فهرست مطالب

Research and Rural Planning - Volume:5 Issue: 3, 2016

Journal of Research and Rural Planning
Volume:5 Issue: 3, 2016

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1395/09/20
  • تعداد عناوین: 13
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  • علمی – پژوهشی
  • عیسی بهاری، حمید برقی، حیدر رخشانی مقدم، ادریس یوسف زاده، نصرت مرادی صفحات 1-24
    هدف
    پژوهش حاضر با هدف ارزیابی عملکرد دفاتر فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات روستایی در ارائه خدمات به نواحی روستایی شهرستان سردشت انجام یافته و همچنین، میزان آگاهی مردم از خدمات دفاتر و میزان رضایت مردم از عملکرد خدمات دهی دفاتر ICT مورد برررسی قرار گرفته است.
    روش
    پژوهش پیش رو با توجه به هدف، از نوع کاربردی و از نظر ماهیت و روش، توصیفی- تحلیلی و پیمایشی است. جامعه آماری پژوهش، روستاهای دارای دفاتر ICT روستایی است که از این تعداد، 20 روستای دارای دفاتر ICT از طریق روش نمونه گیری تصادفی جهت توزیع پرسش نامه ها انتخاب شدند و با محاسبه حجم نمونه افراد بومی (کاربران) از طریق فرمول کوکران، 380 نمونه انتخاب شد روش انتخاب کارشناسان، از روش نمونه های در دسترس صورت گرفته است؛ به این معنی که مسوولان دفاتر روستاهای منتخب به عنوان کارشناس هدف در نظر گرفته شده است. جهت پاسخ گویی به سوالات و آزمون فرضیه ها از آزمون های خی دو1، آزمون T یک نمونه ای، آزمون ناپارامتری کروسکال والیس2 استفاده شده است.
    یافته ها
    یافته های پژوهش نشان می دهد که بین آگاهی مردم از خدمات دفاتر ICT و میزان استفاده آن ها از این دفاتر، رابطه معناداری وجود دارد که این میزان با مقدار ضریب 73/55 دارای رابطه مستقیم است. بین نوع دیدگاه افراد نسبت به نقش دفاتر ICT در ایجاد رفاه و آسایش و میزان استفاده از این دفاتر نیز با مقدار 42/98 رابطه معنادار آماری وجود دارد. در مجموع، دفاتر فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات در نواحی روستایی شهرستان، باعث افزایش کیفیت دسترسی روستاییان به خدمات شده و نوعی تعادل و توازن را در بین ساکنان روستایی در استفاده از خدمات دولتی به وجود آورده است. بنابراین، می توان بیان کرد که دفاتر ICT در ارائه خدمات به روستاهای شهرستان، موفق عمل کرده است.
    محدودیت ها: پراکندگی روستاهای مورد بررسی و دسترسی به آن ها و بالابودن هزینه تکمیل پرسش نامه ها از چالش های پژوهش حاضر محسوب می شود.
    راهکارهای عملی: پیشنهاد می شود در روستاهای فاقد دفاتر ICT در نواحی مرزی شهرستان، به خصوص روستاهایی که از دسترسی به این فناوری محروم اند، دفاتر ICT ایجاد شود که این امر علاوه بر ماندگاری جمعیت در روستاها و توسعه نواحی روستایی شهرستان به امنیت ملی کشور نیز کمک می کند؛ زیرا روستاهای مرزی در کشور، حکم یک پایگاه نظامی برای امنیت کشور محسوب می شوند.
    اصالت و ارزش: مطالعه توسعه دفاتر ICT در روستاهای شهرستان سردشت به عنوان پل ارتباطی، می تواند در برنامه ریزی های آتی، زمینه های ارتباط بین ساکنان روستا و مدیران محلی را با نهادهای دولتی و بخش خصوصی فراهم کند و ارائه خدمات نهادهای دولتی را تسهیل بخشد.
    کلیدواژگان: دفاتر فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات، روستای الکترونیکی، خدمات دولتی، شهرستان سردشت
  • سلیمان صادقی چم چنگی، احمد تقدیسی، سید اسکندر صیدایی صفحات 25-37
    هدف
    پژوهش حاضر در پی بررسی تاثیر تنوع اقتصادی بر پایداری در نواحی روستایی شهرستان شهرکرد، به عنوان رهیافتی برای بهینه سازی طرح ها و برنامه های آینده، کمک در تصمیم گیری ها و برنامه ریزی ها در جهت توسعه پایدار نواحی روستایی خواهد بود و نیز ارائه راهکارهای مناسب برای حفظ و تقویت پایداری در نواحی روستایی است.
    روش
    این پژوهش از نوع تحقیقات تحلیلی- پیمایشی است که در این پژوهش، از مجموع 54 روستای شهرستان شهرکرد، 27روستا از چهار بخش مرکزی، لاران، بن و سامان در سه سطح جغرافیایی (کوهستانی، دره ای و دشتی) به عنوان روستاهای نمونه انتخاب شده اند و با استفاده از فرمول کوکران تعداد 375 خانوار از 17032 خانوار به عنوان حجم نمونه خانوار تعیین شده است. آن گاه، برای هر روستا نسبت یا سهم جامعه نمونه، با توجه به نسبت هر روستا به کل جامعه از نظر تعداد خانوار محاسبه شده است. روش مورد استفاده در این پژوهش برای دست یابی به نمونه پژوهشی، نمونه گیری تصادفی طبقه بندی (طبقه ای) متناسب (نسبی) است. ابزار مورد استفاده، پرسش نامه می باشد که روایی آن از سوی اساتید گروه های جغرافیا و علوم اجتماعی مورد تایید قرار گرفته و پایایی آن نیز با استفاده از ضریب آلفای کرنباخ برابر (653/0) به تایید رسیده است.
    یافته ها
    در این پژوهش با استفاده از نرم افزارSPSS، تاثیر تنوع اقتصادی بر پایداری، مورد سنجش قرار گرفت. نتایج آزمون هم بستگی گویای آن است که بین دو متغیر تحقیق، در سطح 0.765 در هم بستگی پیرسون رابطه وجود دارد و این رابطه در سطح خطای 1 درصد معناداراست. همچنین، نشان دهنده هم بستگی مستقیم بین تنوع اقتصادی و ابعاد پایداری روستایی است؛ علاوه بر این، روستاها را از نظر پایداری اقتصادی، در سه سطح جغرافیایی « دره ای (رودخانه ای)، دشتی و کوهستانی» نیز رتبه بندی کرده که روستاهای رودخانه ای به دلیل بهره مندی از تنوع درآمدی، دارای پایداری بالاتری نسبت به سایر نواحی می باشند.
    راهکارهای عملی: در این راستا، بهترین راهکار برای ارتقای وضعیت درآمدی روستاییان از طریق تنوع بخشی به اقتصاد با تاکید بر توان محیطی آن ها به دست می آید.
    کلیدواژگان: تنوع اقتصادی، پایداری، توسعه پایدار، شهرستان شهرکرد
  • نسیم ایزدی، وحید علی آبادی، حشمت الله سعدی صفحات 39-60
    هدف
    هدف این تحقیق، ترسیم نوع مشارکت زنان روستای در مشاغل روستایی براساس نردبان مشارکت شری آرنستین و مدل سازی در شهرستان کنگاور است.
    روش
    این تحقیق توصیفی- هم بستگی است و جامعه آماری تحقیق را زنان روستاهای شهرستان کنگاور تشکیل دادند که دارای مشاغل خانگی فعال بودند. حجم نمونه 168 نفرتعیین شد. در این تحقیق از روش تمام شماری استفاده شد. جهت تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها ازنرم افزارهایSPSS 20 ، Amos 22 استفاده شد.
    یافته ها
    براساس یافته ها، اولویت بندی پله های مشارکت گویای آن است که بالا ترین پله به دگرگون سازی و آخرین پله به قدرت قانونی تعلق دارد. رابطه بین متغیرهای مستقل و مشارکت مثبت و معنادار بود. نتایج تحلیل مسیر گویای آن است که مولفه های اقتصادی، اجتماعی فرهنگی، فردی– حرفه ای و نهادی– مدیریتی در مجموع 76 درصد از تغییرات مشارکت زنان در مشاغل خانگی را تبیین می کند.
    محدودیت ها و راهبردها: پیشنهاد می شود که در تحقیقات آتی توجه بیش تری به مشکلات و توانمندی های زنان روستایی شود.
    اصالت و ارزش: زنان روستایی با دارابودن نیمی از جمعیت روستاها نقش عمده ای را در فعالیت های تولیدی به عهده دارند. حدود هشت میلیون زن روستایی 10 سال به بالا، در بخش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی فعالیت دارند، این زنان در امور گوناگون در جوامع روستایی مشارکت دارند و در جریان تولید اقتصاد در سطوح ملی و خانواده نقش بسیار مهمی را ایفا می کنند؛ به طوری که می توان از آن ها به عنوان کلید دست یابی به توسعه روستایی نام برد؛ اما این جمعیت متاسفانه در اکثر برنامه ریزی ها و تحقیقات نادیده گرفته می شوند. این تحقیق به مطالعه این گروه پرداخته است.
    کلیدواژگان: کسب و کار خانگی، نردبان مشارکت شری آرنستین، زنان روستایی، AMOS
  • کلثوم ذاکری میاب، محسن آقایاری هیر صفحات 61-74
    هدف
    زلزله یکی از مهمترین عوامل آسیب پذیری نواحی روستایی در ایران است که به خصوص به دلیل عمق کم کانون، خسارات زیادی را به دنبال دارد. علاوه بر موقعیت مطلق و نسبی نواحی مختلف کشور، گسیختگی سازمان فضایی و فقدان سلسلهمراتب مبتنی بر رابطه تعاملی میان سکونتگاه ها، یکی از مهمترین عوامل تاثیرگذار است. این امر منجر به نابه سامانی جمعیت، فعالیت، خدمات و کارکردها و در نتیجه، افزایش میزان آسیب پذیری سکونتگاه های روستایی در برابر مخاطرات طبیعی و از آن جمله زلزله می شود. در این ارتباط، تعیین الگوی مناسب نظام استقرار سکونتگاه ها برای محدودکردن اثرات نامطلوب زلزله، ضروری به نظر می رسد که تلاش شده تا در منطقه مورد مطالعه به انجام رسد.
    روش
    این پژوهش از لحاظ هدف، کاربردی و با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی صورت گرفته است. داده های مورد نیاز از مطالعات کتابخانه ای و داده های مرکز آمار ایران 1390 گردآوری شده اند. جامعه آماری این تحقیق شامل 74 روستای بخش مرکزی شهرستان مرند می باشد که به صورت تمام شماری مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. در این راستا از بین مدل ها و تکنیک های مورد بررسی برای تحلیل فضایی، مدل همبستگی خودکار فضایی مبتنی بر شاخص مورن I، جهت تعیین پراکندگی/ تمرکز آسیب پذیری فضایی سکونتگاه-های روستایی و آزمون آماری کالموگراف- اسمیرنف جهت تحلیل معناداری تفاوت توزیع روستاها در سطوح مختلف آسیب پذیری در محدوده مورد مطالعه استفاده شد. در پردازش و تحلیل داده ها و نیز نمایش نتایج، سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS) مورد توجه بوده است.
    یافته ها
    نتایج تحلیل مورن I، آماره 94/0 را نشان می دهد. بر این اساس، چنین به نظر میرسد که از نظر هندسه فضایی، الگوی اسکان حاکم در منطقه مورد مطالعه، متمرکز یا خوشه ایبوده و روستاها به صورت متعادل و یکنواخت در محدوده مورد مطالعه توزیع نشده اند. نتایج آزمون کالموگراف- اسمیرنف نیز نشان می دهد که آماره آزمون Dmax=0.205)) از مقدار بحرانی W(1- )بزرگتر است. این نشان دهنده وجود تفاوت معنادار بین توزیع روستاها در طبقات مختلف آسیب پذیری با مقادیر مورد انتظار است.
    محدودیت ها/ راهبردها: فقدان پیشینه تحقیق کافی، از چالش های مطالعه حاضر است.
    راهکارهای عملی: با عنایت به آسیب پذیری بالای محدوده مورد مطالعه و الگوی فضایی حاکم بر منطقه، در برنامه ریزی توسعه فضایی روستاها، لازم است تغییرات در ویژگی های اقتصادی- اجتماعی و کالبدی- فضایی آنها لحاظ شود تا آسیب پذیری کاهش و محدوده مورد مطالعه نسبت به شرایط بحرانی انعطاف پذیرشود.
    اصالت و ارزش: پژوهش حاضر در مقایسه با مطالعات صورتگرفته، به دنبال ارائه رویکردی متفاوت و نو برای مطالعه فضایی آسیب-پذیری سکونتگاه ها است.
    کلیدواژگان: زلزله، سکونتگاه روستایی، مدیریت بحران، تحلیل فضایی، الگوی توزیع
  • وحید ریاحی، طاهر پریزادی، ستار قاسمی صفحات 75-90
    هدف
    دراین تحقیق که از نوع کیفی است و از لحاظ روش، اقدام پژوهی می باشد، هدف اصلی بررسی تاثیرات تسهیلات بانکی مسکن در توسعه روستایی است
    روش
    در این تحقیق، در نواحی روستایی شهرستان اشنویه که دارای 1350 بهره مند وام است، از میان جامعه ای با 208 بهره مند وام از چهار مرکز دهستان، 28 بهره مند وام با استفاده از روش دلفی با نظر استادان راهنما و کارشناسان بنیاد مسکن انقلاب اسلامی شهرستان اشنویه به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شده و با استفاده از روش کیفی- توصیفی (پیمایشی) و تحلیل محتوا برای شناخت نحوه و میزان تاثیرات ابعاد اجتماعی، اقتصادی، کالبدی و زیست محیطی حاصل از تسهیلات بانکی مسکن و نقش آن در توسعه روستایی با پرسش نامه ای که به روش دلفی طراحی شده بود، مورد مصاحبه عمقی پاسخ گویان قرار گرفت.
    یافته ها
    نتایج به دست آمده نشان می دهد که تسهیلات بانکی مسکن، به عنوان محرک مالی توسعه روستایی با توجه به وزن کمی در بخش های کالبدی (میزان برخورداری واحد مسکونی از فضا و بهداشت آن، میزان استحکام واحد مسکونی) با 94. درصد، بیش ترین تاثیر را داشته و در مراتب بعدی در ابعاد زیست محیطی (میزان اثرگذاری واحد مسکونی در تخریب محیط زیست، میزان انطباق واحد مسکونی با محیط زیست، میزان اثرگذاری در صرفه جویی انرژی و استفاده از انرژی محیط) 85. درصد، اجتماعی (اثرگذاری بر میزان تعاملات اجتماعی، اثرگذاری بر برخورداری از رفاه و آسایش، اثرگذاری بر وضعیت بهداشتی خانواده، اثرگذاری بر فرهنگ و رفتار و جایگاه اجتماعی شخص، میزان اثرگذاری در جمعیت و روند مهاجرت) با 75. درصد، اقتصادی (میزان تغییر فضای معیشتی و مقاومت مصالح و هزینه آن، میزان تاثیرگذاری بر زمان ساخت و هزینه شخصی و استطاعت شخص، میزان تاثیرگذاری بر درآمد، میزان تاثیر مسکن بر بهروری تولید، تاثیرگذاری مسکن در اقتصاد خرد، میزان رضایتمندی از روند ساخت مسکن، میزان اثرگذاری واحد مسکونی در تخریب محیط زیست، میزان انطباق واحد مسکونی با محیط زیست، میزان اثرگذاری در صرفه جویی انرژی و استفاده از انرژی محیط) با 50. درصد تاثیر داشته است.
    کلیدواژگان: تسهیلات بانکی، مسکن روستایی، توسعه روستایی، اشنویه
  • عباس امینی، شلیر فیضی صفحات 91-105
    هدف
    مطالعه حاضر در پی شناسایی ابعاد و مولفه هایی برای ارزیابی و سنجش میزان تجاری شدن کشت و پرورش توت فرنگی به عنوان اصلی ترین و تخصصی ترین محصول کشاورزی در شهرستان مریوان و بررسی و معرفی عوامل و متغیرهای موثر بر آن بوده است.
    روش
    جامعه آماری تحقیق را بهره برداران توت فرنگی کار شهرستان تشکیل داده و از آن میان، تعداد 191 بهره بردار به عنوان نمونه آماری تعیین و با استفاده از روش نمونه گیری طبقه ای تصادفی، انتخاب شدند. هم چنین، با انجام عملیات میدانی، داده های مورد نیاز گردآوری شد. سازه «تجاری شدن کشت و تولید توت فرنگی» به عنوان متغیر وابسته، با هفت مولفه سطح زیرکشت، تخصصی بودن کشت، افزودن به سطح زیرکشت محصول، میزان فروش سالانه محصول تولیدشده، عملکرد محصول، تعداد چین (برداشت) و بسته بندی محصول تولیدشده، عملیاتی شد.
    یافته ها
    وضعیت اقتصادی و معیشتی خانوار، عوامل فنی (شامل مکانیزاسیون، آبیاری و ساختار غیرخانوادگی نیروی کار)، کیفیت و مدیریت اراضی، بیمه محصول، آموزش های غیررسمی و حرفه ای ، رضایت مندی و امید به آینده شغلی و حمایت های نهادی- دولتی، متغیرهای دارای تاثیر معنی دار با قدرت تبیین 64 درصد از واریانس تجاری شدن کشت توت فرنگی در شهرستان مریوان بوده اند.
    محدودیت ها: کاستی آمارها و پایگاه های داده منطقه ای و برخی مشکلات میدانی، محدویت های عمده برای دسترسی به داده های مورد نیاز مطالعه بوده اند.
    راه کارهای عملی: شیوه های نوین پرورش محصول، استفاده از ارقام پربازده و مرغوب، استفاده و ارتقای روش ها و تجهیزات بسته بندی و بازاررسانی، آموزش، تشکل های تعاونی، صنایع تبدیلی و تکمیلی مناسب مقیاس، قیمت تضمینی و گسترش چتر بیمه ای محصول توت فرنگی، الزامات رانش نظام بهره برداری و تولید توت فرنگی منطقه به سمت شیوه های تجاری و موفقیت آن به شمار می روند.
    اصالت و ارزش: «تخصصی شدن» الگوی کشت محصولات با توجه به اقتضائات متفاوت مناطق مختلف جغرافیایی، راهبردی برای «تجاری سازی نظام های بهره برداری خرد زراعی» است که تاکید و وابستگی چندانی به عامل زمین و به ویژه بزرگی مقیاس آن ندارد.
    کلیدواژگان: بهره برداری های روستایی، کشت تخصصی، کشت تجاری، توت فرنگی، مریوان
  • جعفر مهدیون، ام السلمه بابایی فینی، مجید حضرتی، ولی الله ربیعی فر صفحات 107-125
    هدف
    شبکه معابر به عنوان شریان ارتباطی، یکی از مهم ترین اجزای بافت سکونت گاه های روستایی است و اصولا بافت نامنظم و پیچیده ای دارد. طرح هادی نیز برای نظم بخشیدن به شبکه معابر در روستا اجرا می شود. هدف این مقاله، بررسی میزان تاثیر طرح هادی روستایی در کیفیت نظم بخشیدن به شبکه معابر است.
    روش
    روش این مقاله از نظر هدف، کاربردی واز دیدگاه اجرایی توصیفی- تحلیلی است. گردآوری داده ها با مطالعات میدانی و کتاب خانه ای انجام شده است. جامعه آماری 24 روستای شهرستان زنجان است. جمعیت روستاهای منتخب 11554 نفر است که با استفاده از جدول مورگان، 373 نفر به عنوان نمونه آماری انتخاب شدند. برای تحلیل داده ها از آزمون تک نمونه ای t، آزمون نیکویی برازش و آزمون K-S با کمک نرم افزار SPSS استفاده شده است.
    یافته ها
    نتایج پژوهش نشان می دهد که براساس محاسبات آزمون تک نمونه ای t مولفه «کیفیت و مرغوبیت مصالح زیرسازی شبکه معابر» با آماره t 091/6 بیش ترین انطباق را با استانداردهای شبکه معابر دارد و بیش ترین رضایت جامعه آماری از شاخص «طول و عرض شبکه معابر» 52/889=2χ) بوده است. هم چنین، طبق برآورد آزمون K-S، بین توزیع نرمال (324/2N=) و توزیع پواسن (679/1P=) اختلاف هست. این عامل نشان می دهد که وضعیت شاخص های تحقیق رو به توسعه است.
    محدودیت ها: واکاوی میزان انطباق شاخص های شبکه معابر با استانداردهای تعیین شده در این زمینه و رضایت ساکنان از آن ها، مهم ترین چالش این پژوهش است.
    راه کارهای عملی: برای بهبود وضعیت، افزایش نظارت محلی و سازمانی، تایید کارشناسی کیفیت مصالح، نظارت بر رعایت مقررات بعد از اجرا و توجه به معماری و زیبایی شناسی و ایمنی در طراحی شبکه معابر ضروری است.
    اصالت و ارزش: اهمیت این پژوهش در پرداختن تخصصی به وضعیت شبکه معابر روستایی و ارائه راه کارهای لازم برای بهبود آن در طرح های آینده است.
    کلیدواژگان: توسعه کالبدی، معماری شبکه معابر، استاندارد شبکه معابر، زنجان
  • علیرضا دربان، محمدرضا رضوانی، صابر صدیقی صفحات 127-143
    هدف
    هدف از این پژوهش، شناخت میزان تغییر کاربری اراضی کشاورزی، جنگلی و اراضی ساخته شده به ترتیب سال های 1357، 1368، 1381 و 1394، شناخت پراکنش جغرافیایی تغییر کاربری اراضی کشاورزی شهرستان محمودآباد طی چهار دهه اخیر و شناخت عامل تغییر کاربری اراضی کشاورزی و جنگلی در شهرستان محمودآباد است.
    روش
    روش این تحقیق، تجربی- تحلیلی و از نظر هدف، کاربردی است. به منظور گردآوری داده های مورد نیاز از دو روش اسنادی و میدانی (از طریق تکمیل 220 پرسش نامه) استفاده شد. روایی پرسش نامه توسط جمعی از اساتید جغرافیای روستایی و شهری مورد تائید قرارگرفته شد. هم چنین، مقدار آلفای کرون باخ 0.9 به دست آمد. به منظور ارزیابی میزان اثرات گویه ها، از آزمون کایاسکوئر و در نهایت، برای ارزیابی کلی ابعاد از آزمون T تک نمونه ای استفاده شده است. هم چنین، پردازش تصاویر ماهواره ای شهرستان محمودآباد از سال 1357 تا 1394، با استفاده از نرم افزار Envi و GIS صورت گرفته است.
    یافته ها
    پردازش تصاویر ماهواره ای نشان داد که تغییرات کاربری اراضی جنگلی طی دوره های زمانی 1357، 1368، 1381 و 1394 به ترتیب 66، 22.3، 18 و 14.3 کیلومتر مربع بوده است (مساحت شهرستان برابر است با 262 کیلومتر مربع). نتایج حاصل از تحقیقات میدانی نشان داد که مهم ترین عوامل اقتصادی تغییر کاربری عبارت اند از: قیمت پایین محصولات کشاورزی، مخارج بالای زندگی و به صرفه نبودن درآمد کشاورزی، تورم بالا در جامعه و ارزش بیش تر خود زمین تا کشاورزی. هم چنین، در بعد اجتماعی عوامل مهم و موثر عبارت اند از: افزایش جمعیت ساکنان بومی روستا، عدم تمایل جوانان به فعالیت های کشاورزی، تغییر استانداردهای زندگی و تمایل به شهرنشینی.
    اصالت و ارزش
     اطلاع از نسبت کاربری ها و نحوه تغییرات آن در گذر زمان یکی از مهم ترین موارد در برنامه ریزی ها هست. با اطلاع از نسبت تغییرات کاربری می توان تغییرات آتی را پیش بینی کرده و اقدامات لازم را انجام داد. در همین راستا، این تحقیق به تحلیل عوامل اقتصادی و اجتماعی تشدید کننده تغییرات کاربری اراضی در شهرستان محمودآباد در سال 1394 پرداخته است. در نهایت، پیشنهاد هایی به منظور جلوگیری یا حداقل کندکردن روند موجود ارائه شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: اراضی کشاورزی، تغییر کاربری، شهرستان محمودآباد، عوامل اقتصادی و اجتماعی، تصاویر ماهواره ای
  • جعفر توکلی، جواد دامن باغ صفحات 145-161
    هدف
    مقاله حاضر با هدف شناسایی تاثیر تعارض های حقوقی مالکیت اراضی زراعی بر کیفیت بهره برداری از اراضی کشاورزی در بخش ماهیدشت انجام گرفته است. شناخت این پیامدها ضمن روشن کردن اهمیت آن ها در اقتصاد روستایی، زمینه مناسبی برای برنامه ریزان در راستای ارائه راه کارهای مفید در مقابله با عوارض منفی این مساله خواهد بود.
    روش
    پژوهش حاضر با رویکرد توصیفی- تحلیلی و تکیه بر داده های اسنادی و میدانی انجام گرفته است. مولفه های مورد مطالعه عبارت اند از: درآمد و سرمایه گذاری، مشارکت و اشتغال، الگوی کشت، مدیریت زمین و فرآیند تولید. بهره برداران زراعی بخش ماهیدشت، جامعه آماری تحقیق را تشکیل می دهند که با استفاده از روش قضاوتی 200 بهره بردار زراعی به عنوان حجم نمونه انتخاب و در دو گروه 100 نفری درگیر تعارض ملکی زراعی و بدون تعارض ملکی زراعی در 8 روستای بخش با ابزار پرسش نامه مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند.
    یافته ها
    نتایج تحقیق نشان می دهد، تعارض مالکیت زراعی در همه مولفه های یادشده، تاثیر منفی بر بهره وری کشاورزی گذاشته است. گروه های مورد مطالعه از نظر این مولفه ها دارای تفاوت معناداری با سطح اطمینان 99 درصد هستند. در صورتی که تفاوت معناداری میان روستاهای مورد مطالعه تایید نشده است.
    محدودیت پژوهش: نبود مبانی نظری و پیشینه کافی مرتبط با موضوع پژوهش به عنوان محدودیت مطرح است.
    راه کارهای عملی: اصلاح نظام ارث بری با استفاده از نظر فقها و حقوق دانان از یک سو و نیز اقداماتی نظیر کاهش دیوان سالاری و زمان رسیدگی در بررسی این گونه دعاوی از سوی مراجع قضایی، ترویج و توسع یکپارچه سازی اراضی زراعی و توسعه تعاونی های تولید می تواند در این زمینه راه گشا باشد.
    اصالت و ارزش: سیاست گذاران و برنامه ریزان مسائل روستایی و نیز اداراتی نظیر جهاد کشاورزی و دادگستری که به صورت مستقیم با امور روستا و دعاوی حقوقی کشاورزان در ارتباط هستند، می توانند از نتایج تحقیق حاضر در راستای برنامه های خود استفاده کنند.
    کلیدواژگان: تعارض مالکیت، نظام ارث بری، بهره برداری کشاورزی، اراضی زراعی، ماهیدشت
  • فرانک کرمیان، علی اصغر میرک زاده، کیومرث زرافشانی صفحات 163-178
    هدف
    پژوهش حاضر با هدف کلی تحلیل زمینه ها و علل به کارگیری کودکان در فعالیت های کشاورزی در مناطق روستایی انجام گرفته است.
    روش
    جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل سه گروه کودکان کار 5 تا 18 سال (934 نفر)، والدین کودکانی که کودکانشان در مزارع کار می کنند و کارشناسان ادارات مرتبط با کارکودکان است. روش نمونه گیری در بخش کودکان به صورت طبقه ای با انتساب متناسب حجم صورت گرفت و اعضای نمونه با استفاده از جدول کرجسی و مورگان (1970) 272 نفر تعیین شد. در جامعه والدین به دلیل نبود آمار دقیق در این زمینه از روش نمونه گیری هدفمند استفاده شد. کارشناسان مربوطه نیز که 30 نفر بودند، به صورت تمام شماری مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. جهت جمع آوری اطلاعات از پرسش نامه ساختاریافته بهره گرفته شد و به منظور تعیین روایی از روش تایید متخصصان، جهت تعیین پایایی ضریب آلفای کرونباخ محاسبه شد (عللα =0/83 و زمینه فعالیت کودکان α =0/95). جهت تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها از نرم افزار SPSS بهره گرفته شد.
    یافته ها
    طبق نتایج تحقیق، کودکان مواردی هم چون ارزان بودن استفاده از کودکان، زبر و زرنگ بودن آن ها و ایجاد مسوولیت پذیری را از عوامل اصلی کار کودکان بیان کردند. این درحالی بود که والدین به عواملی هم چون عدم آگاهی والدین از خطرات کار کردن، ارزان بودن استفاده از نیروی کار خانوادگی، گوش به حرف بودن کودکان اشاره کردند. از طرفی، کارشناسان مهم ترین دلیل کار کودکان را، ارزان بودن استفاده از نیروی کار خانوادگی، فقر خانواده و وجود پدر و مادر ازکارافتاده بیان کردند.
    محدودیت: محدودیت منابع فارسی در رابطه با موضوع تحقیق و مشکل بودن برقراری رابطه با کودکان، از عمده ترین چالش های تحقیق است.
    راه کارهای علمی: با توجه به یافته های تحقیق توصیه می شود که با ایجاد تنوع در منابع درآمدی روستاییان، میزان درآمد خانوارهای روستایی را ارتقا داده تا سرپرستان به جای به کارگرفتن اجباری کودکان خود، از کارگران ماهر استفاده و از این طریق، فشار کم تری بر کودکانشان تحمیل کنند.
    اصالت و ارزش: تا کنون تحقیقی در این زمینه در ایران صورت نگرفته است.
    کلیدواژگان: کشاورزی، روستا، کودک، کودک کار، ماهیدشت
  • جواد بذرافشان، مهرشاد طولابی نژاد صفحات 179-195
    هدف
    نقش و اهمیت سرمایه گذاری در فرآیند رشد و توسعه جوامع در اکثر نظریات رشد و توسعه اقتصادی مورد تاکید قرار گرفته است. با توجه به این که توسعه روستاها از عوامل اصلی توسعه ملی به شمار می آید، لازم است سرمایه گذاری برای مولدترین و کارآمدترین بخش ها در جهت تسریع توسعه فراهم شود. هدف این پژوهش، بررسی اثرات سرمایه گذاری در توانمندسازی و رفاه خانوارهای روستایی در دهستان ملاوی می باشد.
    روش
    روش تحقیق، توصیفی- تحلیلی است که با استفاده از آن، به بررسی عملکرد و اثرات سرمایه گذاری بر توانمندسازی و رفاه خانوارهای روستاهای این دهستان پرداخته شده است. در این پژوهش، تعداد 157 خانوار با استفاده از فرمول کوکران (تعداد 13 روستا) به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شد. جهت تجزیه وتحلیل داده ها، از روش آمار توصیفی و آمار استنباطی (آزمون t تک نمونه ای و هم بستگی پیرسون) استفاده شده است.
    یافته ها
    نتایج حاصل از تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات به دست آمده براساس آزمون t تک نمونه ای و آزمون هم بستگی پیرسون نشان می دهد که بین میزان سرمایه گذاری و توانمند سازی و رفاه خانوارها در منطقه مورد مطالعه، رابطه کاملا معناداری وجود دارد. هم چنین، یافته ها نشان می دهد که عملکرد و اثرات سرمایه گذاری در دهستان ملاوی باعث افزایش توانمندی و رفاه خانوارهای روستایی در این منطقه شده است.
    راه کارهای عملی: با توجه به یافته های تحقیق پیشنهاد می شود که در این خصوص، دست اندرکاران و برنامه ریزان فرآیند توسعه مناطق روستایی به اهمیت نقش این سرمایه گذاری ها در مناطق روستایی توجه کافی داشته باشند. هم چنین، فواید مثبت آن دقیق تر مورد بررسی قرار گرفته شود و با افزایش این سرمایه گذاری ها در نواحی روستایی، زمینه توسعه نواحی روستایی فراهم شود.
    کلیدواژگان: سرمایه گذاری، توانمندسازی، رفاه، توسعه روستایی، شهرستان پل دختر
  • فریده عظیمی، سامول آوتسیان صفحات 197-214
    هدف
    هدف اصلی این تحقیق، یافتن زمینه ها و پیش بینی میزان سرمایه گذاری در بخش زیرساخت ها و اماکن مورد نیاز توسعه توریسم روستایی دراستان تهران توسط سه بخش دولت، ساکنان روستایی و بخش خصوصی است.
    روش
    این پژوهش براساس روش پژوهش اسنادی و پیمایشی، با استفاده از پرسش نامه و هم چنین، مصاحبه چهره به چهره انجام شده است. جامعه آماری این پژوهش شامل سه گروه زیر است: گروه مسوولان که متشکل از تعداد 119 نفر از مسوولان دولتی ستادی، شهرستانی و محلی مرتبط با مقوله توسعه روستایی هستند. گروه مردم محلی یا ساکنان روستایی شامل 122 نفر از ساکنان روستایی استان تهران که دارای سکونت دائم و یا موقت در روستا هستند و گروه دارندگان مشاغل خصوصی متشکل از 183 نفر که در این گروه تعدادی از اعضای سازمان های غیردولتی نیز مشارکت داشته اند.
    یافته ها
    در مناطق روستایی استان وضعیت زیرساخت هایی هم چون جاده، برق و گاز مناسب بوده؛ ولی تعداد هتل، مهمان سرا، کمپ و بازارچه های روستایی نامناسب است. به اعتقاد مسوولان دولتی، دولت باید در زمینه هایی هم چون جاده سازی، مرمت آثار تاریخی، خدمات بهداشتی، گاز و برق رسانی و توسعه مراکز بهداشتی سرمایه گذاری کند. ساکنان محلی معتقدند که آن ها باید در زمینه هایی هم چون مهمان سرا، کمپ، و بازارچه های روستایی سرمایه گذاری کنند و به اعتقاد بخش خصوصی، سرمایه گذاری آن ها باید در زمینه هتل سازی، مهمان سرا، کمپ و بازارچه های روستایی و مراکز خدمات فنی و نیازهای توریست ها باشد. طی سال های 1393-1384 در استان تهران، میزان سرمایه گذاری در ازای هر توریست، 7.77 دلار بوده است. براساس سرمایه گذاری های پیش بینی شده به ازای 5 درصد افزایش سرمایه گذاری سالیانه توسط این سه گروه، می توان به افزایش اشتغال سالیانه 11213 شغل در مناطق روستایی استان دست یافت.
    محدودیت ها و راهبردها: ازمهم ترین محدودیت های این تحقیق، نبودن سابقه مطالعاتی در زمینه سرمایه گذاری در بخش توریسم روستایی در کشورمان و هم چنین، فقدان آمار و اطلاعات مورد نیاز در این زمینه بوده است.
    راه کارهای عملی: برنامه ریزی های کلان در زمینه سرمایه گذاری در بخش توریسم روستایی، جلب مشارکت سرمایه گذاری مردمی و خصوصی توسط دولت و حمایت های تسهیلاتی و غیرنقدی دولت از این سرمایه گذاران.
    اصالت و
    روش
    نوآوری این مقاله در ارتباط با سوق دادن سرمایه گذاری های روستایی در زمینه توسعه روستایی و نه در جهت عمران روستایی می باشد. هم چنین، چشم انداز مستندی را نسبت به توسعه توریسم روستایی و در نهایت، توسعه روستایی ترسیم می کند.
    کلیدواژگان: توسعه روستایی، توریسم روستایی، سرمایه گذاری توریسم روستایی، زیرساخت های توریسم روستایی، تهران
  • ابوذر پایدار صفحات 215-229
    هدف
    علی رغم تاکید زیاد بر رونق صنایع دستی، متاسفانه در بعضی مناطق جغرافیایی کشور، صنایع دستی جای گاه اولیه خود را در زندگی روستاییان از دست داده است. هدف تحقیق حاضر، شناسایی و اولویت بندی عوامل رکود صنایع دستی و هنری بلوچ در نواحی روستایی شهرستان قصرقند می باشد.
    روش تحقیق: نوع تحقیق به لحاظ هدف، کاربردی بوده و روش انجام آن توصیفی- تحلیلی با راهبرد پیمایشی است. روش گردآوری داده ها کمی و کیفی با استفاده از ابزارهایی چون فیش برداری، مصاحبه و کارت های کیو است. جامعه آماری شامل افراد آگاه و باتجربه در زمینه تولید، آموزش و مدیریت صنایع دستی شهرستان قصرقند است. جامعه نمونه شامل 28 نفر از مدیران، مربیان، هنرمندان محلی، و کارشناسان میراث فرهنگی و صنایع دستی است. روش تحلیل داده ها استفاده از آزمون T تک نمونه ای و تحلیل عاملی عامل مبنا (Q) است.
    یافته ها
    منطقه مورد مطالعه، علی رغم این که از توانمندی و ظرفیت بالایی در زمینه صنایع دستی برخوردار است و دارای کارگاه های تولیدی زنانه و مردانه متعددی است که انواع محصولات را با کیفیت بالا تولید می کنند؛ اما مدیریت عرضه و فروش تولیدات با موانع اساسی مواجه است. مانع اصلی، نبود زمین و مکان عرضه محصول در بازارهای هدف است. «پیش نیازهای مدیریتی-نهادی»، «ارتقای نظام فنی و آموزشی» و «انگیزشی»، به ترتیب، عوامل اصلی موثر بر رونق صنایع دستی روستاهای شهرستان قصرقند را نشان می دهند. هم چنین، پیش نیازهایی چون «نیازهای مادی- فیزیکی»، «نیازهای سرمایه ای و انسانی» و «افزایش بازدهی اقتصادی فعالیت ها» امتیاز عاملی پایینی داشته و نمی توان عاملی را از آن استخراج کرد.
    محدودیت ها: محدودیت دسترسی به صنایع دستی زنان بلوچ، پراکندگی جغرافیایی صنایع و صنعت گران.
    راه کارهای عملی: اتخاذ نگرش سیستمی نسبت به مقوله مدیریت صنایع دستی بلوچ. علی رغم این که غلبه بر مسائل پیش روی صنایع دستی از منظر عام نیازمند نگرش سیستمی به این مقوله است؛ اما از منظری خاص تر با توجه به موانع موفقیت تعاونی صنایع دستی شهرستان و صنعت گران و هنرمندان محلی، می توان اختصاص زمین در مکان های مقصد و بازار، رونق حمل و نقل، تبلیغات و برپایی نمایشگاه ها، و تهیه آرم و برند را مهم ترین فاکتورهای موثر بر رونق صنایع دستی شهرستان در روستاهای قصرقند در حال حاضر دانست. ایجاد تغییرات در صنایع دستی بلوچ به شرطی که به ماهیت و ارزش اولیه آن ها آسیب نرسد، می تواند به افزایش بازارپسندی این محصولات کمک کند. هم چنین، افزایش تبلیغات (رسانه ای، تهیه بروشور، بنر، پوستر، کتابچه و غیره) می تواند افزایش جریان اطلاعات بین قطب تولید و بازارهای مصرف را بهبود بخشد.
    اصالت و ارزش: تحلیل عمیق عامل مبنا برای کشف عوامل موثر بر رونق صنایع دستی بلوچ، صحت و دقت بالای نتایج به خاطر تجربه و تخصص بالای جامعه نمونه در زمینه موضوع تحقیق. از این رو، ارزش یافته های تحقیق از یک طرف به روش گردآوری و تحلیل داده ها برمی گردد؛ زیرا صرفا متکی بر روش های ترکیبی و عامل مبناست و از طرف دیگر، به تفسیر و مستندسازی یافته ها برمی گردد.
    کلیدواژگان: توسعه اقتصاد روستایی، بازاریابی و مدیریت فرش، صنایع دستی بلوچ، قصرقند
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  • Isa Bahari, Hamid Barghi, Heydar Rakhshanie., Moghadam, Edris Yousefzadeh, Nosrat Moradi Pages 1-24
    Introduction
    In recent years, the demand for applying strategies related to ICT for rural development in developing countries has provided a lot of capabilities and facilities for creating an evolution. Achieving abundant opportunities for a large part of the population of rural regions to pass digital gaps and access information resources as well as providing services by ICT can be the first stage of this evolution. Accordingly, benefits obtained from the revolution in ICT is not only limited to citizens and specific people, but it can have extensive effects on national and international economy in its macro sense. In this regard, it can be stated that the development of ICT in rural regions can open new windows towards the use of rural residents from unlimited facilities and rural communication be changed in a way which has not been imagined so far.
    Regarding the subject, the main objective of the present study is to evaluate the performance of ICT rural offices in Sardasht County in providing services to rural regions. Therefore, the following questions are presented as the research questions:- Is the degree of people’s awareness of services provided in ICT offices effective on the degree of using these offices?
    - Is people’s acceptance of the role of ICT offices in creating welfare and convenience effective on the degree of using these offices?
    - Can ICT offices result in saving time for doing administrative affairs of rural residents?
    - How is the performance of ICT offices in providing services?
    - Is the population size of villages effective on the performance of ICT offices?
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Castles (2001) believes that humanity, by passing two important historical periods (the first and second revolutions), is now on the eve of the third period. The advent of “network societies” is considered one of significant characteristics of the third period. In fact, ICT has provided the possibility of the advent of network societies in which individuals and communities have received new identities and new definitions of humanity have been presented. In addition, these networks themselves have experienced permanent changes and consequently new life patterns in different regions under the influence of internal dynamism. By accepting Castles’ view as the ICT dimension in the issue of globalization, the concept of Information Society can be clarified. The challenge of globalization has made countries to develop their own ICT structures and provide capable environments for sharing information and knowledge, because the root of the current globalization should be searched in capitalism and consequently the advent of outstanding upheavals in technology and communication.
    ICT as a tool for increasing the level of communication can create conditions so that villages can be developed day by day and become appropriate to their own contemporary conditions. Nowadays, the belief is that ICT centers are new concepts in the category of rural development which help villagers to access social, economic, educational, and academic opportunities via applying remote ICT. These centers, via accessing services of these few opportunities, provide the cost of these local societies. In fact, due to specific problems of rural regions, ICT offices can facilitate the strategy of rural development. In addition, the effects of distance and access as well as remoteness refer to this issue. On the other hand, providing appropriate bandwidth can provide new ways for the training and learning of rural population.
    Methodology
    The method employed in this research is applied in terms of objective, descriptive-analytical in terms of method, and survey study in terms of data collection method. The population of the study includes villages having ICT offices in Sardasht County in West Azerbaijan Province including 44 villages with 28970 residents. Regarding the temporal and cost limitations, the research was conducted on 20 villages with ICT offices via the simple random sampling method for distributing questionnaires. By calculating the sample size of local individuals (users) via Cochran formula at the significance level 95% and standard error 5%, 380 participants were selected. To sampling these participants, the stratified random sampling was used. The method of selecting experts was conducted via convenient sampling method, it means that officials of the selected rural offices were considered as experts. Using SPSS software, data were analyzed and employing statistical methods (descriptive and inferential statistics) such as Chi-square, one sample t-test, and non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis Test, research questions were answered.
    Discussion
    Findings reveal that there is a significant relationship between people' awareness of services of ICT offices and the extent they use those offices which this amount has positive relationship with 55.73 coefficient. In addition, there is a significant relationship between the standpoint of villagers regarding the role of ICT offices in creating welfare and convenience and the extent they use those offices which this amount has positive relationship with coefficient as 98.42. In addition, findings indicate that from the viewpoint of those in charge of rural ICT offices, current facilities and resources of ICT offices are enough to fulfill needs of the clients. Furthermore, the quality of the deliverance of bank, postal and internet services of ICTs is acceptable and villagers are satisfied with those services.
    Conclusions
    The results obtained from the research indicate that ICT offices in rural regions of the county cause the increase in the quality of villagers’ access to services and it has provided a kind of equality and balance among rural residents in using public services. Therefore, it can be stated that ICT offices have been successful in providing services for villages of the county.
    In addition, the results of the research indicate that the quality of the services provided by ICT offices is proportionate to the population of villages. It means that the bigger the size of the population of villages, the better the performance of ICT offices.
    According to findings of the present study, to enhance and improve the performance of ICT offices in Sardasht County, the following strategies and suggestions are presented: - Allocating sufficient credits for developing ICT and to reinforce telecommunication infrastructures in rural regions of the county both in hardware and software terms.
    - Applying special workshops in ICT and more training courses for the staff and changing them from simple employees into informatics users.
    - Setting up ICT offices in villages lacking in offices and particularly villages deprived of accessing this technology. This issue has contributed to population in villages and in addition to development of rural regions in the county; it has helped the national security because borderline villages are considered as military bases for the security of Iran.
    Keywords: Electronic village, ICT offices, public services, Sardasht County
  • Soleyman Sadeghiee., Chamchengi, Ahmad Taghdisi, Seyyed Eskandar Seydaiee Pages 25-37
    Introduction
    Recent century has witnessed a more growing interest in the concept of “sustainability”. The impetus for this interest arises from a number of factors including awareness of worsening social, economic, and environmental conditions and lack of ability on the part of the present economic and social systems in most developing countries to keep population especially in rural regions. As such, villagers, compared to city dwellers, have less income and receive fewer social services. So, they are considered as more vulnerable and poor. These factors lead to their emigration. The present study seeks to investigate the effect of economic diversity on rural regions’ sustainability in Shahrekord County, aiming at optimizing the future programs, contributing to better decision-makings and programming directed at sustainable development of rural regions as well as presenting suitable strategies and solutions to keep and enhance sustainability of rural regions.
    Methodology
    In this study, required data was collected through survey-correlational method. 27 villages out of a total of 54 villages of Shahrekord County were selected from among 4 districts: Central, Laran, Ben, and Saman, at 3 geographical levels: mountainous-based, valley-based, and plain-based. Utilizing the Cochran formula, 382 families were selected as the sample, out of a total of 17032 rural families. Then the sample was determined based on the population of each village to the whole population. The stratified random sampling was used as the method to select and determine the required sample. After that, a questionnaire was designed and administered to the participants. The reliability estimate of the questionnaire using Cronbach’s alpha was .653. The content of the questionnaire was validated through convening a panel of university experts majoring geography and sociology.
    Discussion
    The collected data was analyzed both descriptively and inferentially using SPSS software through pearson correlation analysis. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between economic diversity and rural regions’ sustainability (r=0.765, p
    Keywords: Economic diversity, sustainability, sustainable development, Shahrekord County
  • Nasim Izadi, Vahid Aliabadi, Heshmatollah Sadi Pages 39-60
    Introduction
    Women are involved in various production activities and play an important role in family and the national-level economic. One of the important aspects of women's economic activity is domestic occupations. Domestic occupation is an occupation that launching with family members in the residential space. It is defined as an important strategy for creating jobs and incomes especially for women, around the world.
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: This research draws women participation in domestic occupations according to Sherry Ernestine ladder. In this research, the levels of participation is categorized based on the Sherry Ernestine ladder then past studies and structural equation model has been paid to study the factors affecting women's participation in domestic occupations. According to the Sherry Ernestine ladder of participation, there are eight types of partnership or 8 steps; each step shows the strength of people in decision making. The first step of participation ladder is "Manipulation" and the second step is "Therapy". These two-steps actually represents the lack of participation in decision making The third step of participation ladder is "Informing" and fourth step is called "Consultation" and the fifth step of participation ladder is called "Placation". Step 6 of participation ladder is called "partnership" the participants to be able to negotiate a deal with the government agencies. The seventh step is "Delegated power" and the eighth step is called "control".
    Methodology
    This research is a quantitative and applied. In this research, descriptive-correlation method was used. The population was formed of rural women around the Kangavar city who used the self-employed loans to set up a domestic occupation. Census method was used based on a sample size. The main tool for research in the field was questionnaire that was made based on theoretical basis. Cronbach's alpha was used to estimate reliability. The rate of this index was 0.82 – 0.93, that shows we have a reliable questionnaire. A total of 168 questionnaires were filled out perfect. After completing the operation coding data, information extraction and transfer it was done on a computer. Statistical analysis (descriptive and inferential) was performed, after the data processing, by using SPSS and AMOS software.
    Discussion
    Ranking of the respondents was performed based on the Friedman test. Finding indicated that therapy, Informing and manipulation were in better condition among the other rural women participation components, while other elements of participation among rural women is declining and risky and women can be vulnerable in this area. The results showed rural women’s views and significant positive relationship between the external components like: socio-cultural, professional individual, institutional management, and economic participation of women in domestic occupations. The independent variables effects indicated that socio-cultural factors have the greatest positive effect in women participation (0.44) and economic factors have the least effect (0.14) on the dependent variable. Moreover, other relationship assessment show that economic and socio-cultural variables with the value of 0.45, have the greatest variance. This indicates that there is a significant positive relationship between the economic power of a person and his attention to social and cultural issues. In addition to the direct effects, the results indicate that socio-cultural and economic factors have a direct impact on the apparent participation rate and institutional - management has the greatest indirect effect (0.41). So, that in total variables involved in the model explained 76% of the participation variance.
    Conclusion
    Based on the findings, the current plan is top-down decision without considering the real needs of rural women. Therapy is the first priority. There was a positive significant relationship among independent variables and participation and path analyses results show that economic, socio - cultural, professional and institutional - management components explain a total 76 percent of the women participation in domestic occupations. According to the results some recommendations presented: 1. Based on the findings, authorities and practitioners in the field of agricultural development and rural planners should be pushed to reduce this problem with the right planning and need assessment.
    2. Promotion of society culture towards acceptance and expansion of women's participation in the development process of rural economic activities, especially domestic occupations planning, development projects and programs of rural development in the economic sector based on the rural women needs and priorities and encouraging them to participate in economic projects and reduce legal and institutional obstacles for them and legislation supported laws about women's participation in rural economic processes.
    3. recommended to understand the real needs of rural women in the field of economics and management and engage them to participate in these programs by purposively needs assessment through focus groups.
    4. According to the participation in partnership step, recommended to launch domestic occupations associations in rural communities to produce programs in mass media, particularly for women, in order to meet their technical and technological needs.
    Keywords: Domestic occupation, Shirley Aniston ladder of participation, rural women, AMOS
  • Kolsoum Zakerie., Miyab, Mohsen Aghayarie., Hir Pages 61-74
    Introduction
    Earthquake is one of the most important factors in vulnerability of rural areas in Iran, which particularly due to shallow epicenter, causes a lot of damage. In addition to the absolute and relative position of different parts of the country, rupture of spatial organization and the lack of hierarchy based on interactive relationship among settlements, are acknowledged as the most influential factors. This condition leads to disorganization of the population, activities, services and functions, and in turn, increases the vulnerability of rural settlements against natural hazards, including earthquake. In this regard, determining appropriate pattern of settlements is seen as necessary to limit the adverse effects of earthquake.
    THEORETICAL FRAMWORK : Distribution of settlements, with respect to the form, can be often described as; random, regular, or clustered, but are rarely seen in real conditions. Each of these patterns provides different conditions in terms of how to deal with the critical situation, if relying on inner capacities of the settlement systems, and shows different reactions against earthquake risk.
    1. Dispersed pattern: is when the population in an area is uniformly distributed. According to this pattern, any of the small settlement points are developed and the further expansion of some special points are prevented. Such condition could result in dispersion of the facilities and investments.
    2. Clustered pattern: is when population was concentrated in one, two, or three points. According to this pattern, rural settlements are faced with the concentration of industrial activities, services and population in those central settlements.
    3. Random pattern: is when population is distributed in small and large population centers with a given order. In this pattern, although medium and larger points were developed, however, the emphasis is on the development of small points. The characteristics of each spatial patterns of the settlement system to deal with the critical situation are as follows: In the scattered pattern, settlements have access to the minimum services and infrastructures. This pattern causes the dispersion of facilities (such as specialized therapeutic activities) and investments, which in turn, increases the vulnerability of the settlement system in critical condition, in deferent ways.
     In the clustered pattern, from economic point of view, providing public and infrastructural services is desirable, but the relationship between rural settlements due to accessibility problems, remains unresolved. To maintain the central settlement from risk and minimizing vulnerability, heavy economic investment will be required to retrofit constructions, facilities, and buildings.
     In the random pattern, the system has the benefits of both previous patterns. Accessibility was easier and service levels were increased. In this situation, investments and resources are concentrated on the midpoints. In such circumstances, by division of labor between the central and midpoints, the volume of activities and services in central locations as well as investment needed for retrofitting the central regions, were reduced. Therefore, much of the investments goes to medium points.
    Methodology
    This study is an applied research and was performed with descriptive-analytic method. The statistical population of the study is 74 villages of Central District of Marand County, which entirely are included in the study. In this regard, Moran's I index was used to determine the distribution /concentration of spatial vulnerability of rural settlements and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to analyze the differences in distribution of villages at different levels of vulnerability in the study area. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were used for data processing, analyzing, and presentation of the results.
    Discussion
    Since the rural settlements of Central District of Marand county lie in high-risk earthquake zone, investigation of the existing spatial pattern and determining the appropriate pattern of rural settlements of the area, is necessary for reducing the destructive effects of earthquake. Therefore, in this article, beside of the determining of the settlement pattern of rural points in the region, we analyzed the vulnerability of spatial patterns of rural settlements in Central District of Marand County.
    Conclusion
    Moran's I index indicates that the spatial correlation in the target area at the 99% confidence level is positive, and spatial distribution pattern of the villages in the region is highly centralized or clustered. Consequently, investigating of the spatial pattern of villages in the study area shows that they have not been distributed uniformly and balanced. Then, using Reclassify Function in the ArcGIS 9.3 software, the geographical space of the study area is classified into three areaswith high, medium, and low vulnerability, and based on the Moran's I spatial autocorrelation, spatial analysis between the villages was performed for each area. Results show that, the villages in high vulnerability area have more tendencies for centralization and clustering. To check significant difference between two types of distributions in the villages (the observed and expected values) at different levels of vulnerability, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used. The test results showed that the statistic (value Dmax = 0.205) is larger than critical value W (1- α) at 0.95 standard confidence level. So, there are significant differences between two distributions of rural settlements in deferent levels of vulnerability with expected values. On the one hand, it is indicative of the vulnerability of the region against natural disasters, and on the other hand, clustering of villages with high vulnerability, provides an opportunity for quick and practical organization of the situation in needed times with less cost, comparing to scattered pattern.
    Keywords: Earthquake, rural settlements, disaster management, spatial analysis, distribution pattern
  • Vahid Riahi, Taher Parizadi, Sattar Ghasemi Pages 75-90
    Introduction
    In recent decades, especial plan to improve rural housing in 1974 has begun by Islamic Revolution’s Housing Foundation. The aims were to improve rural context and the promotion of health, safety, and welfare of rural housing. With regarded to accelerating in possess of providing loans and banking facilities to rural housing sector in the form of various projects and plans in rural areas in recent decades, no doubt, they have not been without outcome. This such outcomes had justified the opinion claimed in this paper. Accordingly, the main goal of study is to investigate the role of housing bank loans on rural development as one of the rural development programs and answering to these basic questions that how housing bank loans effects on social, economic, environment and physical dimensions?
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: The aim of Housing credits has been improving the quality of rural housing. One of the rationales or necessities to implement spatial plan for strengthening housing in Iran has originated from this reason that most villagers are living in homes which are inadequate and incomplete and lack the required standards. Because rural housing is not resistant against environmental hazards, this becomes one of the critical problems in our country. Rural development has been one of the main objectives of each country within the framework of sustainable development paradigm that includes the desirable and sustainable conditions in social, economic, physical and environmental aspects. Finally, this plan is trying to promote the living quality and achieving human perfection. Indeed, rural development must be rooted in rural areas and natural condition of its sociality in the process of national development. About importance of rural development, theorists such as Friedman and Weitz from Roohot School said that, national development depended on rural development. Accordingly, housing bank loans which are given by the state in housing sector, have had different influences on social, economic, physical and environmental aspects.
    Methodology
    In this study, research method is descriptive- qualitative (surveys) by using contextual-oriented theory which have been done on heuristic method. In this method, instead of inferencing theories, concepts, hypotheses and propositions from previous assumptions or other researches or theoretical frameworks available, it would discover directly from the data. Then, when collecting and analyzing data is stopped, the theory would be providing the deep understanding of our study subjects. On the other hand, this theory will be derived from data collected during the research process systematically. In fact, it is a theory which is based on data, but not a theory which is the sum of a series of concepts based on experience or mere reflections. This method would be more likely to reflect the reality. And because of the contextual-oriented theory is derived from data, you could have a deeper insight and understanding of subjects and problems. Then this can be a good guideline to operation. Research method in action was the content analysis and interpretation.
    Discussion
    Based on the analysis of the interviews, most of the respondents had primary education. It means they have low education. In terms of employment, they categorized into four type jobs including farmer (% 60), rancher (% 10), husbandry (% 0), and the other occupations (% 30). It means most of the borrowers of loans were farmers. Interviews indicated that loan amounts were low and they had expenditure 2 times and sometimes 3 times than received loans. It’s mean that loans have used to only initial level of construction activities namely the construction of foundations. On the other hand, they had not enough money or capital to complete the remained of construction. This case makes that construction process to build housing takes long time. Thus, villagers were discontent with loan amount. The results from field studies and interviews have presented in tables in each domain (social, economic, physical and environmental) by SPSS software.
    According to data, one can suggest that housing banking facilities have had an effective role in the social dimension of rural development. Because the overall weight for this dimension and profile was %75 and all indexes in this aspect have had a high percentage. Benefit from welfare level and health condition has had highest percentage in between them; Then, cultural changes and social status, social interaction, productivity, education and infrastructure (water and electricity, etc.) and population changes respectively. Participation rate from %100 was %15 that was the lowest rate. Although, population changes have not any effect on decreasing migration desire, population growth has played a significant role. After analysis of data, one can conclude that housing bank facilities have had highest effects as fiscal stimulus to rural development in physical aspect and next stages were in terms of environmental, social and economic impact. Based on done weighting, aspects were into high, high, high and medium respectively. But, only moderate impact has been economic sector due to the lack of government plans attention to relationship between residential units and rural livelihoods, whereas, it was a critical aspect to rural living.
    Conclusion
    Analyzing done in this study shows that giving housing banking facilities to rural housing as one of the development dimension and government policies in the framework of this paradigm with regard to the social, economic, physical and environmental dimensions could be generally successful. Although, it did not have necessary and respected effects. And, this faced against some limitations and obstacles or strengths and weaknesses in practice. But, most successful with regarded to tables (2, 3, 4, 5) were in physical, environmental and social aspects respectively. in addition to, most of villagers have been forced to sell themselves livestock and change jobs to pay the mortgage. Productivity index, which has gained a more weight, is due to that fact. The only change in the index was to access network, residential and living environment that one can consider them as positive effects of this aspect. So, banking facilities to rural housing as a part of development plan and one of the state policies successfully operate in framework of this paradigm, although, have faced with few limitations and obstacles.
    Keywords: Banking facilities, Rural housing, rural development, Oshnavieh
  • Abbas Amini, Shalir Feyzi Pages 91-105
    Introduction
    Agricultural development is an important factor in any comprehensive rural development plan and because of its role and stance in the rural economy as the main activity, has a substantial contribution and obligation in rural development, especially in developing countries. It can provide formal and informal employment for those with both adequate and limited education and skill, and has proved to be a sustainable channel for poverty-stricken households in generating income. This potential role of agriculture in reducing poverty is particularly important according to the fact that the incidence of poverty is more evident in rural areas. The size of agriculture within the local economy is sometimes used to define rurality; therefore, any successful rural development strategy will be associated with agricultural development component while they are not a same thing.
    Methodology
    The present study aims to identify and introduce the commercialization components of strawberry cultivation as the main agricultural product of Marivan Township and evaluate its determinants causally. A stratified random sample including 191 strawberry cultivators have been interviewed to gather the needed data, based on a self-designed and validated questionnaire. The dependent variable of strawberry cropping commercialization has been operationalized considering the area under cultivation, cropping specialization, cropping intensification, under cultivation area addition, crop yield, sale proportion and packing, as its sub criteria. A set of economic, social, technical, and institutional factors, as the independent variables, were operationalized and measured differently using appropriate questions. These variables are the economical and livelihood situation of the family, informal vocational trainings, satisfaction and hopes with the job and its future, facilities and infrastructural possibilities, institutional and governmental supports, awareness and application of updated knowledge, technical factors (machinery, modern irrigation, and waged labor utilization), land quality and management, losses control and product’s security.
    Discussion
    The measurement and evaluation of commercialized strawberry cultivation, as a dependent scale, was done using statistical data processing procedures. By eliminating biased observed variables, the final validated scale measuring crop intensity and crop specialty followed by other components like crop yield, marketed production, and cultivation expansion by the crop’s income. Following the measurement scale of commercialization, statistical regression analysis approach was used to interpret its causal relationships with independent variables. Economical and livelihood situation of the family, technical factors (machinery, modern irrigation, and waged labor utilization), land quality and management, product’s security, informal vocational trainings, satisfaction and hopes with the job and its future, and finally institutional and governmental supports, have been the final sets of significant effective factors in commercialization of strawberry cultivation in the studied area, respectively.
    Conclusions
    The social and economic viability of many rural communities in developing countries depends ever highly on farming activities and entails its development. Provision and promotion of food security, creation and durability of job and income opportunities, and development of farming as well as non-farming activities are some aspects of mentioned peripheral rural communities’ redemption from their involving integrated poverty. In terms of the process of agricultural development, there is a worldwide trend for agricultural industry to replace the traditional pattern with a commercialized one. Commercialization is essential for agricultural development, which, amongst other things, entails mechanization of agriculture to reduce the cost of production and to increase the yield of crops. In some instances, agricultural commercialization may take place even without mechanization. Agricultural commercialization refers to the shift from subsistence production to an increasingly complex production and consumption system based on the market. Apart from marketing of agricultural outputs, it includes product choice and input use decisions based on the principles of profit maximization. A low degree of commercialization involves production essentially for subsistence purposes, with very little surplus to be sold in the market. In considering commercialization, production is specialized and based on modern technology, and income stabilization and profit making are among the major concerns of farmers rather than such issues as food security. Specialized cropping regards to the different regional and geographical properties is one of the major approaches to optimize the productive potencies of disperse smallholders. Some of the non-compromising requisites are as strengthening of production systems by input (seeds, fertilizers, machines, equipment etc.) and output (products) flows, development of conductive social structures, development of research, education and advisory institutions, development and enhancement of infrastructures such as all-weather roads, power, communication and irrigations systems, transportation, warehousing and marketing facilities, and processing industries.
    Keywords: Rural farming systems, commercial cropping, specialized cropping, strawberry, Marivan
  • Jafar Mahdiun, Omosalameh Babaee Fini, Majid Hazrati, Valiollah Rabieifar Pages 107-125
    Introduction
    The street network as a communication artery, is an important component of rural settlements tissue, and basically, texture is irregular and complex, and rural guide plan to regulate the streets network in the village runs. But, usually in implementing these projects, several problems such as Equal attention to rural and urban street network and benefiting from experiences of urban patterns, disregarding the fields formation and the nature of their performance, low attention to topographic conditions and needs of the people, the lack of cooperation of the public and local institutions and etc. prevent the proper implementation of such projects.
    Given that in the planning and design of rural road network in the guide plan, attention to issues such as determining the functional hierarchy of roads, according to the characteristics of each level and attention to environmental and economic and social factors in creating and expanding roads, is important. Essential is evaluation the condition of rural roads network in the villages where has been implemented in it guide plan, to be examined role this plan in the guided and regulating of the rural Lifeline.
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: One of the most important structural elements of rural development to support the rural poverty and reducing the vulnerability of rural areas is attention to the physical dimensions of economic, social and human environment in rural areas. In this context, organizing accessibility to services, transport and rural communications is one of the main objectives of rural physical development. The first time, attention to the rural road network and the level of its hierarchy in the national road system in India was conducted in Nagpur region between years 1943 to 1961, and today, China as a global leader of the road expansion and modernization of rural streets network is known. Accommodations have a significant impact on the development of physical-spatial street network, depending on the optimum use of them. Indeed, one of the ways to guide land use and prevent violations of it is improving the rural roads network. Thus, the coefficient optimal use of the road network is dependent on several factors:- Using streets network for traffic of the vehicles
    - Streets Network positive effect on reducing transport services and increasing the speed, reliability, and safety
    - The use of street network for economic activity and trade
    - Expedite in services and aid to others.
    In the design and engineering of streets Network in the city inside, suburban and other settlements, streets are placed in four categories: 1. Main street; 2. Street collector; 3. Local minor street; and 4. Entry and access.
    About the importance of the streets network in the shaping and organizing rural settlements several theories have been proposed. Most notably, the theory of natural movement and the importance of analyzing the spatial structure of street network, spatial arrangement theory, perspective of functional separation paths (linear model), the theory of interconnectedness.
    Methodology
    The research method is descriptive-analytic. For data collection, library and field studies have been used. The study consisted of 24 villages of the Zanjan county in which guide plan has been completed and is assessable. Using the cluster sampling method 10 villages have been selected from 10 districts. Rural population of sample is 11554 people that using Morgan table, a sample of 373 people were selected as statistical sample. To analyze the data from one sample t test, chi-square goodness of fit test (χ2) and kolmogorov - smirnov test (K-S) with the help of SPSS software has been used. Indicators of research include "street network width”, "Pattern making of street network”, "Landscape and architecture of the street network", "street network slope" and "surface and coverage of the street network".
    Discussion
    Research findings show that, based on single-sample t test among the rural streets network indicators, component "the materials quality of the street network infrastructure" with the statistic t 091/6 is highly adapted to the street network standards. According to the chi-square goodness of fit test, the greatest satisfaction from index "length and width of street network» (χ2= 889. 52) and the lowest satisfaction from index "level and streets network coverage » (χ2= 21. 667) is. Also, in the Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness of fit test by comparing normal and Poisson distributions, observe card results in the field network indicators status, as well as satisfaction questionnaire statistical population, is non-normal distribution of samples. Also, there is a difference between the normal distribution (N= 2. 324) and Poisson distribution (P= 1. 679). However, the amount of K-S in the Poisson distribution rather than a normal distribution. These factors indicate that the situation of the indicators of research is improving and developing. Also, the average rural streets network in compliance with the standards and satisfy the villagers is equal to 3. 32. This value is average.
    Conclusion
    According to the findings of quantitative study about the positive impact of guide plan to improve rural streets network and also, according to the results of previous research which showed that the physical plans and development of the rural streets network prevent violations and surface water repelling, and the garbage collector, accelerate the access to services, guide land use and increase the reliability and safety of the traffic in the village. Implementation of Rural guide Plan to improve road network and compliance with standards, as well as increasing rural satisfaction from their performance, increased efficiency of the network in the rural settlements. To improve the situation, increasing local control and organization, confirming the quality of materials by experts, monitoring the Regulatory compliance after implementation, attention to the architecture and aesthetics and safety in the streets network design are essential.
    Keywords: Physical development, street network architecture, street network standard, Zanjan
  • Alireza Darbane., Mohammadreza Rezvani, Saber Seddiq Pages 127-143
    Introduction
    Nowadays, uncontrolled land use changing is one of the major challenges of the agricultural section of Iran. Hence, a big part of agricultural lands and also forest lands turned out of production cycle and natural resource. Mahmoudabad town as one of the agricultural areas of Iran is not an exception. The main objective of this investigation, was to recognize the factors affecting land use changing in that area and to propose some proper solutions.
    THEATRICAL FRAMEWORK
      Natural scientists define land use in terms of syndromes of human activities such as agriculture, forestry and building construction that alter land surface processes including biogeochemistry, hydrology and biodiversity. Social scientists and land managers define land use more broadly to include the social and economic purposes and contexts for and within which lands are managed (or left unmanaged), such as subsistence versus commercial agriculture, rented vs. owned, or private vs. public land. While land cover may be observed directly in the field or by remote sensing, observations of land use and its changes generally require the integration of natural and social scientific
    Methodology
    The research method applied in this study was descriptive-analytical and which analyzed economic and social variables as effecting factors on land use changing. In this study, two hundred and twenty questionnaires completed in Mahmoudabad town level. Spss software was employed to analyze the data extracted from the Questionnaires. In addition to investigating the abovementioned variables, Satellite land sat eight and seven and four was used from nineteen seventy-seven to two thousand and fifteen. Finally, the "ENVI" software and supervised classification method of maximum likelihood were used to provide the classification map (GIS) for each usage.
    Discussion
    Based on the satellite data by Land sat eight, seven, TM and Mss, forest lands decreased from thirty eight percent to three percent. While the surface area of construction increased from six percent to eighteen percent from nineteen seventy-seven until Two thousand and fifteen. Findings have revealed that, the process of land use changing of Mahmoudabad town has begun in recent years, especially from 1988. Findings also indicated that economic factor specially, low price of agricultural production, high cost of life, high inflation in society, more valuable lands from agriculture activity are the most important factors influencing land use changing of Mahmoudabad town lands. As well as, among the social factors, population growth in rural area and Mahmoudabad city, the reluctance of youth to agriculture activity, changing in standards of living and tendency to urbanization are the most important factors influencing land use changing of Mahmoudabad town lands. Generally, economic (mean 2.99) factors were more effectiveness from society factors (2.81). Therefore, we have attempted to propose suitable solution by recognizing these factors.
    Conclusion
    The results obtained from the satellite pictures during from nineteen seventy seven to two thousand and fifteen indicated that forest lands decreased from thirty eight percent to three percent. While the surface area of construction increased from six percent to eighteen percent. As well, economic factors were more efficient from social factors. Low price of agricultural production and increasing of population in Mahmoudabad town are the mail factor that influenced land use change.
    Keywords: Agricultural lands, land use change, Mahmoudabad County, social, economic factors, satellite images
  • Jafar Tavakkoli, Javad Damanbagh Pages 145-161
    Introduction
    Nowadays, one of the challenging issues of agriculture is the ownership problem and impact of the inheritance system on its procedure, performance and productivity. Dividing Agricultural lands between heirs led to fragmentation and smallness of the lands and emerging problems such as loss of agricultural water, lack of efficient use of agricultural machinery, reducing the productivity of labor and capital and so on. In many cases, heirs’ disputes about quantity and quality of their share lead to legal proceedings and entails consequences such as leaving the land uncultivated, lack of willingness to invest and deprivation of bank loans. Considering long process of dealing with legal cases in the judicial system, a considerable part of the agricultural production capacity of the country become inactive or its productivity is deteriorating. Mahidasht district of Kermanshah as study area of this research, involve with the problems arising from juridical litigations over agricultural lands that caused to emerging mentioned problems in the area. This study attempted to answer this fundamental question that what impacts had juridical litigations over ownership of agricultural lands in Mahidasht district on the quality of utilization of agricultural lands.
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Various strategies of rural development each has a different approach to the issue of ownership. Transformation or radical strategy emphasizes on change in socio-economic structures and the redistribution of resources. This strategy believes that rural development depends on revising the ownership system via land reform. In this way, the poor and disadvantaged groups in rural areas can benefit from the facilities and programs of government. In contrast, the improvement strategy does not care about transformation in economic and social structure, and often consider productivity increasing without changing in legal, social and ownership systems. In each of mentioned strategies, the household final ownership of land officially recognizes according to the rules of countries. As a result, in the process of transferring ownership to the next generation a special inheritance system applied that varied in different countries. In the limited and conditional inheritance system all the property is transferred to one of the heirs. The main advantage of this method is to prevent land fragmentation. Another method is to divide the inheritance equally between the children of the deceased. In Islamic inheritance law for the sons and daughters of the deceased is considered a specified share which led to smallness and fragmentation of agricultural lands. Economically, the result of this trend is negative and led to decreasing in production productivity. Meanwhile, the issue is rarely addressed is endless disputes over quality and quantity of heirs’ inheritance share and juridical litigations in this regard, that considering the long duration of investigation of lawsuits in courts, impose additional damage on agriculture’s utilization and productivity.
    Methodology
    Present research from the viewpoint of nature and method is descriptive - analytical and in purpose aspect is practical. The main investigated components include income and investment, participation and employment, crop patterns, land management and production process. Study area is 110 villages of Mahidasht District of Kermanshah County. Of this number, 8 villages were selected on the basis of Judgmental sampling. The main criterion for selecting them was having or not juridical litigations over agricultural lands. The statistical sample consists of 200 farmers inhabited in mentioned villages. 100 people of aforesaid farmers due to property disputes resulting from the inheritance system referred to court or the councils for settling the disputes. To compare results, a group of 100 farmers living in the same villages that have no property disputes were studied as control group. The main research tool is questionnaire that its validity is approved by expert panels and its reliability is confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test (alpha = 0.831).
    Discussion
    Mann-Whitney test at 99% confidence level indicates that the experimental and control groups in all main component of research include land management, cropping patterns, income and investment and the production process have different performance. In a better statement, the group with ownership conflicts with other heirs, have very low motivation and as a result low productivity from point of view of following principles and standards of professional agriculture. Also, the Kruskal-Wallis test results indicate that between investigated villages from viewpoint of the above-mentioned components, there isn’t a significant difference. This means that the 8 studied villages in relation to the research components have the same situation.
    Conclusion
    Ownership problem, inheritance system and existing conflicts in this regard, have remarkable impact on process, performance and productivity of the country's agriculture. Dispute and conflict of heirs that often appears in form of legal proceedings, in turn create problems for agriculture and farmers resulting to reducing agricultural production productivity. This study has tried to delineate consequences of farmers’ legal conflicts on production’s core issues in Mahidasht district, Kermanshah County and through better identification of this problem put forward suitable solutions. Since The overall situation of Experimental and control groups with respect to the components of land management, cropping patterns, income and investment and the production process represents a distinct difference between them from the aspect of following proper principles of agricultural production and productivity, it is necessitate taking into account this problem for rural and agricultural development. Therefore, in order to reduce negative impacts of litigations on the production and productivity of agricultural lands, more than anything it seems necessary to revising inheritance system by the jurists and lawyers, on the one hand, and measures such as reducing the bureaucracy and duration in the investigation of such litigations by the judicial authorities, the promotion and development of land consolidation and development of agricultural production cooperatives could be helpful in this regard.
    Keywords: Ownership conflict, inheritance system, agricultural operations, agricultural land, Mahidasht
  • Faranak Karamian, Ali Asghar Mirakzadeh, Kiumars Zarafshani Pages 163-178
    Introduction
    In many low-income countries, agriculture forms a large portion of economic activities and a high proportion of employment. Boys and girls throughout history have formed part of the agricultural workforce. Major part of the food and drink that we consume, are produced by child labor in agricultural activities, that this phenomenon is more common in developing and developed countries.
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Child labor is a persistent problem worldwide, especially in developing countries. Children form over half the world's population and play a significant role in agriculture. Article I of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, "child" is to be defined: » A child is human beings under the age of eighteen years, unless according to the law applicable to the child, the age of Maturity is detected fewer «. The reasons why employers hire children in the agricultural sector can be divided into 5 categories, which include the following: 1- Lack or non-enforcement of regulations and laws; 2- Children as a cheap source of labour; 3- Rural development and employment; 4- Fair globalization and access to international markets; 5- The global agri-food industry and child labour, and the role of consumers. In general we can say that the main causes of child labor in agricultural activities, including economic factors (poverty, unemployment, the gap, children as cheap labor), social factors (lack of child protection laws, lack of child protection organizations, obedient children and their easy management), family factors (family size, parental awareness of children's needs), and cultural factors (false beliefs as children as a source of income, the need for participation of children in agriculture, keeping the family tradition and limited access to education).
    Methodology
    Purpose of this research is contexts analysis and study of causes of the exploitation of children in agricultural activities in rural areas. The population included three groups. The first group includes children 5 to 18 years (N=934), the second group includes parents that their children work on farms, and the third group includes experts who are relevant to child labor (N=30). In the first group (children), a sample of 272 members was selected using Krejcie and Morgan (1970) sampling table and the stratified random sampling method with proportional allocation. In the second group (parents), due to the lack of accurate statistics about the parents, purposeful sampling was used. In the third group, (experts) the enumeration is done. Data were collected through structured questionnaire that its validity is confirmed by expert’s panel and its reliability was assessed by Cranach’s alpha (Causes α = 0/83 and children's activities α = 0/95). The collected data were analyzed through SPSS18.
    Discussion
    Based on the results, girls most active in areas such as weeding out the field (average = 4/5), picking product (average= 4/1), water the animals (average= 3/96) and cleaning the place of animals (average= 3/5) and boys most active in areas such as picking product (average= 4), thrashing (average= 3/97), transferring product to the warehouse (average= 3/84). The reasons for employing children, according to research results, are expressed as creating accountability (average= 4/33), cheap use of children (average= 4/25), being clever and agile (average= 4/24). While parents noted factors such as lack of parent’s awareness of the dangers of child labor (average= 4/19), being cheap (average= 4/06) and being obedient (average= 3/94). The experts said that the main reason for using child labor such as being cheap use of family labor (average= 4/6), family poverty (average= 4/53) and the disabled their parents (average= 4/31). According to the results of research on the causes of exploitation of children in agricultural activities from the perspective of the three groups, it might be argued that similarities can be found at all three groups. Because all three groups believe that cheaper the use of children for parents, the main reason is their use of children. Because parents do not give to children money against what they do and this the cause is that more income Given the family. Results correlation analysis shows that there is a significant positive relationship among the children's activities with amount of irrigated land and their families light and heavy livestock; that's mean with increasing levels of irrigated land and having more light and heavy livestock, increase the children's activities that this is the logical because having irrigated land needs more work and this also applies about more livestock.
    Conclusion
    According to the results, the average income of rural households (Less than 100 million riyals in the year) on the other hand, lack a second job in the child custody case, recommend the diversification of sources of rural income with business education in rural areas has improved the income of rural households, that parent use of skilled workers instead the use of forced their child. in this way make less pressure to their children, escape from vicious trap and also increase productivity and performance in rural areas. It was observed that with the increase of age and the increase in their ability, Increased The volume of work assigned to them, As the ages of 15 to 17 years had most workloads. However, the continuing education is the only way out of the vicious circle and to academic success reduce the workload in this age, therefore it is suggested the action to alert parents in to preference children's education.
    Keywords: Agricultural, rural, children, child labor, Mahidasht
  • Javad Bazrafshan, Mehrshad Toulabinezhad Pages 179-195
    Introduction
    In the second half of the twentieth century, neoclassic economists majorly paid attention to limited factors such as physical capital intensity and frequency of natural resources called economic factors. However, nowadays, studies done by development economists show that the policies of countries especially investment in human resources, research expenses and development emphasize the role of investment that affects both economic development and efficiency. It also influences proper distribution of income and the decrease of economic inequality in the economy of different countries. One example of this transformation is the move of economy to replace mobility of goods with the mobility of capital. Given the close relationship of economic growth and social welfare, many economists are after the recognition of economic growth resources. Via increasing the quality and work force skills, capital increases the income of work forces and thus the rapid growth of economy. Accordingly, dependence of quantitative and qualitative increase of production factors of sustainable growth and development has been always a concern for all countries. Lack of investment and capital, as two important productive factors, have been a serious obstacle in the way of development in the developing countries. Therefore, it is necessary to take heed of investment in rural areas.
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Given the formation and development of economic growth models in the literature on economy, issue of investment and financing has been noticed by researchers and policymakers as one of the key economic topics. Luis economic growth model shows that investment in industrial development causes a demand for agricultural commodities and improves the efficiency of agricultural products. Investment in rural areas leads to improvement of the local economy, establishment of economic and social capital among rural households, stability of agricultural products, reduction of rural-urban migration, increase in income, decrease of rural poverty and rural development, which altogether cause economic development, empowerment and welfare of rural community.
    Methodology
    The research method is descriptive-analytic. The data collection method is "library" and "field" study. The research population was taken from Malavi Rural District in Poldokhtar. Using Cochran formula, we selected 157 households (in 13 villages) as the sample. For inferential statistical analysis of findings, one-sample t test and Pearson correlation in SPSS software were used. Thus, in order to enhance the accuracy, from the total 13 villages in Malavi Rural District, 13 were selected for sampling, and questionnaires were distributed randomly among them.
    Discussion
    For measuring the impact of investments on empowerment and economic prosperity of rural households in Malavi Rural District, single-sample t-test was used. The analysis of the mean number of these indicators at the level of households in the under-study area showed the great impact of these capitals on all of the indicators. The findings of this study show that investment has the greatest impact on agricultural and livestock sector, which was higher compared to other indicators. Investment in the agricultural sector has increased compared to the past. In the case of investment impact on empowerment and social welfare of rural households, single-sample t test was used, which shows investment impact on the components of empowerment and social welfare. Given the findings, investment had the greatest impact on the promotion of level and quality of life, which is at a higher level, compared the other indices. As a result, investment increased the level and quality of life in the households in this study. Furthermore, in order to analyze the statistical relationship between investment and economic and social indicators of empowerment and welfare of rural households, Pearson correlation coefficient was used. According to the results and given the correlation coefficient 0.765 (sig level= 0.000), there is a a significant correlation and significant relationship between these two variables. The study of this significant relationship shows that increase in investment leads to the increase of capacity and welfare of rural households in this study. This means that by increasing the amount of investment in rural areas, the grounds for empowerment, and social and economic welfare of the rural households will also be established.
    Conclusion
    The study of investment impact on indicators of empowerment and economic prosperity in rural areas shows that investment has a significant impact on the components of empowerment and economic welfare. This proves the positive impact of investment on saving status, incomes, purchasing power, poverty reduction, investment in agriculture and livestock, ownership, cultivation, use of inputs and machinery, technology and mechanization rate, and employment and productivity. Investment has the greatest impact on agricultural and livestock sector, which was higher compared to other indicators. With respect to the impact of investment on empowerment and social welfare of rural households, investment had positive impacts on bbenefiting from health facilities and education, raising the level of health, recreation and leisure, participation in village affairs, diversity of diet and nutrition, housing development and satisfaction, promotion life quality and level, access to services, increase of awareness, change of lifestyle and promotion of the urban lifestyle, and survival and migration. The greatest impact was on the promotion life quality and level. In order to analyze the correlation and statistical relation between investment, and empowerment and welfare of rural households, Pearson correlation coefficient was used. The findings of this test show that there is a significant relationship between these two variables. Investigation of this significant relationship shows that the increase of investment leads to the rise of power and welfare among the rural households in this study.
    Keywords: Investment, empowerment, welfare, rural development, Poldokhtar County
  • Farideh Azimi, Samvel Avetsian Pages 197-214
    Introduction
    Rural development programs are considered as parts of national development and economical programs in different countries to achieve a sustainable and all-embracing development. The collaboration of private sector and local communities with government for implementing the projects, especially when they, themselves, are investing, increase the success rate of the implementation of the project. According to the main aim of the research which is to find the groundwork and predicting the amount of investment required in the infrastructures and the development of rural tourism sites in Tehran province by government, rural and private sector, we have tried to check the status of infrastructure development of rural tourism in Tehran province and to gather the opinion of the three groups involved in rural development in conjunction with the needed infrastructure investment in rural tourism and also we determined the share of each group’s investment.
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Many tourism experts believe that rural tourism is a complex multi-faceted activity that is not just farm-based tourism. Rural tourism is a mild form of sustainable tourism development and multi-activity in rural region. The role of tourism in developing rural regions has a magnificent importance and can be summarized as follows: Reviving and reorganizing local economic activities and improving life quality, providing extra income along with agricultural, industrial, and service sectors, creating a possibility of making new social interactions, opportunities for re-evaluation of the heritage and its symbols, natural resources, and rural place’s identity, social, environmental and economical supports, raising the economic value of nutritional quality. In tourism development, many experts believe in the community participation as a method to evenhandedly distribute the benefits of tourism development among all members of local communities.
    Community participation can be an important factor for building the community capacity in tourism development. Without community participation, there is neither development nor program. Hence, lack of community participation in decision for development can lead to a failure in the community development.
    METHYODOLOGY: This research was conducted based on documentary research method and field research based on questionnaire as well as face to face interview. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for analyzing the data.
    Frequency, mean, and standard deviation are the measures used in descriptive statistics however mean comparison tests are used in inferential statistics.
    The population of the survey consists of three groups as follow: 1) Authorities including 119 government officials, provincial and local authorities related to rural development. 2) Locals or rural residents including 122 rural residents of Tehran who have permanent or temporary residence in the villages and the third group is 183 private business owners and a number of non-governmental organization's members.
    Discussion
    Surveys conducted during this study suggest that in recent years, in Tehran province, substantial investments in infrastructure of rural areas have been made, such as roads, electricity, plumbing, gas, health centers, phone and TV networks that are in good condition. However, essential sites for rural tourism such as hotels, guesthouses, rural camps, rural markets, the Internet and public health services are not pleasing.
    It seems that most of the investments in rural areas of Tehran province have been done for the welfare of rural residents and mainly led to the rural construction, and not rural development. In this case, the difference between rural construction and rural development should be noted. If some aspects of development such as economy, employment, rural welfare and empowerment, and etc. improve, then we can say that we have taken steps in the field of rural development.
    Without a doubt, the participation of public and private sector not only in the field of rural tourism program is needed, but at different stages of the program, including planning, implementation, evaluation and monitoring will be required. Since the local people and the private sector will play an important role in the implementation of rural programs, their assistance is very valuable for government. If government uses their assistance in a good way, the programs will be of a high success rate.
    CONCLUTION: Based on the findings, the locals and private sector, both, have shown their interest to invest in rural tourism and also have identified fields of their investment. Government support can be a catalyst for community and private sector participation. In order to achieve a hundred percent rural tourism development, a twenty-year outlook which introduces five percent growth per year, is considered. Although with the proper function of the government and good participation of people and private sectors involved, this growth can get faster which can hit the target much earlier than expected.
    If the hypothesis about investment in rural tourism in the province of Tehran to be done by groups is true, possibility of creating 11213 jobs annually will be mentioned. This number of annual increase in employment would be significant for rural areas in Tehran province. Certainly, the rise in employment will cause the improvement of economic situation of the region, improving the livelihoods of rural households, and rural to urban migration will be reduced.
    Keywords: Rural development, rural tourism, rural tourism investment, rural tourism infrastructure, Tehran
  • Aboozar Paidar Pages 215-229
    Introduction
    The craft and art is the oldest human capitals in rural communities that have economic value, social, and cultural values. Today, restoration and boom crafts have been proposed as one of the keys to economic and environmental sustainability of rural residents Especially In areas with environmental crisis. Despite the emphasis, Authorities and the scientific community prosperity on the handy crafts, but unfortunately in some geographic areas in Iran, the crafts not only did not progress but have lost primary position in rural life. The aim of this study is analysis of requirements and factors effect on flourishing Baloch handy-crafts in rural areas of Qasr-e Qand.
    Methodology
    The research is applied and the type of research method is descriptive-analytic survey strategy. Qualitative and quantitative data collection methods using tools such as note-taking, transcription, interview and Q cards, is. The population includes individuals knowledgeable and experienced in the field of education and management of Qasr-e Qand city's crafts. The sample population consisted of 28 people, managers, coaches, local artists, and cultural heritage experts and crafts. The analysis data methods in this research are one sample T-test and agent-based factor analysis (Q-methology).
    limited access to arts and crafts Baloch women, geographical distribution industries and craftsmen in the area. Locating Small markets for supply handicrafts in Iranshahr- Chabahar transit road, the target markets for the products, and provide solutions to combine local knowledge (artistic industries) and formal knowledge (new arts and crafts and other communities and groups).
    Discussion
    The results of research showing in spite of the high capabilities and capacities in the study area at field of handicrafts and has manufacturing that men and women who produce a variety of products with high quality but supply and sales management facing with major obstacles. the main obstacles is the lack of land and the location of product in target markets. Views such as “managerial-institutional believe "," improving the educational system (technical and innovation ", and" motivating factor ", were known three main factors affecting the craft and artistic prosperity in the region. Also, factors such as" the physical material needs, "human capital needs", and “improve experiences can expand economic performance and products" Acquainted of low score and cannot be extracted as a factor or view. with regard to the views and experiences of expertise and with respect to Comments and Recommendation of director of the cooperative in Qasr-e Qand county (Fazl-Allahy cooperative) can be said supply management (especially allocation of land to industrialists and cooperativs, and setting up fairs for sale and supply products) are the solution for prosperity and revival of rural handicraft in Qasr-e Qand county to achivment sustainable rural development.
    Conclusion
    adopting a systematic approach to the management issues crafts Baloch. Despite overcoming the problems facing crafts from public view. Requires a systematic approach to this issue, but the particular angle with respect to the barriers to success cooperatives and Producers and local artists (both women and men). Land Allocation and transportation to target-market and setting up fairs, and provide brand and logos for crafts products can be the most important factors affecting on booming “handy- crafts” in the villages of Qasr-e Qand county. Since the artisans of their own needs, create at least 3 during transit axis and international crafts bazaar is the Iranshahr- Chabahar it is required that the Agency of Natural Resources and Roads and Urban Development, together with the Governor, enough land to build this small markets allocate. And material and moral support necessary to build small markets. As well as occasional exhibition (fair) to take action. Combining values of handy- crafts Baluch and other socities, as well as not damage in the nature and value of the industry - that increase marketability of these products and help to Enrich and strengthen. As well as increased advertising (media, brochures, banners, posters, booklets, and ...) can improve the flow of information between the poles of production and consumption markets.
    Keywords: Rural development, the rural economy, marketing, sales management, handicrafts Baluch, Qasr, e Qand county