان بخش اورامان شهرستان سروآباد، به عنوان یکی از محورهای پربازدید گردشگری استان کردستان و کشور است تا نتیجه آن، بررسی جامع وضع موجود تغییرات سطح کیفیت زندگی از دید ذی نفعان اصلی و تدوین برنامه های کاربردی جهت ارتقای سطح کیفیت زندگی ساکنان به واسطه گسترش گردشگری باشد.
    روش
    به لحاظ نوع پژوهش، کاربردی بوده و از حیث روش انجام، توصیفی– تحلیلی می باشد. گردآوری اطلاعات از دو روش اسنادی و میدانی مبتنی بر مصاحبه و توزیع پرسش نامه بوده است. جهت تعیین حجم نمونه از فرمول کوکران استفاده و تعداد 380 پرسش نامه به صورت تصادفی ساده در میان سرپرستان خانوارهای روستاهای نمونه که به روش قرعه کشی انتخاب شده اند، توزیع شد. تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها با بهره گیری از شاخص های آمار توصیفی (میانگین) و آزمون های آمار استنباطی (t تک نمونه ای و دو نمونه ای، تحلیل مسیر، تحلیل واریانس و آزمون توکی) انجام گرفته است.
    یافته ها
    یافته های پژوهش نشان دهنده این واقعیت است که توسعه گردشگری موجب بهبود سطح کیفیت زندگی روستاییان این بخش شده است. همچنین، بعد اقتصادی در میان ابعاد دیگر، بیشترین تاثیر را در ارتقای سطح کیفیت زندگی روستاییان داشته است و بین روستاییانی که مشاغل وابسته به گردشگری دارند، با افرادی که مشاغل آن ها مرتبط با گردشگری نیست و بین روستاهایی که دارای گردشگران بیشتری نسبت به روستاهای دیگر هستند، تفاوت معنی داری در سطح کیفیت زندگی وجود دارد.
    محدودیت ها: رویکرد پایداری در مدیریت گردشگری منطقه حاکم نبوده و بهره برداری بیش از حد از محیط و عدم توزیع عادلانه منافع گردشگری، تضادها و تعارض هایی را ایجاد کرده است که در کوتاه مدت سبب کاهش کیفت زندگی روستاییان می شود.
    راهکارهای عملی: به کار گیری دید سیستمی در مدیریت گردشگری منطقه همراه با تدوین برنامه هایی در سه بازه زمانی کوتاه مدت، میان مدت و بلند مدت، جهت ارتقای شاخص های تمام ابعاد کیفیت زندگی روستاییان، به ویژه بعد زیست محیطی برای حرکت در مسیر پایداری گردشگری و به منظور جلوگیری از رسیدن موقعیت گردشگری منطقه به مرحله ظرفیت بحرانی.
    اصالت و ارزش: بررسی جامع شاخص هایی از کیفیت زندگی روستاییان که متاثر از توسعه گردشگری هستند و معرفی و بهره گیری از مدل هایی که تغییرات کیفیت زندگی را به واسطه توسعه گردشگری بررسی کرده اند، نوآوری این پژوهش بوده است که می تواند مورد استفاده سایر محققان و دست اندرکاران توسعه و مدیریت گردشگری باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: کیفیت زندگی، گردشگری، بخش اورامان، شهرستان سروآباد
  • امین محمدی استادکلایه، سید حسن مطیعی لنگرودی، محمدرضا رضوانی، مجتبی قدیری معصوم صفحات 181-195
    هدف
    مقاله حاضر درصدد است در یک مطالعه موردی با روش کیفی و بر اساس رهیافت نظریه زمینه ای، به ارزیابی اثرات راهبرد اسکان مجدد پس از بلایای طبیعی در توسعه پایدار جوامع مورد مطالعه اقدام کند.
    روش
    در این پژوهش، سطح تحلیل شهر جدید فراغی و روستاهای جا به جا شده بق قجه پایین، بق قجه بالا و قولاق کسن و واحد تحلیل مطلعان محلی بوده است. حجم نمونه به وسیله روش گلوله برفی از بین مطلعان محلی تعیین شده است. مصاحبه با افراد نمونه تا زمان دست یابی به اشباع نظریه ای ادامه پیدا کرد. در این پژوهش با اجرای نظام وار پنج مرحله، روش نظریه بنیانی و با پیوند دادن کدها (کدگذاری باز، کدگذاری محوری و کدگذاری انتخابی)، مدل مفهومی روش نظریه بنیانی تهیه شد.
    یافته ها
    با توجه به یافته های کیفی و تغییرات به وجود آمده در ابعاد اقتصادی، اجتماعی و زیست محیطی مناطق مورد مطالعه، نظریه زمینه ای «اسکان مجدد با رویکرد کالبدی غیر یک پارچه و با پایداری متوسط» برای روستاهای مشمول طرح اسکان مجدد در مناطق مورد مطالعه ارایه می شود.
    محدودیت ها: هر تحقیق و مطالعه در حیطه علوم اجتماعی، به واسطه تعامل با افراد بشر که دیدگاه ها، ارزش ها، جهان بینی ها و شرایط فردی متفاوتی دارند، پیچیدگی های خاص خود را دارد.
    راهکارهای عملی: تدوین کامل سیاست ها و دستورالعمل ها و قوانین مرتبط با تجدید اسکان و فراهم کردن یک الگوی جامع نگر که مبنای مدون هر گونه کنش و آموزش در این زمینه قرار گیرد.
    اصالت و ارزش: در اغلب مطالعات انجام گرفته، تاکید بر استفاده از روش های تحقیق کمی بوده است. در تحقیق حاضر به منظور ارزیابی اثرات اسکان مجدد در توسعه پایدار روستایی برای نخستین بار از روش تحقیق کیفی و بر اساس رهیافت نظریه زمینه ای استفاده شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: اسکان مجدد، توسعه پایدار روستایی، نظریه زمینه ای، استان گلستان
  • حمدالله سجاسی قیداری، طاهره صادقلو، اسماعیل شکوری فرد صفحات 197-215
    هدف
    در رویکرد معیشت پایدار روستایی، هدف اصلی، اتکا بر دارایی ها و سرمایه های اصلی (انسانی، اجتماعی، مالی، طبیعی، نهادی و فیزیکی) موجود در روستا به عنوان منابع اولیه و اساسی تامین معاش روستایی است. بر این اساس، هدف این تحقیق، سنجش سطح دارایی های معیشتی و اولویت بندی روستاهای دهستان های دشت تایباد و کرات با هدف برخورداری از شاخص های معیشت پایدار می باشد.
    روش
    نوع تحقیق کاربردی، روش مورد استفاده، توصیفی- تحلیلی بوده و برای گردآوری داده ها از مطالعات کتاب خانه ای و میدانی استفاده شده است. حجم کل جامعه آماری 5079 خانوار روستایی بود که حجم جامعه نمونه مورد مطالعه با استفاده از فرمول کوکران 94 خانوار در 16 نقطه روستا بوده است که پس از اصلاح تعداد آن به 162 خانوار افزایش یافت. برای تحلیل داده ها از روش های آماری و همچنین، مدل ویکور استفاده شده است.
    یافته ها
    نتایج به دست آمده نشان می دهد که بین روستاهای مورد مطالعه از نظر برخورداری از دارایی های معیشتی تفاوت معناداری وجود دارد. همچنین، نتایج آزمون فریدمن نشان می دهد که سهم دارایی اجتماعی با میانگین رتبه 3.59 در مقایسه با سایر دارایی ها در بین روستاهای مورد مطالعه بیشتر است که نشان از یک پارچگی، همبستگی و انسجام اجتماعی در بین روستاهای مورد مطالعه است. دارایی انسانی نیز با میانگین رتبه 1.11، در رتبه آخر قرار می گیرد که نشان از مهاجرت نیروی های فعال و جوان روستایی می باشد. سایر دارایی ها به ترتیب اهمیت، شامل دارایی فیزیکی، دارایی طبیعی، دارایی مالی، دارایی نهادی و دارایی انسانی است. در نهایت، نتایج مدل تصمیم گیری ویکور با هدف اولویت بندی روستاهای مورد مطالعه از لحاظ برخورداری از دارایی های معیشتی نشان داد که روستای پشته و روستای رهنه از مجموعه روستاهای دهستان کرات در مقایسه با سایر روستاهای مورد مطالعه از نظر برخورداری از دارایی های معیشتی به ترتیب، در رتبه اول و رتبه آخر قرار گرفتند.
    محدودیت ها/ راهبردها: تنوع معیشتی در مناطق روستایی و نبود آمارهای رسمی از محدودیت های اصلی تحقیق بوده است.
    راهکارهای عملی: یکی از مهم ترین راهکارها، تاکید برنامه ریزان و مدیران روستایی به چند بعدی بودن معیشت روستاییان است. راهکار بعدی، تقویت دارایی های روستاییان در زمینه های مختلف است. راهکار سوم، تقویت نحوه و روش های استفاده از دارایی ها در روستاها می باشد.
    اصالت و ارزش: نوآوری مطالعه در بررسی و تحلیل دارایی های معیشتی در مناطق روستایی است که می تواند در پایدار سازی مناطق روستایی موثر باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: معیشت پایدار، دارایی های معیشتی، توسعه روستایی، مدل ویکور، شهرستان تایباد
|
  • Hasanali Faraji Sabokbar Pages 1-18
    Introduction
    uman life is highly dependent on the environment and the services that are provided by the environment. Environmental quality is a set of properties and characteristics of the environment, either generalized or local, as they may also impinge on human beings and other organisms. It is a measure of the condition of an environment relative to the requirements of one or more species and or to any human need or purpose. Environmental quality is a general term which can refer to varied characteristics that relate to the natural environment as well as the built environment, such as air and water purity or pollution, noise and the potential effects which such characteristics may have on physical and mental health caused by human activities.
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Areas with better environmental conditions are more suitable contexts for life and human activities. Environmental quality is dependent on understanding the interaction between man and nature as well as the concept that forms the cornerstone of sustainable development. In general, environmental quality depends on the relationship between humans and the environment as well as the dominance of man over nature. The divergence of the human and environment results in the worsening of environmental conditions, resource depletion, and pollution of all kinds as well as social and spiritual problems.
    2.1. Eco centrism vs. Anthropocentrism
    The relationship between two motives underlying environmental attitudes was examined. These two environmental attitudes are eco centrism, which means valuing nature for its own sake, and anthropocentrism, which refers to valuing nature because of material or physical benefits it can provide for humans. From a philosophical viewpoint, anthropocentrism is based on this fact that human beings are the central or most significant entities in the world. Anthropocentrism regards humans as separate from and superior to nature and holds that human life has intrinsic value while other entities including animals, plants, mineral resources, and so on are resources that may justifiably be exploited for the benefit of humankind.
    2.2. Economic Growth and Environmental Quality
    The environmental Kuznets curve is a hypothesized relationship between various indicators of environmental degradation and income per capita. In the early stages of economic growth, degradation and pollution increase, but beyond some level of income per capita, which will vary for different indicators, the trend reverses meaning that at high-income levels economic growth leads to environmental improvement. This implies that the environmental impact indicator is an inverted U-shaped function of income per capita.
    2.3. Ecosystem Services and Environmental Quality
    Humankind benefits in a multitude of ways from ecosystems. Collectively, these benefits are known as ecosystem services. Ecosystem services are regularly involved in the provisioning of clean drinking water and the decomposition of wastes. Ecosystem services can be grouped into four broad categories including provisioning services (e.g., the production of food and water), regulating services (e.g., the control of climate and disease), supporting services (e.g., nutrient cycles and crop pollination), and cultural services (e.g., spiritual and recreational benefits).
    Methodology
    The data for the present study were collected from rural areas of Ghochan in Khorasan Razavi and Faruj in North Khorasan province, Iran.
    In order to address environmental quality in the study area, the evaluation criteria considered are as follows: 5 main components (soil and water resources, climate, physiography, environmental risk) and 15 criteria (climate, temperature, comfort, elevation, slop, landform, earthquake, flood, erosion, fault, soil, protected zones, water, vegetation cover). To assess the environmental quality, knowledge based systems, which are based on fuzzy inference system, were used. Fuzzy inference is the process of formulating the mapping from a given input to an output using fuzzy logic. The mapping then provides a basis from which decisions can be made, or patterns be discerned. The process of fuzzy inference involves all of the pieces that were described in the previous sections including membership functions, fuzzy logic operators, and if-then rules. There are two types of fuzzy inference systems that can be used, namely, Mamdani-type and Sugeno-type. These two types of inference systems vary somewhat in the way outputs are determined. In the present study, the Mamdani type was used.
    3.1. Procedure
    The data base was created for geographic information. Having used ArcGIS10.2, base maps were produced, modeled, and then, the data were analysis. The basic unit of study is based on square regular network which is same as raster data, but it is vector. A unique code was assigned to each spatial unit. Afterwards, the data were transferred to the base unit. The table of shape files were changed to text format, and then imported into excel and prepared for linking to Matlab. With function 'xlsread' in Matlab, were imported data into Matlab. The functional operations in fuzzy expert system pass through the following steps: fuzzification, fuzzy Inference (apply knowledge base), aggregation of all outputs, and defuzzification.
    The data for the study were collected from the counties Ghochan and Faruj in Razavi and Northern Khorasan. This area is suitable for agriculture. Good rainfall and fertile plains provide a good environmental quality for living.
    Discussions
    The results of survey have two output: 1) The knowledge base which to help the assessment of environmental quality. 2) Environmental quality map of Ghochan-Faruj. Components that are made of four input criteria such as water and soil resources, climate, and environmental risk create 81 rules ( ), and components that are made of three input criteria create 27 rules ( ). The advantage of decomposing of model is reduction of complexity of model. Before decomposing, with 15 criteria have to create 1438907 rule. The rule base help to predict status of environmental quality. Based on the knowledge base to assess the environmental quality in the study area have dealt. As a result of the evaluation, determined the suitability of location quality based on each of the components that encoded in the range of 0 to 1. Finally, with the help of gamma phase 4 layer overlayed with Γ = 0.6. Given the alpha cut equal to 0.7, about 65.53 % area, characterized of very good quality and less than 9% in terms of environmental quality are poor.
    Keywords: Assessment, Environmental Quality, Fuzzy Inference System, GIS, Knowledge, Based, Rural Planning
  • Ali Shamsoddini, Mohammad Reza Amiri Fahlyiani Pages 19-32
    Introduction
    A complementary activity that could replace agriculture is now needed more than ever, given the increase of rural immigration, the decrease of income in rural households and the decline in the agricultural sector. Moreover, due to the inequality and widespread poverty among rural people in the developing societies, the development of rural tourism could be an important source of employment and income for the individuals of the villages. The most important part of tourist activity is to assess tourism because this step could lead to the future development of tourism and tourist programs. Mamasani County in Fars Province is one of the most important regions in Iran that has the potential for tourist development, given the fact that Shahi road (Shush to Istakhr and Anzan) passes through this geographical region, also because of its historical, cultural and natural heritage, and many works of ‘relief’, ‘historical hills’ and ‘fire temples’ along its main axis.
    This study aims to identify the attractions of rural tourism in each of the villages of Mamasani County. Moreover, the advantages of developing the tourist industry for investment are prioritized in terms of six criteria (monuments, landscapes, cultural attractions, religious attractions, access, and suitable facilities) using TOPSIS decision-making technique.
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: In recent decades, with the rapid growth of technology and the changes of lifestyle in the developing world, falling behind inequality in the distribution of the resources and the widespread poverty are getting more and more apparent in the rural regions compared to the other residential regions. Due to these problems and inequalities, researchers proposed many strategies to achieve development in the rural environments. One of these strategies is to expand the activities of rural tourism in the regions that have the necessary historical and natural potential to develop this industry. Rural tourism became doubly important because it helps the growth of the economy and also increases the income of rural people. Tourism can be an effective strategy for the reformation and revitalization of the rural regions or simply a reason for improving the infrastructural or even superstructural services in these regions. Tourism as a multifaceted phenomenon became one of the most important forces and factors in shaping the economic and socio-cultural structures of the modern world. Consequently, in an intermingling way, it transgressed the boundaries of time and space and brought about profound transformations in all human habitats such as cities, villages, and remote regions.
    Methodology
    In this research, a descriptive-analytical method was used because of its relevance to the topic. The required data, related to the tourist capacities, were collected through field research and library method. Additionally, six criteria were used that were acquired by the experts and proposed as a questionnaire enquiring what kind of attractions do these villages have? Aspects such as monuments, landscapes, cultural attractions, religious places, access, and appropriate facilities that were filled out by the Islamic council, village administrator, and educated people were examined. The degree of importance of these criteria differ from one another, therefore, Shannon Entropy was used to determine the weights of these criteria separately. Afterwards, the variables were weighted by the experts, and the questionnaires’ data were examined by the TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making model, and then the nine-fold villages of Mamasani County were rated. Finally, the weight of each tourist criterion was determined depending on the type and the number.
    Discussion
    Fahlian village with the coefficient of 0/683 is rather closer to the ideal while the other villages such as Jowzar, Bekesh 1, Bekesh 2, Javid-e Mahuri, Mahur, Doshman Ziari, Mashayekh, and Mishan are far from the desired ideal as they have different coefficients. Moreover, in alternative rating based on the amount of , the calculated amount in the studied region fluctuates between .In this regard, represents the highest rate (Fahlian Village) and represents the lowest rate (Mishan Village). In addition, other findings indicate that due to the relative and geographical location as well as the historical and political situation of each region, there is imbalance and a lack of harmony between the villages. Especially, in the spatial distribution of tourist attractions and facilities which pave the way for developing this industry. Thus, the cultural attractions with the coefficient of 0/0666 are the same in all the villages and the landscape attractions in Jowzar, Javid-e Mahuri with the coefficient of 0/0768 have the best conditions because of their favorable weather and green space.
    Conclusion
    Based on the findings, Fahlian village, which has been the center of Mamasani County from the time of its establishment up to 1962, was rated as the highest with the coefficient of 0/971 because of petroglyphs, palaces, and many other ancient attractions. In the central vicinity of Mamasani County, after Fahlian, Bekesh 1 and 2 have the best locations for investment in the field of historical tourist development. Additionally, religious attractions had the most versatile conditions and coefficient of variation in the studied villages. Unfortunately, due to the fundamental weaknesses of the tourist centers in providing and expanding the facilities to attract tourists, the factor of appropriate facilities was rated as the lowest, and only Fahlian and Bekesh 1 with the coefficient of 0/0239 had a relative advantage because of having the centrality of the region. Reviewing the accessing factor indicated weaknesses regarding infrastructure in the districts of Doshman, Javid, and Jowzar because of being in the highland and at the foot of the mountain. Only Fahlian, Bekesh 1 and 2 because of coefficients of 0/0819 and 0/0702 and having a level ground had the suitable conditions. The final results of TOPSIS model showed that the central villages had better conditions for the development of the tourist industry. Therefore, Fahlian was rated as the first and Jowzar, Bekesh 2, Bekesh 1, Javid Mahuri, Mahur Milati, Doshman Ziari, Mashayekh and Mishan were respectively rated as the next favorable localities for the development of tourist activities in the region.
    Keywords: Rating, tourist development, TOPSIS Technique, Shannon Entropy Coefficient, Mamasani County
  • Alireza Abdpour, Vakil Heidari Sareban, Nozar Torabi Pages 33-48
    Introduction
    More than one decade has passed since the significant and extensive emergence of organic agricultural concepts on international level. Rapid and serious loss of vital agricultural resources due to erosion, salinization of land, desertification, extinction of species and environmental pollution is among the world's major concerns. The main cause of such a concern may include indiscriminate use of pesticides, chemical fertilizers and agricultural implements, and the expansion of mechanized cultivation. According to the philosophy of sustainable agriculture, farming systems should be established based on justice and protection of natural resources. Such systems reduce environmental pollution, maintain agricultural productivity, and improve short-term and long-term economic ability and their quality of life. Due to continuous cultivation of garlic and lack of attention to the protection of productive resources over the past decades, we have witnessed a number of problems regarding environmental degradation. The use of pesticides and fertilizers in Hamadan province has been manifold compared to other Iranian provinces. This has been partly due the lack of awareness of factors governing farmer's interest in accepting organic garlic cultivation and sustainable agriculture, and lack of understanding of the mentioned factors in organic agriculture on the part of agricultural experts. Thus, this research, first and foremost, aims at the identification of factors which may affect the willingness of farmers to adopt organic cultivation of garlic in the province, followed by the correct procedures of natural resource management.
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Several schools of thought exist on how to interpret the concept of sustainable and organic agriculture. Although there are major differences between these schools, they all agree that the present condition of agriculture is not sustainable. There are major differences between current and sustainable systems of agriculture. So far, there have been various definitions for organic agriculture. Some think of it as one of the most important agricultural systems for the production of healthy food free of any chemicals. Simply put, organic farming is a kind of agriculture in which consumers may easily use their products and make sure they will have no health problems derived from hormones and pesticides in products. Generally speaking, organic agriculture is not only the exploitation of resources based on purely economic criteria, but it also encompasses emphasis on sustainable production which does not harm basic resources, guarantees the rights of future generations and considers other aspects such as balanced distribution of food, food security, lack of environmental degradation and the use of collective measures. It should be mentioned that Iranian agriculture sector has been affected by inappropriate overuse of external inputs and unsustainable use of agricultural productive resources. The analysis of the present condition of Iranian agricultural sector clearly shows that agricultural systems used in Iran and other Third World countries are based on western patterns of agriculture, which all put emphasis on the use of external inputs.
    Methodology
    This is an applied, descriptive and non-experimental research. This field research was a cross-sectional survey conducted between 2012 and 2013 crop year. Regarding it paradigm, the research falls into the realm of quantitative research. The research population includes all the producers of garlic in three regions including Hamadan, Touiserkan and Bahar, all located in Hamadan province. Simple random sampling method was used, and the size of the samples included 163 famers. To collect the data, a questionnaire was used. The content reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated by the assistance of a number of professors of Agriculture College of Mohaghegh Ardabili University. A preliminary test was conducted to obtain reliability, and Cronbach's alpha for different sections of the questionnaire were calculated between 0.72 and 0.83.
    Discussion
    The results of economic factors rating showed that three variables including contracts request, the availability of manure in production and demand for organic garlic were respectively the most significant factors affecting farmer's interest in initiating organic garlic cultivation in Hamadan province. Based on the results of ranking social factors, the availability of insurance in the production of organic garlic was the most important factor affecting farmer's interest in initiating organic garlic cultivation. Generally speaking, the results showed that several variables such as demand for organic garlic, the availability of seed for organic garlic production, production costs and organic garlic market had a significant relationship with farmer's tendency to accept organic garlic cultivation in Hamadan province. According to the findings, farmer's conservativeness negatively affected their willingness to cultivate organic garlic. It is proposed to hold exhibitions, make TV/radio programs and distribute brochures to inform people about the benefits of healthy products and the disadvantages of chemical products. Thus they will be more willing to buy organic products. The required inputs should be also provided by government in order to ease farmer's access to such inputs. It is also suggested that a few farms be established by Jahad Keshavarzi Organization in different regions in order to make farmers more familiar with this type of agriculture.
    Keywords: Sustainable agriculture, organic agriculture, organic garlic, Hamadan province
  • Mostafa Bayat, Zohre Satari, Hasan Mohhamadian Mosamam, Mohhmad Ramezan Journabiyan Pages 49-66
    Introduction
    Spatial expression of increase in earth planet population as the consequence of industrialization, improving the living standards, and reducing the amount of epidemic diseases in the past century, has been the physical-spatial development of urban and rural settlements. This transformation, especially during past decade, beside the technological advances, has shown rapid trend and has made the subject of achievement to optimal pattern and sustain a great challenge for physical-spatial development of mankind settlement (spatially in developing word). This subject will be crucial in countries such as Iran with hot and dry climate characteristics. Since a considerable part of urban and rural settlements are located in plains and areas with fertile soil and water, the socioeconomic life of residents depends, directly and indirectly, on desirable soil and water resources.
    Based on the aforementioned facts, rural settlement of Tonekabon area has been under many transformations due to the internal and external factors in the past decades As a result, a scattered and fragmented spatial system has been formed which caused us to witness physical development of this settlement and buried high-quality agricultural land under construction. Actually proximity of this area to the great metropolis of the region (Tehran, Karaj and Ghazvin) has been lead to the formation of population and capital flows to the Tonekabon area. The outcome of this has led to excluding agricultural lands from production process and unplanned development and distribution of rural settlements.
    Due to the forces and factors which have affected this phenomena, the aim of this article is recognition and analysis of these forces and factors, and prioritization principles of smart growth to perform based on the spatial- temporal characteristics of rural settlements.
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK : Rural settlement is considered as a part of spatial system, which in the recent decade is facing excessive growth due to transformation obtained from external forces and internal factors. This has caused these rural communities to meet the broad challenge of maintaining rural character and also support the economic growth and opportunity; thus they require means that can be adjusted to reflect the diversity of rural communities and that can be applied to both expanding and contracting economies. Smart growth is an approach in the frame of its goals and methods be able to protect the environment and rural social dynamics.
    Methodology
    The research method was descriptive-analytic. The methods and tools used for data gathering were library and field methods, questionnaires, and maps. Statistical population of this research was household’s residents of Akhond Mahale and Soleyman Abad villages which consisted of 894 villagers in 2011. Indicators examined in this study included: Economical (employment and investment), social (population and migration), and cultural (separation and car acquisition) forces and factors.
    Conclusion
    The results of this research show that, change in population, entrance of immigrants with financial funds, change in the employment structure, investment of different kinds of residents, and the increase of private cars are the effective factors in sprawl phenomena. Directing the growth into the rural region, strengthening rural- urban linkage, and strengthening rural services and facilities are the main prioritization of smart growth in the rural settlements under study.
    Keywords: Sprawl growth, smart growth, Akhond Mahale, Soleyman Abad villages, external forces, internal factors
  • Sadegh Salehi, Zahra Pazukinejad Pages 67-81
    Introduction
    Agriculture sector takes up a huge share in the economy of developing countries and, considering the extent of activities in this sector, not only are its economic and environmental aspects considered in global policy making, but its social and cultural aspects are as important as the other ones. Simultaneous attention to all three mentioned factors is usually considered as sustainable development. Whereas the majority of extant studies have focused on the first two factors, the present research has emphasized the third aspect, that is the social one. The two major issues dealt with in this paper are as follows: A. understanding the degree of villagers’ orientation towards sustainable farming and
    B. identifying the socio-cultural factors influencing this orientation.
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Experts in social sciences are of the opinion that human behavior is based on attitudes and values. Initial alternation of attitudes and values is a prerequisite for any change in sustainable behavior. Social, psychological studies of the environment through assessing the link between the attitude and the environmental behavior reveal that attitudes play a role in having a responsible environmental behavior. It is usually said that people’s values are intertwined with environmental attitudes and behavior. Values constitute major goals or criteria in people’s lives and, for them, function as a reference point and a guide. In addition, social trust is one of the preconditions for participating in environmental plans and policies. Social trust makes the awareness of environmental problems and realization of environmental and scientific issues possible. Trust makes people act without any fear of the consequences and accept the policies for risk-taking or support them. Channels of reliable information, too, play an important role in responsible environmental behavior. Government organizations, media and experts provide the necessary environmental information, targeting various audiences.
    Methodology
    Scaling was adopted as the research method. The data was gathered using a self-designed questionnaire. Research population constituted of 7861 of the villagers living in Babolsar county (located in Mazandaran province), among whom 140 villagers were chosen using multistage cluster sampling. Questionnaire’s face validity was determined through the opinions presented by faculty members of Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University and the reliability of the questionnaire was determined to be more than 0.65. Farmers’ gravitation towards sustainable farming was the dependent variable and, in line with the theoretical framework, environmental attitude, environmental values, trust and information sources were chosen as independent variables.
    Discussion
    The findings of the study revealed that villagers have a positive and relatively high orientation towards sustainable farming. Evaluation of environmental attitude and villager’s adherence to environmental values was satisfactory, too. The level of social trust and utilization of information sources was moderate among villagers. Among the factors under study, villagers’ income, surface is of agricultural land, age and education had no relationship with their orientation towards sustainable farming. On the contrary, among the social factors social trust and among the cultural factors environmental values were influential in sustainable farming attitudes.
    Conclusion
    The present study investigated the orientation of villagers of Babolsar County in terms of adhering to sustainability standards in farming, with emphasis on cultural and social factors. According to the findings, through bolstering social trust in rural communities, coordination in actions should be improved and individual capacities in attaining the objectives should be considered. Supporting villagers financially, through institutions operating in the agriculture domain, incorporating villagers’ views and opinions in the renovation of planting and harvesting processes, reinforcing and managing education of local people in terms of environmental risks and pollutions along with changing habits contrary to sustainable development in villages will not materialize unless the way is paved for burgeoning the social trust.
    Keywords: Sustainable farming, villagers, social trust, environmental values, Babolsar
  • Hasan Afrakhteh, Reza Manafiazar, Mohammad Valaei Pages 83-98
    Introduction
    The process of most migrations in underdeveloped countries is from village to city. The reverse of this process, i.e. migration from city to village, is called reverse migration. The reverse migration is an important phenomenon, and in the national scale, the linear motion of migration from urban settlements to rural ones is due to some reasons like the birthplace and initial settlement of immigrants. However, return migration is a process which is related to the birthplace and initial living place of the person, who then immigrated to cities and settled there and after that returned to village. Accordingly, in return migration, the birth place and living place of rural people along with socioeconomic reasons make them migrate to cities and spend a long-life time there, and then, return to their country land. The phenomenon of return migration in Iran is one of the subjects to which little attention has been paid. However, those who have returned to villages can accelerate the development of rural areas with technical skills and financial capitals. This study aims to evaluate the spatial–local and socioeconomic effects of return migration on rural areas of Miyandoab County.
    Methodology
    The present study is a kind of applied-developmental qualitative research and its method is analytic-descriptive and intensive. Among the different types of qualitative methods, the Grounded theory has been selected. The participants are from Miyandoab county in Southeast of West Azarbaijan. The participants of this study are 126 householders who have come back to their country lands in the past fifteen years. In order to determine the sample size, the researchers made use of purposive sampling using sequential-theoretical method. The field data were obtained through sub-structured interviews with returned immigrants. With 22 interviews reached to theoretical saturation. The data analysis has been done using Strauss Al and Corbin JM methods along with data gathering. In this method, the obtained qualitative data from interviews were analyzed manually in three phases, namely, open coding, axial coding and selective coding.
    Discussion
    At the time of migration, the average age of respondents was 31.4, and at the time of returning, it was 55.2. The returnees had almost higher levels of lands than beneficiaries of the county. The average land of beneficiaries of this county is 4.15 hectares. While, the average land of returned immigrants is 23.7 hectares. Therefore, returned immigrants are those who have significant area of lands (personal or hereditary). The return mechanism followed four indices including economic, social, psychological, and developmental indices. Having evaluated costs and socioeconomic benefits, the immigrants made their decisions to return. Therefore, these two indexes, i.e., cost and benefit outcome, are important return factors. Generally, the economic aspects have more impact on people's motivation in returning to villages while the developmental, psychological and social aspects are in next positions. On the other hand, return migrations (urban- rural) are because of the effects of pull factors in rural areas rather than push factors in urban areas.
    One of the results of immigrant's returnees is the return of financial and human capitals to villages. The immigrants have brought back their financial capitals or part of them to the villages and invested in different parts of economy. The triggering of industrial livestock and fattening cattle, the development of under pressure irrigation or mechanization of cultivation and harvest stages of grain products are some instances of the returned immigrant's investments in agriculture. The industry sector has also attracted some parts of returnee's capital including workshop industries, building doors, windows and welding, industrial mill, cheese and bakery industry. The establishment of cooperative company of agricultural distribution, and the appliance's repairing centers are also among investment cases of returned immigrants in service sectors of sample villages.
    Conclusion
    Return migration as a human action in geographical space occurs because of two main types of factors. High costs of living, lack of housing, high rent, unemployment, and cultural problems of destination cities are among a series of factors called Repulsiveness factors. On the other hand, the delivery of infrastructure services, the development of physical layout of village, acquisition and revival of agricultural land are among the other type of factors named the attractions of original place. However, the effect of economic factors in making people return to village was much more. Therefore, the findings of this study are in harmony with push-pull theory of Everett S. Lee and Lary Shastad's theory. The fact that returnees did not disconnect themselves to village people and have had significant land areas acted as a system of desired data in Mabogunje theory in immigration returning phenomenon. Return migration shows the capital trend from city to village. The trend of human and financial capitals in rural areas indicates the geographical reforming in the studied area. The return of human capitals, skills, experiences, and economic capitals in the form of return migration has a kind of cyclone flow of capital in space area having a flow from village to city and then to village.
    Keywords: Miyandoab county, return migration, spatial infrastructure, urban–rural migration
  • Khadijeh Bozarjomehri, Mehdi Javanshiri, Ali Ghorbani, Mohammad, Reza Darban Astaneh Pages 99-121
    Introduction
    Iran is one the countries prone to natural disasters. Situated in mountainous areas, northern districts of Khorasan Province, due to its ecological, seismological, and geological features, and also because of its unique topographical and climatic conditions, is located in high or moderate risk areas and is subject to natural disasters such as flood, earthquake, land slide, and land slip. The literature shows that several natural disasters strike in the area every year. Given the distribution and distance of rural areas, such disasters mostly threaten the rural areas rather than urban areas. The occurrence of such natural disasters in the region reveals the need for planning (crisis management) after the incident so that one can get an accommodation which is safe, secure, and socially appropriate, a place where human dignity is preserved and makes way for quick return to normal life for the people affected. We believe that to achieve such a goal, it is necessary to make plans prior to emergencies and disasters in areas prone to risk.
    Given the steps in crisis management, this study tries to identify suitable locations for temporary accommodation in a disaster zone. Additionally, having incorporated proper and scientific management features into the plans, this study would assist crisis management with facilities required to identify suitable locations for temporary accommodation so that in the event of a disaster, it is possible to quickly establish camps for affected people.
    The main question of this study is ‘what is the good model for selecting a site for temporary accommodation centers in rural areas in the central district of Faruj County, in a way that it can enhance the effectiveness of crisis management and fits the criteria of sustainable development?
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK : Crisis management should involve continuous measures and practices which are based on classic function of management including planning, organization, establishment, leadership, and control. In fact, crisis management is a set of theoretical concepts and practical measures in various aspects of planning for disaster during, before, and after the event. The overall task of crisis management is to handle the crisis in a very short time with the best principles and methods. Site selection model is a set of principles which makes it possible to optimize the use of services or industrial activities (points corresponding to the maximum benefit and minimum cost). Theories of site selection date back to the nineteenth century in Germany where the first theory of industrial site selection was proposed in 1878. The main purpose of assessing a location for a specific use of land is to ensure that the expansion of human activities, considering the possibilities and limitations, is compatible with the natural environment.
    Methodology
    This study is applied in terms of aims, and descriptive-analytical in terms of research methodology. In this paper, status quo analysis and modeling of the data were used. To set up a GIS database, which consists of digitized spatial and descriptive data, we digitized the spatial data (floods, earthquakes, landslides, and physical features of the sample villages) of the central district of Faruj County using the relevant maps and ArcGIS software package and saved them together with descriptive data to make analysis possible. Then, a questionnaire was designed and completed by 30 knowledgeable professionals in the field. Finally, considering the weight of the layers in AHP model, GIS database and overlapping operations with different maps effective in site selection as well as temporary accommodation bases were determined.
    Conclusion
    Site selection criteria for land use planning are generally a set of standards by which the optimum location for a specific use is evaluated. The local characteristics and needs of residents are the main criteria for selection of the land use. Identifying and selecting the factors effective in site selection are of important steps of the study.
    Factors influencing the site selection for temporary accommodation bases are: A) Environmental factors including factors effective in occurrence of earthquake, landslide, flood, and topographical features.
    B) Physical facilities including access to suitable roads, rural public access, health facilities, business-service facilities, security (police stations), training-cultural centers, safety (fire stations), telecommunication facilities, suitable buildings, proximity to main residence areas, adequate infrastructure, and safe distance from danger zone.
    After collecting the views and opinions, we calculated the geometric mean of the views. Using Expert Choice software package we came up with paired comparisons, hierarchies, layers’ weight and values of conflicts. As for environmental factors, the seismicity index with a weight of 0.569 and landslide with a weight of 0.228 received highest preference coefficients. Regarding indexes of facilities available in the sample villages, the indexes of access to the suitable roads, and health facilities respectively weighting 0.225 and 0.168 got highest preference coefficients in locating the temporary accommodation basis.
    Having calculated the weight of the layers, in the last stage using Spatial Analysis Extension, we incorporated the layer in GIS environment, and came up with the map of total scores for different criteria; the layers were classified into four classes including totally suitable, suitable, relatively suitable, and unsuitable. The output of the above model is the map of optimum location for construction of temporary accommodation basis. That is, if they need to set up a base for temporary accommodation, the spots representing the “totally suitable areas” should receive the first priority for construction of a temporary accommodation base.
    Following the theoretical principles and criteria for site selection and the importance of site selection for temporary accommodation in urban and rural areas, to ensure safety and reduce damage, and to answer the question above, having reviewed the literature, we selected a variety of environmental and physical criteria which are discussed in detail in this project. During the process of site selection for emergency accommodation in the area, we faced with the following facts and findings.
    Having calculated the main indexes according to experts, we found that environmental factors had the most weight and highest priority in temporary accommodation basis. The calculated CR should be less than 0.10 and it was 0.07 in this study. The matrices based on the granted preferences are stable, and in site selection, environmental indexes should be regarded with more attention, and physical factors take the second priority and has lower importance coefficient in site selection.
    Ultimately, summing up the final scores of zones where the natural conditions, safe distance from all sorts of dangers and physical facilities are taken into account, we came up with the final map of optimum site selection for temporary accommodation bases. The villages of Mayvan and Chery received the highest site selection score for the temporary accommodation basis.
    Keywords: AHP, crisis management, Faruj County, GIS, overlay, site selection, temporary accommodation basis
  • Ali Hajinejad, Zahra Mozaffari Pages 123-135
    Introduction
    Within the economic structure of rural areas in developing countries, agriculture is considered the main pillar of people’s livelihood and, similarly, in most development plans, agriculture is the only and the most important aspect of any village’s economy. Lack of diversity in economic infrastructure and job opportunities, specifically for the growing workforce of villages, is the most important feature of such a structure which, to some degree, stems from the kind of attitude towards villages, governmental policies together with the internal issues of the village. Thus it seems that creation and expansion of non-agriculture jobs and remunerative activities, especially rural industries, alongside the expansion of lower-level rural centers should be considered as the major means of creating jobs in villages. Undoubtedly, creating job will forestall the mass departure of workforce from villages and their concentration in cities. Most development theorists, in order to decrease the negative consequence of such a structure, and within the framework of sustainable development, have suggested the development of non-agricultural activities. To this end, industrialization of rural areas, for creation of job opportunities and remunerative activities, as a means of reducing inequality in rural areas, has captured the attention of development policy makers and is able to play a crucial role in the process of rural development, through satisfying basic needs and creating links with other sectors of the economy.
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK : Various theories have been put forward about industrialization including trickle-down theory or Louis logic, connection theory of Darkoh and Seidman, the theory of regional polarization, and sustainable development theory. In sustainable development, as a quasi-paradigm, emphasis on non-agricultural rural economy, as a supplementary economy, is among the crucial issues. In line with this theory, recently, the issue that not all the burden of villagers’ subsistence should be placed on the agriculture sector and that, alongside it, other extended activities, taking into account the specific opportunities available in each settlement and region, should be defined is receiving more attention. Bolstering non-agricultural activities, for the purpose of increasing the incomes of those who do not own any piece of land or own small pieces, is among the measures emphasized by experts. Such measures can lead to an increase in the participation rate of various social groups and, through improving villagers’ skills and income, can prevent them from immigrating to cities, paving the way for more development in economic, social, cultural and environmental aspects. With regards to the previous studies, Langroudi (2010) in a study on the relationship between the degree of social and economic changes in villagers’ lives, using non-parametric tests, found a significant difference in factors regarding income and saving levels of employed villagers, job satisfaction, willingness to continue living in the village, travel and leisure status, and improvement in healthcare. Jamshidi (2010) in a study of 364, through multi-stage sampling, depicted that industries exert a significant positive influence on the neighboring villages, both economically and socially, improving such factors as income, employment, welfare while, at the same time, decreasing poverty and unemployment. Bouzjahromi (2010) investigated the economic and living conditions of 190 industry workers and 198 non-industry workers and depicted that a significant economic difference exits between the two groups, with industry workers being in a better situation. Shohretaj (2010), too, in a correlational and associational study showed that Mayamay industrial region has created job opportunities for villagers and increased their income.
    Methodology
    Firouzeh mine is located in Firouzeh rural district in TahtJolge section of Firouzeh county in Razavi Khorasan province, 53 kilometers northwest of Nishapur county. The present study aims to investigate the role of Firouzeh mines, as a non-agricultural activity, through field study and questionnaires. The research population included the settlers of Firouzeh rural district in Firouzeh county, with a population of 3205 comprising 948 families, among whom 250 of those employed in the mining and non-mining sectors were selected through stratified and then random sampling, using Cochran’s sample size formula. Questionnaire’s validity was established through content and face validity measures and was approved by four geographies and planning faculty members of University of Sistan and Baluchestan. The reliability of the questionnaire was established through Cronbach’s alpha, with a coefficient of 0.862 which is indicative of a satisfactory reliability. For analyzing the data and testing the hypotheses, one sample t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Tukey’s test were used.
    Discussion
    The findings of the research are reflective of a general improvement in the region’s social and economic factors after the creation of the mining zone. So much so that the creation of the mining zone has been accompanied by positive effects on employment, income level, job-creation, purchasing power, participation, reduction of poverty, development of housing, together with economic and social welfare for the villagers. The findings, also, revealed that mining activities’ degree of influence on social and economic factors of various rural groups in Firouzeh rural district is not the same.
    Conclusion
    Mining activities in the region under the study have led to an increase in and elevation of social and economic factors and there is a significant difference between mining and agriculture workers in terms of enjoyment of social and economic factors, with miners enjoying higher status and having a higher standard of living; therefore, it can be claimed that, as shown in this study and in previous ones, expansion of non-agricultural activities, such as mining activities, plays a crucial role in social and economic development of rural regions. Clustering mining activities and their agglomeration into clusters is one of the major solutions in this regard. Agglomeration of activities in Firouzeh mine (extraction, cutting, etching, inlaying, jewelry making, etc.) makes using others’ experiences and facilities, creating shared facilities and performing tasks collectively possible. Thus, it can be said that creation of mining clusters in various fields can help this region develop further.
    Keywords: Non, agricultural activities, sustainable development, Firouzeh mines, Firouzeh county
  • Hamid Barghi, Matin Memaremamieh Pages 137-148
    Purpose
    The ever-growing population and issues related to water scarcity for developing agricultural lands raised concerns about supplying needed water. The studied area has faced several droughts from 2006 on, and such climatic drought has shown its consequences in economic situation of villages in the area, in addition to reduced amount of rainfall. The present study aims to investigate the effects of the drought on the rural economic structure of the studied area, and recommend strategies and solutions for development adapted to drought and water scarcity conditions in the region in order to be assured of rural livelihoods based on capabilities of the region.
    Methods
    This study is a descriptive-analytic and causal-field study. Considering the region’s total population (1809 persons), 317 questionnaires were completed by the inhabitants of two villages of Azaran and Varkan in the studied area. Gis and SPSS softwares were also used for statistical analyses (factor analysis model).
    Result
    The results gained from the factor analysis of the effects of the drought on the economic dimensions in the region can be categorized into 5 major components, which have 54.452%, 21.271%, 10.112%, 10.031%, and 4.001% variance, respectively. To develop agriculture and reduce the impacts of such crisis on the economy of the region, three main strategies were presented using factor analysis and the extracted components with variances of 27.113%, 25.241%, and 23.930%.
    Keywords: Development of rural areas, Drought, Economic impacts, Factor analysis, Rural district of Golab
  • Seyyed Amir Mohammad Alavizadeh, Mahmoud Reza Mirlotfi, Meisam Bandani, Ali Izadi Pages 149-162
    Introduction
    Humans are social beings; therefore, they have always been forced to live beside their fellow men. Although social life and relations have led to growth and progress, they sometimes create disturbance leading to the creation of conflicts over their interests and rights, which has resulted in fights and disagreements between them. To solve these disputes, in every era, many methods and solutions have been proposed based on the conditions and requirements of communities. Meanwhile, there have been many changes in different dimensions of villagers’ life, which are noticeable in most villages in Iran including villages of Roshtkhar District. Undoubtedly, these changes stem from the effective socio-cultural, economic, physical changes in rural communities which can affect the trend of change, its expansion and development.
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Developments in rural communities in Iran reflect a range of contrasts between past and present, or in other words, tradition and modernity, and the study on these developments is based on land reforms. In fact, rural areas had faced with economic, social, and environmental challenges but these challenges gradually disappeared and soon there were no choices except accepting modernity and being compatible with this new identity. Regarding the relationship between tradition and modernity, some social scientists believe that many traditional elements in cultural structure of societies are broken through the process of modernism deployment and transition from a traditional society to a modern one. In addition, new elements and structures should be replaced with old ones. Changing the traditional practices and introducing new ways for resolving conflicts among villagers are two important aspects of sociocultural changes in a society. In defining the concept of “dispute”, it should be said that dispute is a common social process with multidimensional features that has its own simplicity or complexity in all social systems. In other words, the word “dispute” refers to a situation in which human groups of a specific race, language, culture, religion, and economy have a conscious dispute because of a real or unreal incompatibility. Dispute is a worldwide phenomenon and is always happening inside societies. However, it is not necessarily without interruption or with the same intensity. Therefore, dispute is a social process with multidimensional features.
    Methodology
    In the present study, a descriptive-analytical methodology was used to investigate the parameters in two main phases. The first phase includes documentary and library studies, and using internet to investigate issues such as review of literature, background, concepts, and etc. In the second phase, some field studies were done to collect data, prepare and complete questionnaires. In the next step, 13 villages out of 26 villages of Roshtkhar District each with more than 100 households were selected as sample villages, and finally, having used Cochran Formula, 350 households were selected as sample households from the aforementioned villages. Then, questionnaires were completed by the head of sample households. Finally, having used Proportional Allocation Method, the number of households under study whose head has undergone the interview in each village was identified. In the next step, to analyze the data, One-Sample T-Test and Kruskal-Wallis test as well as Expert Choice, SPSS, and ARCG softwares were used.
    Discussion
    The results of this study show that among interested indexes in reviewing the judicalization of disputes among villagers and the factors affecting it, social media with the average of 4.19, and the presence of government institutions with the average of 4.9 have the highest averages among the households under study. On the other hand, the factor that has the highest influence in judicalization of disputes among villagers is changing social aspects, which are influenced by facilities like social media, the presence of government institutions, access to cities, and other factors. These factors have made people not resort to traditional practices for resolving their disputes. In addition, One-Sample T-Test showed that there was a meaningful difference (Ρ
    Keywords: Judicalization of disputes, dispute, social developments, Roshtkhar Dehestan
  • Seyyed Hadi Tayebnia, Sadi Mohammadi, Suran Manochehri Pages 163-179
    Introduction
    In Iran, the quality of rural life by tourists has changed a lot. These changes have had both positive effects and negative and undesirable changes. One of the important places of rural tourism in Iran is the Uraman District in Sarvabad County in the west of Kurdistan. This district has various potential capacities in the field of tourism and as one of the tourism hubs in province and the country which receives a large number of domestic and foreign tourists every year. Now the issue studied in this investigation is the fact that how development of tourism has affected the quality of rural life in this district. Since, according to the level of tourism development, several changes occur in the quality of rural life which due to the role of local communities in sustainable tourism; identification and assessment of the current situation, changes in the quality of life, is necessary for the persistence and rural tourism boom. The purpose of this study is examining the impact of tourism on the quality of rural life in this area. So the main research question arising is: what effects the tourism has had on the quality of rural life in the "Uraman" district.
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: The issue of quality of life from the early 1990s onwards, in the theoretical literature and development, has acquired great importance and has been the basis of differentiation and classification of the countries in the recent years. If the tourism improves the quality of life of residents, it will faced the support and acceptance. But if the quality of life of residents through tourism development over the environment tolerance reduced, residents don’t support this industry. In relation to this, various models have been proposed by researchers in the field of tourism. One of these models is Butler's life cycle. In this model, it is believed that in the beginning, desired changes in the quality of life of residents through tourism development occur in destination. But then, when the bearing capacity of the environment or the acceptable level of society changes reach its threshold, negative changes due to tourism development is emerged and the quality of life of destination residents will degrade.
    Methodology
    This study in terms of purpose is applied and in terms of methodology is descriptive - analytical. The data collection of the theoretical part is that of documentary and in the field-based part interviews and distributed questionnaires have been used. Statistical populations of this study are the households’ heads of villages of “Uraman” District in Sarvabad County. Firstly, Cochran formula has been used to determine the sample size. Among households’ heads of selected villages, then by using correction method360households were selected randomly. Due to the extension of the area and difficulty of access, 20%, namely 3 villages of 14 villages of this district which has the highest volume of tourism and are among the tourism target villages of this area were selected. By specifying the number of distributed questionnaires in each village by category, questionnaires were distributed randomly among the heads of households in these villages.
    Discussion
    From the perspective of residents, tourism has developed the economic and social aspects in the average level and the physical aspect at a desirable level and has improved their quality of life. Only in the environmental dimension, rural residents, evaluated negative and less of numerical utility tested the impact of the tourism development. In total, the calculated average has shown 3.14 which means that the tourism development results in significance level of 0.05 namely with 95% confidence leads to improve the quality of life of residents. Meanwhile, smaller calculated significance from alpha 0.05 in the two-sample t-test, shows a significant difference in quality of life among people whose jobs depend on tourism with those people that their jobs are not related to tourism. Also smaller calculated significantly from the alpha level of 0.05in the one-way analysis of variance, shows the difference in the quality of life of rural residents in the three villages being studied. Finally, by analyzing and summarizing the findings and statements of local people, it can be stated that the situation of study area in combination model of Butler and Doxy within the development range face of indifferently stage.
    Conclusion
    To improve the environmental aspect of quality of villager’s life, full implementation of the guide plans along with the strengthening of environmental non-governmental association established in rural areas can be useful. Improvement of cultural backgrounds among the local people and even among tourists along with the distribution of brochures or writings some sentences in the importance of nature at the sites of the resort is another strategy for improving the environmental quality of the region's tourism villages. Path analysis model showed that in addition to the economic dimension of the quality of life of the villagers, had a direct impact with indirect impact on other dimensions, has changed and improved them and generally, has improved the overall quality of rural resident’s life. Considering this, it should be tried that the benefits of tourism among rural residents distributed. Also, to solve the problem of the movement condition of tourist area toward the in difference, preparing short-term programs are essential.
    Keywords: Quality of life, tourism, Uraman District, Sarvabad County
  • Amin Mohammadi Ostadkelayeh, Seyyed Hasan Motiee Langerudi, Mohammad Reza Rezvani, Mojtaba Ghadiri Masoom Pages 181-195
    Introduction
    There has been a tremendous surge of interest in the issue of sustainability of resettlement plans; moreover, the economic, social, and environmental consequences of this issue have been frequently touched upon by rural planners and decision-makers. As evidence shows, lack of assessments and enough knowledge on the issue of resettlement has led to unsustainable resettlement plans. Under the grounded theory approach and with a qualitative method, the current case study attempts to answer this question that "how do the communities under study evaluate the effects of resettlement on sustainable development in their community?"
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Resettlement is a process that helps people mitigates the effects of displacement on their standard of living. A sustainable development approach uses resettlement as an opportunity to improve living standards of displaced people and ensure they benefit from the development activity. Resettlement planning allows the impacts of displacement to be mitigated and development opportunities to be created for those who have been affected. While adequate and early resettlement planning may increase the initial investment costs of an activity, long-term benefits include fewer delays and cost during project implementation, greater benefits from economically productive resettles, and reduced welfare costs to society. International experiences of voluntary and involuntary resettlement reveal that it is difficult to achieve success, particularly, when resettlement is carried out as part of development projects.
    Methodology
    The level of analysis in the present research include Faraghi, displaced villages of Qulaq Kasan, lower Boq Qeje, and upper Boq Qeje and local informant's unit of analysis. 32 subjects were selected through snowball sampling from among local informants. The interview with the subjects continued until theoretical saturation was reached. In the current research, the conceptual model was designed through systematic implementation of a five-stage grounded theory and combination of codes (open coding, axial coding, and selective coding).
    Discussion
    Based on what has previously been said about the changes in several aspects of resident's lives in villages under resettlement scheme, it can be claimed that tremendous changes have been observed in the way the subjects lead their lives as a result of performing resettlement approach in the rural community of eastern Golestan. Therefore, based on what has been said, one can say that observations and investigations represent variations of "subjective-objective" changes in the region. Concerning economic issues in the livelihoods of the people living in rural areas, one can see a "transformation in occupational structure", i.e., extended service jobs and reduced number of jobs in the agricultural sector; "life style", that is tendency towards urban life and distance from rural life, "reduction in employment" and "loss of income and debt to the banking system" and especially extended usury and pre-sale of the agricultural products. Impossibility of livestock activities has made some individuals return to old rural places and also has led to "double settlement" of some individuals in order to utilize the facilities of the old place.
    Regarding social issues, one can experience a "social change", such as lack of face-to-face communication, change in dimensions of social actions, change in social relations, transformation of social control tools, and relational changes. "Change of neighborhood", "transformation of family", and increase in nuclear families are some other relevant issues. Furthermore, resettlement results in "relative transformation of rural management pattern", that is development of formal and state organizations, "improved welfare", and "education".
    Environmentally speaking, areas with resettlement plan have experienced "change of housing pattern" and "non-functionality due to production activities", "improved safety against flooding" through applying technical standards in the construction of new homes and staying away from flood-prone areas resulting in "ease of communication with the neighboring towns", and "expansion in the use of modern forms of communication", such as internet especially in the new city of Faraghi.
    Conclusion
    Although resettlement of rural people is necessary in critical times, it should be implemented according to the local conditions of people in addition to considering their economic, social, and environmental requirements of them in the form of suitable projects including replacement, integration, and regrouping of villages. The most important economic considerations in implementation of resettlement plans include employment, production, and communities with resettlement plan. Based on the findings of the current research, resettlement plans in flooded areas of Eastern Golestan do not correspond with sustainability pattern. No decrease in poverty, inequality, and no specific transformation in agriculture are proof of claim. Accordingly, the grounded theory of "resettlement with a physical non-integrated approach and mean sustainability" is presented for villages under resettlement plan for the area under study.
    Keywords: Golestan province, resettlement Grounded Theory, rural sustainable development flood
  • Hamdollah Sojasi Ghidari, Tahereh Sadeqlu, Esmaiel Shakourifard Pages 197-215
    Introduction
    Rural areas are environments that consist of different multiple sources and villagers use many assets and resources that shape their livelihood procedure. However, in most cases, incomplete and unconscious usage of sources is more destructive than uncontrolled industrial exploitation. For this reason, nowadays, rural poverty due to excessive pressure on resources, is considered as one of the unsustainable factors in the use of resources. Therefore, supporting poor villagers should not be the only main way for helping them meaning that their life style should be changed. In this regard, rural assets and capital could be the basic founders for achieving the goals of sustainable rural livelihood. Therefore, in this study, it had been tried to investigate and address the villagers’ assets and belongings. This research tries to measure the level of livelihood in rural areas of Taybad flat and Karat Dehestans of Taybad Countys and also find the answer for the following questions: are rural people's asserts and capital similar in all parts of the case study area or not? Which part of asserts has more share in rural livelihood? And finally, which one of the villages has a better situation compared to others?
    Methodology
    The methods used for this study is a combination of descriptive and analytical methods including the library (documents) and field study (questionnaire) methods. Therefore, generally, in order to measure the level of livelihood assets from rural communities’ perspective, in the first step, the livelihood assets dimensions have been determined which include social, human, natural, physical, financial, and institutional dimensions. Moreower, 23 indicators were identified for these dimensions. In next step, these dimensions and indicators had been inserted into a Likret scale questionnaire designed for householders and rural local managers. In order to measure the questionnaire's reliability, Cronbach's formula was used. The total reliability of the questionnaire is 0.884. Statistical community had been chosen from rural of Taybad flat and Karat Dehestans of Taybad Countys. The unit of analysis is rural points and rural households. Totally, 94 households were determined as a samples size of 5079 households from 16 villages by using of Cochran formula. However, after modifying the share of each rural point, the sample increased to 162 households. A stratified sampling method used for selecting the samples. In this method, in addition to population, rural point geographic distribution had also been considered as a criterion. In order to analyze the gathered data based on research questions and goals, descriptive and inferential statistics had been used and VIKOR as a multi criteria decision making technique for ranking the rural point had also been applied.
    Discussion
    The results of the study indicated that there is a significant difference between the villages in terms of their assets. Results of Friedman statistical test showed that social capital with a mean rating of 3.59 is the superior asset in the case study area, which is the sign of high integrity, solidarity, and social cohesion among rural communities. Human assets with a low average rating (mean= 1.11), are known as weak assets in the case study area. These results confirmed the results of Jome Poor and Ahmadi (1390) study about inequality of rural livelihood assets. Finally, the VIKOR decision making techniques for ranking the case study villages based on livelihood assets showed that Poshte and Rahne villages are in a better condition in comparison with the other villages; Poshte and Rahne villages were ranked in the first and last positions, respectively.
    Conclusion
    The results indicate inequality and lack of balance between rural livelihoods in terms of their assets. The findings of prioritization of rural livelihoods in terms of assets represent the difference between assets in rural areas. These results are similar to Alba's (1390) results and represent the difference in sustainable livelihoods between rural areas. Hence, according to the rankings of VIKOR in terms of assets regarding the studied areas, it can be concluded that Taybad villages share more assets and were ranked in the top positions because of being close to Taybad and using more facilities. Thus, it is crucial to consider the present differences in assets and investments in the planning process for these villages. In addition, major efforts should be done in order to strengthen other weak assets.
    Keywords: Livelihood assets, rural development, sustainable livelihood, Taybad County, VIKOR technique