فهرست مطالب

Research and Rural Planning - Volume:6 Issue: 1, 2017

Journal of Research and Rural Planning
Volume:6 Issue: 1, 2017

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1396/03/29
  • تعداد عناوین: 13
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  • علمی - پژوهشی
  • حمید جلالیان، سعید خدایی، عیوض امینی قواقلو صفحات 1-18
    هدف
    تهیه و اجرای طرح هادی روستایی، از مهم ترین اقدامات انجام شده در زمینه بازسازی، توسعه و ارتقای محیط های مسکونی و سالم سازی محیط زیست روستاییان است که جنبه کالبدی- فیزیکی دارد. بنابراین، هدف اصلی پژوهش حاضر، ارزش یابی اثرات اجرای طرح هادی بر ارتقای شاخص های توسعه کالبدی سکونتگاه های روستایی است.
    روش
    پژوهش حاضر به لحاظ ماهیت، از نوع کاربردی بوده و در زمره تحقیقات ارزش یابی قرار می گیرد. جامعه آماری تحقیق شامل هفت روستای دارای طرح هادی اجراشده در بخش ثمرین (شهرستان اردبیل) بوده و دیدگاه ساکنان ارزیابی شده است. اطلاعات و داده های میدانی از طریق مشاهده و پرسش نامه گردآوری شد و در نرم افزارهای Excel و SPSS پردازش شده و با استفاده از آزمون آماری کای اسکوئر تحلیل شد.
    یافته ها
    نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که میانگین اثرات اجرای طرح هادی بر توسعه کالبدی سکونتگاه های روستایی در حد «متوسط تا زیاد» بوده است. با بررسی شاخص های توسعه کالبدی در روستاهای مطالعاتی، شاخص «معابر و کانال های دفع آب های سطحی» متوسط و شاخص های «مسکن و ساخت وسازهای روستایی»، «کیفیت نظام کاربری زمین روستایی و مکان گزینی» و «کیفیت دسترسی به خدمات» در حد «زیاد» ارزیابی شده است. در نهایت، می توان گفت که اجرای طرح هادی بر توسعه کالبدی سکونتگاه های روستایی محدوده مطالعاتی تاثیر قابل توجهی داشته و در این زمینه موفق عمل کرده است.
    راه کارهای عملی: نظارت ویژه و مستمر کارشناسان بنیاد مسکن بر عملیات اجرایی پیمان کاران، تشویق و حمایت از موسسات تامین و توزیع مصالح ساختمانی در نواحی روستایی، تغییر دیدگاه بنیاد مسکن از نگاه کمی گرایانه به تهیه و اجرای طرح و مبنا قرار گرفتن کیفیت و برگزاری کلاس های توجیهی نگه داری از پروژه های اجراشده توسط شورا و دهیار از جمله رهیافت های عملی این تحقیق است.
    اصالت و ارزش: ارزیابی عملکرد طرح های هادی روستایی اقدامی ارزنده در راستای توسعه و هم چنین، ازبینبردن نقاط ضعف و تقویت نقاط قوت این طرح ها است. با این حال، با توجه به فعالیت های انجام شده از سوی بنیاد مسکن استان و شهرستان اردبیل در محیط های روستایی، تا به حال هیچ گونه ارزیابی از اثرات این فعالیت ها در محدوده مطالعاتی انجام نگرفته و نقاط قوت و ضعف این طرح ها بررسی نشده است. بنابراین، پژوهش حاضر، اثرات اجرای این طرح‏ها را مورد توجه و ارزش یابی قرار داده است.
    کلیدواژگان: طرح هادی روستایی، شاخص های توسعه کالبدی روستا، اثربخشی، بنیاد مسکن، اردبیل
  • جمشید عینالی، مهدی چراغی، عادل بروکی میلان صفحات 19-33
    هدف
    این تحقیق به بررسی نقش راه زنجان- تهم- چورزق در توسعه روستایی از طریق تنوع به فعالیت های اقتصادی در روستاهای دهستان چورزق شهرستان طارم می پردازد.
    روش
    پژوهش حاضر از نوع کاربردی و به لحاظ روش از نوع تحلیلی- توصیفی و روش گردآوری داده ها میدانی و اسنادی است. در این بین، از تعداد 2742 خانوار ساکن در دهستان چورزق، با روش نمونه گیری کوکران 250 مورد انتخاب شده و برای تحلیل داده ها از آزمون های آماری از قبیل ویلکاکسون، t تک نمونه ای و t دو نمونه ای استفاده شده است.
    یافته ها
    نتایج مطالعه بیان گر وجود تفاوت معناداری در دو دوره زمانی قبل و بعد از ایجاد جاده زنجان- تهم- چورزق در مولفه های تنوع به فعالیت های اقتصادی روستایی است؛ به طوری که مولفه های تنوع بخشی به منابع درآمدی در روستا، بهبود زیرساخت های تولیدی و خدماتی به ترتیب بیشترین و سرمایه گذاری خارج از روستا کمترین میزان را نشان می دهد. نتیجه آزمون t تک نمونه ای نیز برای تمامی ابعاد در سطح آلفا 0.01 معنادار است؛ افزون بر این نتیجه آزمون t دونمونه ای نیز در بین دو گروه از روستاهای تا فاصله 5 کیلومتری از جاده و روستاهای بیشتر از این فاصله از جاده مبین تفاوت معناداری در سطح 99 است که نشان دهنده مثبت بودن جهت تفاوت ها است.
    محدودیت ها: هم کاری اندک برخی از مسوولان محلی، کمبود اطلاعات، مشارکت اندک برخی از افراد محلی به دلیل اعتماد کم به محققان.
    راه کارهای عملی: با توجه به یافته های تحقیق، می توان از آن به عنوان ابزاری در راستای نیل به توسعه پایدار روستایی در مناطق روستایی و به ویژه روستاهای در معرض تخلیه استفاده کرد.
    اصالت/ ارزش: اهمیت پژوهش حاضر در این است که تاثیرات جاده زنجان- تهم- چورزق را در تنوع بخشی به اقتصاد روستایی در منطقه مورد مطالعه را بررسی می کند. بنابراین، از یافته های تحقیق می تواند در تشریح نقش تنوع فعالیت های اقتصادی و نگه داشت جمعیت در مناطق روستایی مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.
    کلیدواژگان: توسعه روستایی، حمل ونقل، اقتصاد روستایی، شهرستان طارم
  • حشمت الله سعدی، احمد یعقوبی فرانی، لیلا زلیخایی سیار، فاطمه قهرمانی صفحات 35-48
    هدف
    در این تحقیق، شناسایی و تحلیل موانع و محدودیت های اشتغال زنان روستایی در شهرستان تویسرکان به عنوان هدف اصلی مد نظر قرار گرفته و با بهره گیری از تکنیک تحلیل عاملی، به شناسایی و تحلیل مهم ترین موانع و محدودیت های ایجاد و توسعه اشتغال توسط زنان روستایی پرداخته شده است.
    روش
    تحقیق حاضر، نوعی تحقیق توصیفی و کاربردی است که به شیوه مطالعات پیمایشی انجام شده است. جامعه آماری تحقیق را زنان روستایی شاغل در شهرستان تویسرکان تشکیل دادند که به طور تصادفی، تعداد 150 نفر از آن ها به عنوان نمونه تحقیق انتخاب و دیدگاه های آن ها در مورد موانع و محدودیت-های اشتغال زنان در جامعه روستایی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. پرسش نامه مهم ترین ابزار جمع آوری اطلاعات تحقیق بود که روایی ظاهری و محتوایی آن توسط گروهی از متخصصان موضوع، مورد بررسی و تایید قرار گرفت و برای ارزیابی میزان پایایی پرسش نامه نیز ضریب آلفای کرونباخ محاسبه شد که رقم 81/0 به دست آمد. هم چنین، برای بررسی اعتبار سازه ای پرسش نامه و برازش الگوی اندازه گیری سازه «موانع اشتغال زنان روستایی» داده های گردآوری شده با استفاده از نرم افزار LISREL از طریق تحلیل عاملی تاییدی مورد تجزیه وتحلیل قرار گرفت که شاخص های نیکویی برازش (RMSEA=0.063، AGFI=0.85 و GFI=0.93) تناسب کامل الگو با داده های مشاهده شده را تایید کرد.
    یافته ها
    در این تحقیق به منظور دست یابی به تحلیل دقیق تری از موانع و مشکلات پیش روی اشتغال زنان روستایی، از تکنیک تحلیل عاملی استفاده شد که بر این اساس، موانع و محدودیت های پیش رو در چهار عامل اصلی دسته بندی شد؛ عامل اول با توجه به ماهیت متغیرهای تشکیل دهنده آن «موانع اجتماعی-فرهنگی» نام گرفت که با تبیین 03/22 درصد از واریانس به عنوان مهم ترین عامل معرفی شد. این عامل هم راه با دیگر موانع نظیر «موانع اقتصادی-محیطی»، «موانع شخصیتی» و «موانع آموزشی-حمایتی» در مجموع، 30/62 درصد از واریانس موانع اشتغال زنان روستایی را تبیین کردند.
    راه کارهای عملی: در راستای تسهیل روند اشتغال زنان روستایی، اصلاح و رفع برخی موانع فرهنگی اجتماعی؛ شامل ذهنیت های سنتی و نادرست نسبت به توان مندی های زنان و ضرورت مشارکت آن ها در فعالیت های اقتصادی جامعه توصیه می شود. بر مبنای نتایج تحقیق، تامین فرصت های یادگیری متنوع برای آحاد جامعه روستایی به ویژه زنان به منظور تغییر و اصلاح نگرش ها و کسب توان مندی های لازم برای ورود به عرصه فعالیت های اقتصادی اجتماعی ضروری است.
    اصالت و ارزش: با توجه به اهمیت موضوع اشتغال، به ویژه در جامعه روستایی، یافته های تحقیق حاضر می تواند راهنمایی برای سیاست گذاران و برنامه ریزان توسعه روستایی در تدوین برنامه های کلان و عملیاتی مناسب برای رفع موانع اشتغال زنان در مناطق روستایی باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: زنان روستایی، اشتغال، موانع اشتغال، شهرستان تویسرکان
  • بهرام محمدی گلرنگ، فود سی لای، سید حمیدرضا صادقی صفحات 49-68
    هدف
    مشارکت بهره برداران در طرح های اصلاحی و احیایی مرتع و آبخیزداری امری ضروری است و سبب بخش مهمی از موفقیت پروژه ها می شود. امروزه نقش مشارکت مردم در امر اصلاح، احیا و مدیریت منابع طبیعی ملموس و از رویکردهای جدید دولت به شمار می رود. مطالعات اخیر در بسیاری از کشورها مبین تاثیر عوامل زیادی در سطح مشارکت مردم بوده است؛ یعنی عواملی هم چون رضایت مندی، دانش، نگرش و دموگرافیک (مطالعات جمعیتی). تحقیق حاضر با هدف بررسی عوامل تاثیرگذار بر مشارکت روستاییان در طرح های آبخیزداری در روستای کوشک آباد صورت گرفت.
    روش
    روش تحقیق پیمایشی و از نوع توصیفی-هم بستگی به منظور تعیین رابطه متغیرهای مستقل و وابسته است. جامعه آماری این تحقیق را تمامی سرپرستان خانوار روستای کوشک آباد تشکیل می دادند (1250:N) که براساس فرمول کوکران، تعداد 200 نفر از آن ها از طریق روش نمونه گیری تصادفی ساده با استفاده از فرمول کوکران برای انجام تحقیق انتخاب شدند. روایی محتوایی پرسش نامه مورد استفاده جهت گردآوری داده ها با کسب نظرات متخصصان و استادان گروه آبخیزداری و هم چنین، گروه اجتماعی دانشگاه پوترای مالزی و مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی خراسان رضوی بررسی شد و اصلاحات لازم صورت گرفت. جهت پایایی نیز از آزمون ضریب اعتبار کرونباخ آلفا استفاده شد که مقدار متوسط آن برای هریک از مقیاس های اصلی پرسش نامه در حد مناسب ( بالای 85/0) بود. به منظور تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات از نرم افزار SPSSwin18 استفاده شد. روش های آماری مورد استفاده شامل آمار توصیفی (میانگین، انحراف معیار و ضریب تغییرات) و آمار استباطی (هم بستگی ورگرسیون) بودند.
    یافته ها
    نتایج نشان داد که میزان مشارکت مردمی روستاییان منطقه طرح، متوسط است و یک رابطه مثبت و معنی دار بین متغیرهای مستقل شامل، دانش، رضایت مندی، نگرش و انتظار با سطوح مختلف مشارکت (اجتماعی، اقتصادی و زیست محیطی) وجود دارد (r = 0.611، p = 0.000، r = 0.303، p = 0.000 r = 0.534، p = 0.000 r = 0.587، p = 0.000). هم چنین، نتایج حاصل از مدل رگرسیونی نشان داد که سه متغیر مستقل نگرش، دانش و انتظار در مجموع، 33% از تغییرات مشارکت را تبین می کنند.
    محدودیت ها/ راه بردها: عواملی از قبیل محدودیت آماربرداری در فصول سرد زمستان، صعب العبوربودن بعضی مناطق، عدم اسکان روستاییان در زمان آماربرداری و عدم پاسخ گویی بعضی از روستاییان به پرسش گر را می توان به عنوان محدودیت های ایجادشده در راه این تحقیق برشمرد.
    راه کارهای عملی: پیشنهاد می شود در تهیه طرح های اجرایی حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، قبل ار تهیه آن از نظرات اهالی و شورای روستا در جانمایی سازه های پیشنهادی استفاده شود. تجربه ثابت کرده است که اگر دولت در قبل و حین اجرا از نظرات اهالی استفاده کند، بهترین راندمان در موفقیت طرح های آبخیزداری حاصل خواهد شد.
    اصالت و ارزش: نوآوری مقاله در بررسی عوامل تاثیرگذار بر مشارکت و تعیین میزان درصد تاثیرگذاری هر فاکتور بوده که در این ارتباط در برنامه ریزی های آتی توسط دولت بسیار تاثیرگذار خواهد بود.
    کلیدواژگان: مشارکت مردمی، طرح های آبخیزداری، روستاییان، توسعه روستایی
  • حسن گیاهی، علی اکبر شایان یگانه صفحات 69-80
    هدف
    هدف از تحقیق حاضر بررسی نقش نمادهای گردشگری و نقش موقعیت گردشگری باغ نشاط (به عنوان یک اثر شاخص تاریخی- فرهنگی) در توسعه روستای تقی آباد شهرستان فیروزه می باشد.
    روش
    روش تحقیق پژوهش، توصیفی-تحلیلی است. اطلاعات تحقیق از طریق منابع اسنادی و مطالعات پیمایشی به دست آمده است. بر این اساس، با توجه به جامعه آماری که حدودا 20000 نفر را شامل می شود، نمونه گیری تصادفی به عمل آمده و تعداد 250 نفر به عنوان حجم نمونه انتخاب شد.
    یافته ها
    یافته ها نشان داد که با توجه به مقدار ضریب کای اسکوار (424/15) که در سطح خطای کم تر از 01/0 معنی دار است، می توان با اطمینان 99/0 درصد گفت که ارزیابی پاسخ گویان از آثار گردشگری در سه حوزه اجتماعی، اقتصادی و کالبدی متفاوت است. طبق نتایج، آثار کالبدی گردشگری (12/2) در منطقه مورد مطالعه موثرتر از آثار اجتماعی– فرهنگی (93/1) و اقتصادی (94/1) است. نتایج تحقیق نشان می دهد که مرمت و احیای باغ نشاط می تواند به عنوان نماد و برند گردشگری منطقه نقش مهمی در توسعه روستای تقی آباد در زمینه های مختلف اقتصادی، فرهنگی و کالبدی داشته باشد.
    محدودیت و راه برد: متکی بودن اعداد به نظرات پاسخ دهنده و یک دست نبودن پاسخ ها و عدم ادبیات موضوع قوی از محدودیت های این تحقیق می باشد.
    راه کارهای عملی: نیاز است تا از ابزارهای ثبت در صنعت گردشگری روستایی استفاده شده و در ارتباط با توسعه مناطق، ابزارهای گردشگری آن کاملا مشخص شود.
    اصالت و ارزش: کاربرد این مقاله برای برنامه ریزان صنعت گردشگری و حفظ میراث فرهنگی است تا ضمن احیا و حفظ آثار ملی به رونق صنعت گردشگری و توسعه روستایی منجر شود.
    کلیدواژگان: گردشگری روستایی، باغ نشاط، باغ ایرانی، نماد، روستای تقی آباد
  • حمید برقی، صدیقه هاشمی، نسرین جعفری صفحات 81-97
    هدف
    سوانح طبیعی مثل زلزله، خشک سالی، سیل و غیره به عنوان پدیده های اجتناب ناپذیری به حساب می آیند که همیشه خطری جدی برای توسعه، به خصوص توسعه روستایی هستند. جهت کاهش آسیب های ناشی از سوانح طبیعی باید ظرفیت و توان روستاها را برای مقابله با این حوادث بالا برد. هدف این تحقیق، سنجش تاب آوری محیطی در روستاهای دهستان معجزات است.
    روش
    در این راستا از روش تحقیق پیمایشی با به کارگیری پرسش نامه استفاده شده است. روایی پرسش نامه با استفاده از نظرات متخصصان و پایایی آن با استفاده از محاسبه آلفای کرونباخ برای ابعاد مختلف تامین شد. جامعه آماری، 6413 نفر از روستاهای در معرض زلزله دهستان معجزات بوده است که بر پایه فرمول کوکران، شمار نمونه ها 362 نمونه انتخاب شد. برای تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات از تحلیل های توصیفی و آزمون های t برای نمونه های مستقل، هم بستگی، فریدمن، تحلیل واریانس یک طرفه و از تکنیک های پرومته و الکتره 1 استفاده شد.
    یافته ها
    نتایج تحقیق نشان می دهد که تاب آوری اجتماعی روستاها در سطح مطلوب است و افراد بی سواد دارای میانگین تاب آوری اجتماعی بیشتری هستند؛ اما تاب آوری نهادی-سازمانی در سطح تا حدی مطلوب قرار گرفته است. همچنین، بین ابعاد مختلف تاب آوری رابطه مستقیم و معنی داری وجود دارد. در بین روستاهای مورد مطالعه روستاهای دوران و رامین، تاب آوری بالا و روستاهای چورزق، سقل طولی، ریحان و باروت آغاجی تاب آوری پایینی داشته اند.
    راه کارهای عملی: بهبود بسترهای نهادی و سازمانی و ایجاد رابطه دوطرفه بین سازمان های محلی و مردم روستایی، افزایش مشارکت در بین افراد و بهبود وضعیت زیرساختی روستاها پیشنهاد می شود. بررسی دلایل پایین بودن تاب آوری روستاها و ارائه راه کار جهت افزایش تاب آوری برای تحقیقات آینده پیشنهاد می شود.
    اصالت و ارزش: تاب آوری روستاهای دهستان معجزات برای اولین بار و با تمام ابعاد مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته است و این امر جنبه نوآوری پژوهش است. هم چنین، به دلیل وجود گسل های فراوان در نزدیکی روستاهای مورد بررسی میزان آسیب پذیری روستاها و تاب آوری آن ها در برابر زلزله دارای اهمیت اساسی است.
    کلیدواژگان: تاب آوری، زلزله، دهستان معجزات، تکنیک الکتره و پرومته
  • حجت صادقی، سید اسکندر صیدایی، محمدرضا رضوانی صفحات 99-117
    هدف
    سد کارون سه در شهرستان ایذه به عنوان یکی از بزرگ ترین سدهای مخزنی کشور از جمله سدهایی است که بر نواحی پیرامون خود، به ویژه روستاها با توجه به خصوصیات جغرافیایی منطقه تاثیراتی داشته که با توجه به وضعیت کنونی روستاها، شناخت و تبیین این تاثیرات ضروری است. در این تحقیق، هدف بررسی تاثیرات زیست محیطی سد کارون سه بر نواحی روستایی پیرامون و ارائه راه کار مناسب است.
    روش
    روش تحقیق بر مبنای ماهیت، توصیفی- تحلیلی است. از میان روستاهای پیرامون سد کارون سه با توجه به خصوصیات جغرافیایی خاص، 38 روستا انتخاب شد. جامعه آماری تحقیق 2531 خانوار بوده که نمونه مورد مطالعه با استفاده از فرمول کوکران 350 خانوار محاسبه شد.
    یافته ها
    نتایج نشان داد که سد کارون سه در روند نامساعدتر وضعیت متغیرهای زیست محیطی روستاهای پیرامون بالادست و پایین دست موثر بوده است. مقدار سطح معناداری متغیرهای بررسی شده که برابر با (Sig=000/0) است، این موضوع را تایید می کند. هم چنین، آزمون t نمونه مستقل بر بهتربودن متغیرهای زیست محیطی روستاهای بالادست نسبت به پایین دست با سطح معناداری(Sig=0/000) دلالت دارد. جهت توسعه روستاها نیز متغیر گردش گری با میانگین 35/4 در اولویت اول و کشاورزی (زراعت) با میانگین 22/4 در اولویت دوم تعیین شد.
    محدودیت ها: محدودیت اصلی پژوهش مشکلات موجود در دسترسی به روستاها با توجه به کوهستانی بودن منطقه است.
    راه کارهای عملی: استفاده از نتایج به دست آمده می تواند به برنامه ریزی در این زمینه جهت کاهش مشکلات در زمینه نواحی روستایی مفید باشد.
    اصالت و ارزش: با توجه به موقعیت جغرافیایی منطقه و هم چنین، سد مورد بررسی این تحقیق از ارزش خاصی برای توسعه روستاها برخوردار است.
    کلیدواژگان: تاثیرات زیست محیطی، نواحی روستایی، سد کارون سه، شهرستان ایذه
  • سیروس قنبری، محمدحسین دهقان، حسین میرکی اناری صفحات 119-132
    هدف
    بررسی نقش طرح های کارآفرینی در تحولات اقتصادی و اجتماعی مناطق روستایی با تاکید بر صنایع دستی در روستاهای بخش مرکزی شهرستان انار می باشد.
    روش
    توصیفی- تحلیلی است و برای گردآوری داده ها از مطالعات کتاب خانه ای و میدانی استفاده شده است. حجم نمونه براساس فرمول کوکران 120 خانوار است.
    یافته ها
    نتایج حاصل از تحلیل یافته ها از طریق آزمونT تک نمونه ای و رگرسیون چندمتغیره با استفاده از نرم افزار spss نشان می دهد که استقرار صنایع دستی در متنوع سازی و ایجاد اشتغال و کسب درآمد در زمینه اقتصادی و کاهش مهاجرت روستایی، بهبود زیرساخت ها و افزایش مشارکت و هم کاری در بعد اجتماعی، در مناطق روستایی منطقه مورد مطالعه تاثیرگذار بوده است. نتایج آزمون رگرسیون چندمتغیره نشان داد که صنایع دستی در توسعه روستایی منطقه مورد نظر به میزان 70/0اثرگذار می باشد. بر این اساس، از بین ابعاد مطروحه، بعد اقتصادی (33/3) نسبت به بعد اجتماعی (21/3) تاثیرگذاری بیش تری در زمینه توسعه روستایی داشته است.
    راه بردهای عملی: یکی از راه کارهای عملی در جهت توسعه پایدار روستایی منطقه مورد مطالعه، رشد و توسعه کارآفرینی روستایی از طریق صنایع دستی روستایی است. صنایع دستی در روستاهای بخش مرکزی انار ضمن پرکردن اوقات فراغت و بیکاری روستاییان مانع از مهاجرت های گسترده آن ها می شود.
    اصالت وارزش: روستاییان منطقه، قبلا درآمد قابل توجه ای از کشت و صادرات پسته داشته اند و توجه کم تری به بخش صنایع دستی می کردند؛ اما در چند سال اخیر به سبب خشک سالی های پی در پی و به دنبال آن کاهش درآمد خانوارها، ضرورت دیده می شود که روستاییان را به مشاغل مربوط به صنایع دستی بومی منطقه هدایت کرد تا آثار نامتعادل کننده خشک سالی ها خنثی شود. نتایج این تحقیق برای روستاییان منطقه و متولیان امر توسعه روستایی شهرستان انار کاربرد عملی دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: کارآفرینی، صنایع دستی، توسعه روستایی، رگرسیون چندگانه، شهرستان انار
  • عبدالرضا رحمانی فضلی، رحمت الله منشی زاده، بیژن رحمانی، جهانبخش علیپوریان صفحات 133-152
    هدف
    رویکرد حکمروایی خوب روستایی با تاکید بر سه رکن اصلی دولت، بخش خصوصی و جامعه مدنی به حضور فعال و اثرگذار این ارکان در سایه مشارکت، شفافیت، پاسخ گویی، قانون مندی، عدالت، اجماع گرایی، مسوولیت پذیری،کارآیی و توسعه انسانی تاکید دارد. هدف از این پژوهش، بررسی جایگاه مدیریت روستایی مبتنی بر رویکرد حکمروایی خوب در توسعه پایدار روستایی «مقایسه بخش مرکزی کوهدشت و بخش لواسانات شمیرانات» است.
    روش
    پژوهش از نوع توصیفی- تحلیلی بوده و روش پژوهش از نظر هدف کاربردی و از نظر نحوه گردآوری داده ها، پیمایشی است. جامعه آماری؛ شامل خانوارهای روستایی دو منطقه مورد مطالعه با 27 روستای نمونه و 280 خانوار است. ابزار گردآوری داده ها از نوع پرسش نامه بوده که به صورت تصادفی در روستاهای نمونه تکمیل شد. به منظور تحلیل داده ها و آزمون فرضیه ها نیز از مدل ویکور و آزمون های آنوا توکی و رگرسیون چند متغیره استفاده شده است.
    یافته ها
    مطابق یافته های مدل ویکور، مدیریت مبتنی بر رویکرد حکمروایی خوب و سطح پایداری سکونت گاه ها در دو منطقه مورد مطالعه از وضعیت بسیار متفاوتی برخوردار است؛ به طوری که در هر دو منطقه، روستاهایی که از وضعیت حکمروایی خوبی برخوردارند، پایداری بهتری نیز دارند. هم چنین، تحلیل رگرسیون چند متغیره، نشان دهنده تاثیر و ارتباط معنی دار بین مولفه های حکمروایی خوب و توسعه پایدار روستایی است.
    محدودیت ها: محدودیت های این پژوهش شامل وسیع بودن حجم نمونه و جامعه مورد مطالعه و تطابق مدل نظری پژوهش با مدل تجربی آن بود.
    راه کارهای عملی: درنظرگرفتن رویکرد حکمروایی خوب در نظام مدیریت روستایی می تواند موجب سرعت بخشی روند توسعه پایدار روستایی شده و از ناپایداری سکونت گاه ها جلوگیری کند.
    اصالت و ارزش: این مقاله ضمن مقایسه تطبیقی دو منطقه با نظام مدیریت، سطح حکمروایی و پایداری متفاوت، می تواند کاستی های موجود در ساختار مدیریت یک پارچه کنونی روستاهای کشور را واضح تر نشان دهد.
    کلیدواژگان: مدیریت روستایی، حکمروایی خوب روستایی، توسعه پایدار روستایی، بخش مرکزی کوهدشت، بخش لواسانات
  • ناصر شفیعی ثابت، نگین سادات میرواحدی صفحات 153-172
    هدف
    بی توجهی به خواسته و تمایلات روستاییان در برنامه ریزی و توسعه مسکن چالش های متعددی در فرآیند برنامه ریزی و عمران روستایی ایجاد می کند و باعث ایجاد ادراک منفی در میزان رضایت مندی روستاییان از مقوله مسکن می شود. هدف این پژوهش، رتبه بندی نقاط روستایی شهرستان ورامین براساس میزان رضایت-مندی آن ها از مسکن با استفاده از مدل تصمیم گیری چندمعیاره (MCDM) ویکور است.
    روش
    روش تحقیق به صورت توصیفی تحلیلی است و بر روی 371 خانوار نمونه تصادفی به نسبت اندازه خانوار در 40 روستای نمونه تصادفی از مجموع 78 روستا در ناحیه همگن شهرستان ورامین در استان تهران انجام شد. در این پژوهش مولفه رضایت مندی ساکنان روستایی از مسکن بر اساس 6 شاخص بهداشتی، اقتصادی، تاسیسات و اجزای درونی مسکن، کالبدی، رفاهی، ایمنی از شاخص های تعیین شده مربوط به مسکن روستایی و در قالب 23 گویه سنجیده شد. در فرآیند انجام کار پس از محاسبه اهمیت نسبی، درجه ارجحیت هر شاخص با استفاده از تکنیک آنتروپی شانون به دست آمد، سپس با استفاده از مدل ویکور رتبه بندی نقاط روستایی انجام شد.
    یافته ها
    یافته های پژوهش نشان می دهد که نقاط روستایی شهرستان ورامین به نسبت میزان رضایت مندی از مسکن در سطوح مختلفی قرار داشته اند که از این بین 31 روستا در سطح خیلی کم، 8 روستا در سطح کم و تنها 1 روستا در سطح خیلی زیاد قرار گرفته اند. روستای طغان با رتبه 1 و سطح رضایت مندی خیلی زیاد (0)، در بالاترین و روستای حسین آباد کاشانی با سطح رضایت مندی بسیار کم (975/0)، در پایین ترین رتبه قرار دارند. فاصله سطح روستاها به لحاظ سطح رضایت مندی نسبت به هم مشابه بوده و تفاوت چشم گیر و بسیار زیادی با یکدیگر ندارند؛ ولی قرارگرفتن 31 روستا از 40 روستای مورد مطالعه با سطح رضایت-مندی خیلی کم نشان گر این است که سطح رضایت مندی در ساکنان محدوده مورد مطالعه بسیار پایین تر از حد متوسط قرار دارد.
    محدودیت ها و راه بردها: چالش های پژوهش حاضر به لحاظ محدودبودن پیشینه تحقیق مرتبط با موضوع پژوهش و هم چنین، هزینه بالای جمع آوری داده ها و تکمیل پرسش نامه ها با توجه به گستردگی محدوده مورد مطالعه است.
    راهکارهای عملی: در سیاست گذاری ها و برنامه ریزی در راستای تامین مسکن مناسب برای روستاییان درنظرگرفتن وجه نظر و خواسته آن ها موجب ارتقای وضعیت مساکن روستایی و رضایت مندی مردم می شود.
    اصالت و ارزش: این مقاله برای سازمان های متولی مسکن روستایی، از آن جا که مسکن ها با توجه به رضایت مندی افراد رتبه بندی شده است، با شناسایی روستاهای دارای رتبه های پایین در جهت ارتقای وضعیت و شرایط مسکن آن ها مفید خواهد بود.
    کلیدواژگان: رضایت مندی، مسکن روستایی، مدل ویکور، شهرستان ورامین
  • حمید جعفری، محمد علی احمدیان، عباس طرهانی صفحات 173-187
    هدف
    در دهه های اخیر، نوع نگرش به روستا و اقتصاد روستایی دست خوش تحول شده؛ به طوری که به منظور پایداری معیشت و امنیت اقتصادی در نواحی روستایی، اهمیت افزایش کارآمدی و اثربخشی فعالیت ها، میزان بهره وری از ظرفیت ها و توان های بالقوه و بالفعل موجود در فعالیت های اقتصادی افزایش یافته و متنوع سازی فعالیت های اقتصادی در فضای روستا جهت تضمین استمرار معیشت، ایجاد اشتغال، درآمد و غیره ضرورت یافته است. این پژوهش نیز با هدف پایدارسازی اقتصاد روستاهای مورد مطالعه در شهرستان قوچان انجام شده است.
    روش
    تحقیق حاضر به لحاظ هدف، کاربردی و از حیث روش، توصیفی- تحلیلی است. برای جمع آوری اطلاعات از روش های میدانی و کتاب خانه ای استفاده شده است. جامعه آماری شامل 16294 خانوار ساکن در 133روستای شهرستان قوچان بود که براساس روش مورگان، نمونه آماری با 336 سرپرست خانوار در 13 روستای منتخب به روش خوشه ایدومرحله ای انتخاب شد.
    یافته ها
    نتایج پژوهش نشان می دهد که کاشت گیاهان دارویی به طور میانگین، 159 درصد بیش تر از کاشت محصولات زراعی درآمدزایی ایجاد می کند و اشتغال زایی هر هکتار گیاهان دارویی، 206 درصد بیش تر از گیاهان زراعی می باشد. هم چنین، علی رغم این که نیاز آبی گیاهان دارویی 25 درصد بیش تر از گیاهان زراعی است، با توجه به درآمدزایی و اشتغال زایی بیش تر، آب مصرفی، اقتصادی تراست. از طرف دیگر، طبق نظر روستاییان، حمایت های دولت سبب افزایش تمایل آن ها به کاشت گیاهان دارویی خواهد شد. این تحقیق نشان داده است که تولید گیاهان دارویی سبب پایدارسازی اقتصاد روستایی می شود.
    محدودیت ها/ راه بردها: مسائل و مشکلاتی در توسعه کاشت گیاهان دارویی در منطقه مورد مطالعه مشاهده شده که با پیشنهادهایی از جمله برگزاری کلاس های آموزشی و ترویجی گیاهان دارویی بین جوامع روستایی منطقه و ایجاد بازار مناسب خرید و غیره می توان در جهت رفع آن ها و کارآیی بیش تر در کاشت گیاهان دارویی گام برداشت.
    کلیدواژگان: اقتصاد روستایی، پایدارسازی اقتصاد روستایی، تولید گیاهان دارویی، شهرستان قوچان
  • علی اصغر پیله ور صفحات 189-204
    هدف
    هدف از مقاله حاضر، شناسایی و بررسی ظرفیت های استان خراسان شمالی، جهت مکان یابی استقرارگاه های روستایی با منشا عشایری در استان خراسان شمالی است. هم چنین، معرفی عوامل موثر در مکان یابی بهینه اسکان عشایر و معرفی پهنه های دارای اولویت جهت اسکان بهینه عشایر (استقرارگاه های روستایی با منشا عشایری)، با استفاده از روش های تصمیم گیری چندمعیاره (AHP) در محیط GIS است.
    روش
    روش تحقیق در این پژوهش از نظر هدف، کاربردی و از نظر روش، توصیفی- تحلیلی است و روش گردآوری اطلاعات از طریق روش های کتاب خانه ای و میدانی می باشد. برای این منظور، 227 پرسش نامه در میان عشایر استان توزیع و تکمیل و فعالیت ها و تمایل به اسکان یا عدم تمایل به اسکان آن ها سنجش شده است.
    یافته ها
    نتایج حاصل از بررسی ها بیان گر این مطلب است که در مجموع، 60.79 درصد از عشایر استان تمایل به اسکان دایم، 29.51 تمایل به کوچ و 9.69 درصد تمایل به هر دو نوع زندگی را دارند. در ادامه به منظور مکان یابی استقرارگاه های روستایی با منشا عشایری شاخص های تاثیرگذار در اسکان عشایر و تعیین اولویت آن ها بررسی شد. برای این منظور، پس از تهیه ماتریس های دودویی، 10 نفر از مسوولان شهرستانی و مدیران در امور اجرایی عشایری مورد پرسش قرار گرفتند و پس از تهیه ماتریس های زوجی، ضریب ارجحیت معیارهای موثر و زیرمعیارهای مربوط به هر شاخص، مشخص شد و پس از محاسبه اوزان در نرم افزار Expert choice و مقایسه اوزان در روش AHP، اوزان نهایی جهت هم پوشانی لایه ها وارد نرم افزار GIS گشته و نقشه های خروجی حاصل از روش سلسله مراتبی با نقشه های سایت های پیشنهادی معرفی شده در سازمان امور عشایری خراسان شمالی مقایسه و نتایج در قالب نقشه های خروجی و نیز در قالب جدول مقایسه ای بیان شده است.
    راه بردها: ارائه الگوی بهینه و موثر پهنه های دارای اولویت جهت استقرارگاه های روستایی با منشا عشایری با استفاده از روش های تصمیم گیری چندمعیاره در محیط GIS.
    راه کارهای عملی: برای تهیه لایه های مورد نیاز (معیارها) به منظور مکان یابی استقرارگاه های روستایی با منشا عشایری در استان خراسان شمالی ابتدا شاخص های موثر شناسایی شده و در چهار طبقه تعریف و ماتریس مقایسه دودویی برای هر عامل تهیه می شود. در همین مرحله نیز شاخص های موثر در مکان یابی براساس اطلاعات توصیفی و گرافیکی از وضع موجود منطقه به وسیله نرم افزار GIS تهیه می شود. در پایان، طبق اثرپذیری لایه ها نسبت به مکان یابی محل اسکان بهینه روستایی با منشا عشایری 4 طبقه بندی مشخص شده اند: 1- نامناسب 2- نسبتا نامناسب 3- مناسب 4- کاملا مناسب.
    اصالت و ارزش: نتایج به دست آمده نشان می دهد، معیارهای فاصله از گسل، دوری از نقاط سیل خیز، فاصله کم تر از راه های اصلی و نوع کاربری اراضی مورد نظر جهت اسکان، به ترتیب، دارای بیش ترین اولویت و اهمیت در مکان یابی استقرارگاه های روستایی با منشا عشایری خراسان شمالی می باشند.
    کلیدواژگان: ستقرارگاه های روستایی، مکان یابی، روش سلسله مراتبی (AHP)، خراسان شمالی
  • حسن افراخته، اصغر طهماسبی، فرهاد عزیزپور، داریوش فتح الله طالقانی، فاطمه عسکری بزایه صفحات 205-222
    مقدمه
    آبیاری کوچک مقیاس کلید معیشت روستایی و امنیت غذایی در کشورهای در حال توسعه می باشد، به ویژه در مناطق با بارش کم و نامنظم، و تبخیر زیاد که تولید محصول در مناطق خشک را محدود می نماید. با این حال، با وجود سرمایه گذاری های عظیم دولت در ایجاد و نوسازی برنامه های آبیاری خرد، برخی از این برنامه ها بعد ازخاتمه حمایت دولتی با ناکارآمدی و فروپاشی مواجه می گردند .در نتیجه، بسیاری از کشورها برنامه های انتقال مدیریت آبیاری از سیستم های دولتی به بهره برداران آب را از طریق اجرای سیاست های انتقال مدیریت آبیاری(IMT) و مدیریت مشارکتی آبیاری(PIM) در دستور کار خود قرار دادند. پژوهش حاضر تلاشی در جهت نگرش سنجی موانع و چالش های انتقال مدیریت آبیاری با استفاده از روش کیو می باشد.
    چارچوب نظری: بین دو سرنام PIM و IMT یک تمایز مهم وجود دارد. ویژگی کلیدی PIM، مشارکت کشاورزان در مدیریت سیستم هایی است که به آن وابستگی دارند. این که مستقیم یا غیر مستقیم مشارکت نمایند، یا به عنوان مالک یا مشاور نقش داشته باشند، در این تعریف بازگذارده شده است. مهم کمیت مشارکت می باشد، و برای شکل مشارکت قالب خاصی در نظر گرفته نشده است. ویژگی کلیدی IMT خارج شدن مدیریت از دستان دولت و قرار گرفتن در دستان کشاورزان می باشد، این که کشاورزان در مدیریت جدید سیستم مشارکت نمایند، از معنای IMT استخراج نمی گردد.
    همان‏گونه که انواع مختلفی از تمرکززدایی وجود دارد. یعنی تمرکززدایی سیاسی، اداری و مالی، بنابراین مدل‏های مختلفی از انتقال مدیریت آبیاری وجود دارد. این مدل‏ها از لحاظ تمرکز، مقیاس، پاسخگویی واحد مدیریت و دامنه کارکردها و حقوق دارایی انتقال‏یافته به کشاورزان متفاوت هستند. مدل‏های اولیه IMT (1950 تا 1970) بیشتر بر کشاورزی غیر فقیر، بازارگرا، بزرگ مقیاس و شبه تجاری نظیر مزارع بزرگ در ایالات متحده، مکزیک، نیوزلند و ترکیه تمرکز می‏نمود. هدف این مدل‏های اولیه، صرفه‏جویی در هزینه های دولتی، بهبود عملیات و نگهداری، بهره‏وری هزینه و حفظ یا افزایش بهره‏وری کشاورزی آبی بود. دولت به طور معمول آغازگر این امر بود و کلیه کارکردهای مالی و نگهداری و حفظ به کشاورزان انتقال می‏یافت. ولی مالکیت در دست دولت باقی می‏ماند.در مقابل، مدل‏های جدیدتر IMT (1980 و 1990) در جنوب و جنوب شرق آسیا، آمریکای لاتین و آفریقا بر کشاورزی فقیر، کوچک مقیاس و بازار محلی‏گرا تمرکز نموده‏اند.در حالی که اهداف رسمی یعنی صرفه‏جویی در هزینه های دولتی، بهبود عملیات و نگهداری، بهره‏وری هزینه و حفظ یا افزایش بهره‏وری کشاورزی آبی، به قوت خود باقی است، IMT حتی اگر فقط موجب صرفه جویی در هزینه های دولتی و بهبود بهره وری مجموعه گردد، به طور فزاینده ای به عنوان یک رویداد موفق در نظر گرفته می شود.
    روش شناسی: پژوهش حاضر از لحاظ هدف، کاربردی و از نظر شیوه انجام از نوع ترکیبی (کمی-کیفی) می باشد. برای شناسایی چالش های انتقال مدیریت آبیاری از روش کیو استفاده شده است. در روش کیو، به جای متغیرها، افراد تحلیل می شوند و این، تفاوت اصلی این روش با سایر روش های تحقیق در علوم اجتماعی است. جمع آوری داده های این پژوهش در دو مرحله صورت گرفته است. ابتدا پرسشنامه ای حاوی دو سوال در زمینه موانع و چالش های انتقال مدیریت آبیاری بین کارشناسان و مدیران دو سازمان دست اندرکار مدیریت آب کشاورزی توزیع گردید و پس از جمع آوری دیدگاه های آن ها و بررسی منابع داخلی و خارجی، تعداد 41 گویه استخراج گردید. در مرحله دوم تعداد 30 مشارکت کننده، شامل 20 نفر ازمدیران و کارشناسان سازمان آب منطقه ای و جهاد کشاورزی گیلان و 10 نفر اساتید گروه آب و گروه توسعه و برنامه ریزی روستایی دانشگاه های گیلان و خوارزمی تهران به روش« نمونه گیری هدفمند» انتخاب گردیدند.
    بحث: نظر به اینکه در روش کیو تلاش بر این است که از رویکرد اثبات گرایی فاصله گرفته و به جای تمرکز بر کشف یک واقعیت عینی بپذیریم که مسائل اجتماعی می توانند واقعیت های متفاوتی از منظر افراد و گروه های مختلف داشته باشند، بر این اساس می پذیریم که چالش های اولویت بندی شده توسط هر سه گروه عوامل کلیدی در تحقق مدیریت مشارکتی آبیاری بوده و هر گروه با دانش و بینش و نگرش متفاوتی که به موضوع دارند آن را بررسی و اولویت بندی نموده اند. لذا ضمن اینکه اولویت هایی که به صورت مشترک توسط هر سه گروه مورد تاکید قرار گرفتند راهگشا خواهد بود، پرداختن به اولویت هایی که به طور جداگانه و منبعث از تفاوت در دیدگاه های این گروه هاست اجتناب ناپذیر و ضروری می باشد بر این اساس می توان گفت گروهی که کارشناسان با اکثریت اعضای هیت علمی دانشگاه عضو آن بودند چالش های فرهنگی – سازمانی را مهم ترین موانع تحقق مدیریت مشارکتی آبیاری می دانند (به عنوان مثال، فقدان زمینه سازی و فرهنگ سازی مناسب برای تشکیل تشکل های مدیریت آب، اقدام شتابزده دستگاه های متولی در امر تشکیل و ساماندهی تشکل ها بدون توجه کافی به زمینه های فرهنگی، فقدان استفاده از ظرفیت های محلی و بومی).
    دسته دوم گروه کارشناسان اجرایی با اکثریت کارشناسان وزارت کشاورزی بوده اند که باور دارند موانع فنی و اجرایی نقش پر رنگ تری از موانع فرهنگی در چالش های انتقال آبیاری به بهره برداران دارد (به عنوان مثال، استهلاک تاسیسات زیربنایی، فرسودگی و افت کیفیت شبکه های آبیاری و زهکشی، نگرش سیاسی بر نگرش اقتصادی به آب، نبود سازوکار مناسب برای هماهنگی بین بهره برداران با دستگاه های اجرایی).
    در نهایت از دیدگاه گروه سوم که گروه نسبتا کوچک تری در مقایسه با دو گروه دیگر بود، چالش عمده تحقق مدیریت مشارکتی آبیاری ریشه در مسائل آموزشی- فرهنگی دارد. از نظر این گروه عدم زمینه سازی و فرهنگ سازی مناسب برای تشکیل تشکل های آبیاری و ورود شتابزده دستگاه های دولتی، ضعف سیستم آموزش رسمی و غیر رسمی در زمینه مدیریت مشارکتی، عدم مشورت و نظر خواهی از بهره برداران در خصوص چگونگی واگذاری تصدی گری آب، ضعف اطلاع رسانی و برنامه های فرهنگ سازی برای زارعین و کارشناسان، و روشن نبودن جایگاه ذی نفعان و ذی مدخلان مهم ترین موانع برای تحقق مدیریت مشارکتی آبیاری می باشد.
    نتیجه گیری
    بر اساس نتایج تحقیق، گروهی که کارشناسان با اکثریت اعضای هیت علمی دانشگاه عضو آن بودند چالش های فرهنگی – سازمانی را مهم ترین موانع تحقق مدیریت مشارکتی آبیاری می دانند. دسته دوم گروه کارشناسان اجرایی با اکثریت کارشناسان وزارت کشاورزی بوده اند که باور دارند موانع فنی و اجرایی نقش پر رنگ تری از موانع فرهنگی-سازمانی در این زمینه دارد.در نهایت از دیدگاه گروه سوم که گروه نسبتا کوچکتری در مقایسه با دو گروه دیگر بود، چالش عمده تحقق مدیریت مشارکتی آبیاری ریشه در مسائل آموزشی- فرهنگی دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: انتقال مدیریت آبیاری، مدیریت مشارکتی آبیاری، روش کیو
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  • Hamid Jalalian, Saieed Khodaiee, Eyvaz Amini Qovaghlou Pages 1-18
    INTRODUCTION Throughout the human history, villages have played significant roles in the systems of settlement, occupation and production in particular, and in the development and progress of the society in general. In these regards, it seems that there is a great need for planning and management of affairs. Development planning, as one area of planning used by governments, is being utilized for providing a proper infrastructure and developing rural areas. Here, the improper conditions and problems of the physical texture of villages compared to today living conditions highlight the need for the skeletal planning. Since 1987, Housing Foundation of Islamic Revolution has started preparing and implementing the Rural Guide Plan for providing proper skeletal planning and developing the rural skeletal space, whose major parts enjoy physical-skeletal natures. In this article, we attempt to evaluate the effect of implementing the Rural Guide Plan on promoting indicators of skeletal development in rural settlements. Therefore, the present study is to provide answer to this question: does implementing Rural Guide Plan have any effect on the skeletal development of the rural settlements?
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: The strategy of development and improving rural infrastructures is considered as strategies defined and implemented in the framework of the physical-skeletal approach in the rural development. In the area of improving the rural infrastructure, one of the main plans which was taken into account after the Islamic revolution of Iran for the skeletal development of the villages was providing and implementing the Rural Guide Plan. This plan is the official guideline for guiding constructional operations and prosperity of villages by having some knowledge about their cultural, social and economic conditions. In the framework of the rural guide plan, those projects which lead to the transformation of rural skeleton and thus achieve rural development are implemented. Now in the framework of the Rural Guide Plan the skeletal-developmental projects such as the construction and renovation of walkway and street network, development of green space, rebuilding and covering canals in villages, constructing and completing the projects of sewage disposal systems and others are performed. These projects have effects on the environmental, economic and social aspects of villages in addition to the skeletal dimension.
    Methodology
    The present study is an evaluation research which is considered applied in terms of nature. This evaluation study is related to the activities of the Housing Foundation of Islamic Revolution in the framework of the Rural Guide Plan and since the plan has not passed the 10-year period, the study is considered as an intermediate evaluation. The collection of data was performed using library and field studies. The related data of theoretical foundations and the literature of the study were collected through library method and the field study was conducted by utilizing a questionnaire (a five-point Likert Scale). The validity of the questionnaire was verified by figures at universities and in Housing Foundation of Islamic Revolution. Moreover, the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated using Cronbach Alpha and the overall value of 0.78 was obtained. The statistical population of the study includes villages in Somarin District where the Rural Guide Plan was implemented. Among seven villages with the Rural Guide Plan, three of them were selected as samples using principal components analysis. For determining the sample size in the level of rural households, the Cochran sampling method was utilized with the confidence level of 95% and error level of 1.5% whereby 201 samples were obtained. The analysis of the obtained data has been conducted using Excel and SPSS soft wares.
    DISCUSSION &
    Conclusion
    In the present study the effect of implementing the Rural Guide Plan was evaluated from viewpoints of villagers (who witnessed the effects of implementing Rural Guide Plan). The results of the study revealed that implementing Rural Guide Plan has medium to high impacts on the skeletal development of rural settlements: 32.1% of respondents believed that the impact of implementing the Rural Guide Plan was medium while 37% of respondents believed in high impact of it. These cases are explained by 69.2% of respondents in this study. In studying the indicators of the skeletal development, it was revealed that the indicator of “surface water disposal pathways and canals” has medium impact, and the indicators of "rural housing construction", "quality of rural land use and site selection" and "quality of access to services" have high impacts on the rural settlements. Therefore, the Rural Guide Plan, which is considered as a significant plan for improving the skeletal texture and rural constructions, could have positive effects. Meanwhile, in the aforementioned goals for this plan and also in the charter of Housing Foundation for providing the Rural Guide Plan, economic, social and cultural goals were also considered, though, they are regarded as side goals and generally they become practical through achieving the physical-skeletal goals. Finally, it is worth mentioning that all changes in skeletal Texture made by implementing Rural Guide Plan could not be regarded as positive.
    Keywords: Rural guide plan, indicators of skeletal development in village, effectiveness, housing foundation, Ardebil
  • Jamshid Eynali, Mahdi Cheraghi, Adel Brouki Milan Pages 19-33
    Introduction
    Rural areas in developing countries face with many challenges. This has led theorists, planners and decision-makers to adopt new approaches seek to provide solutions and new methods in the process of rural development to the Reduce problems in these regions. A logical solution in this area is, the idea of the diversity of economic activities in rural settlements in developing countries, which improve the non-agricultural employment opportunities and improve the welfare of rural households and also reduces the risk of agricultural products. These requires appropriate infrastructure. One of these infrastructure is, rural roads which can create new sources of income, leading to a more diversified revenue structure that can reduce the vulnerability of households to economic shocks.
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: The idea of diversification of economic activities is a means to accelerate economic development in different levels which is important in promoting the welfare and security of the region's economy. This idea was proposed in developing countries to improve the terms of trade and economic growth after the Second World War and also in recent decades, the creation of global crises and natural such as War, drought, global inflation causing attention to the diversification of the economy, particularly the rural economy in recent years that in rural areas seeking for employment opportunities and development of sources of income for regions residents provides The best opportunity for economic and organizational solutions. The importance of this approach is that when the agricultural sector facing with stagnation the non- agricultural rural economy can eliminate some damages. This requires appropriate infrastructure. One of these is infrastructure, rural roads, that it is first factor for economic development areas, particularly in rural areas that has a significant impact on economic growth and poverty reduction through wide ranges of mechanisms. This factor with connecting remote and isolated areas, helped increasing relation between producers, Local markets and commercial products, as a result, income increase, improve the job security of small farmers, strengthening entrepreneurial opportunities, improving the business security of small-scale farmers, enhancing of the productivity of factors of production.
    Methodology
    This research is applied and the method is analytical– descriptive. Data collected method is field studies and documental. From a 2742 households in Chawarzagh County, 250 respondents were selected by using Cochran formula. For data analysis, statistical tests such as Wilcoxon, one sample T test, two sample T test was used.
    Discussion
    The results of the study show a significant difference in diversification of rural economic activity in the periods before and after creation road zanjan- taham- chavarzagh. So that the diversification components to income sources in rural areas and improve infrastructure products and services show the highest rate respectively and and the investment index in the off- rural shows the lowest. Sample t-test for alpha level of 0.01 is significant in all dimensions. In addition, Two-sample t-test results in the two groups of villages to 5 km of the road and most villages in the distance from the road showed significant differences in the level 99.
    Conclusion
    Literature and research related to the research topic showed that development of access roads in rural areas has a several impact on the diversification of economic activity and as a result development of economic infrastructures. In this study, using theoretical studies, economic implications rural roads in five categories of indicators are considered as: 1- Improving employment opportunities in non-agricultural activities;
    2- Improving employment opportunities in agricultural activities;
    3- Improve products and services infrastructures;
    4- Diversification of sources of income in rural areas; and
    5- Investment outside the village.
    The significant difference in the average number Obtained calculating the components of a variety of economic activities Inventory data from among the heads of households in the villages of samples before and after the roads Zanjan brave Chavarzqh. In all components there are difference. So that in order the most significant difference in the components of diversifying sources of income in rural areas, improve infrastructure to manufacturing and services, and the smallest difference in investment outside the village. Also average number variants examined in the study also shows the high level components in all cases, so that to be able road construction Zanjan – taham – chavarzagh play a decisive role in Diversification to sources of income in rural areas, improve infrastructure products and services, improving employment opportunities in agriculture and non-agricultural activities, investments outside the village and etc… In the rural area of study. In addition, showed two-sample t-test results in the two groups of villages to 5 km of the road and most villages in the distance from the road significant differences in the level 99. In the other hand difference means and 95 percent confidence interval for the difference between the two groups showed positive results that can show improve the effectiveness of the road in all indices of the survey.
    Keywords: Rural development, transport, rural economy, Tarom County
  • Heshmatollah Saadi, Ahmad Yaghoubi Farani, Leila Zoleikhaei Sayyar, Fatemeh Ghahremani Pages 35-48
    Introduction
    Employment is critical for poverty reduction and for enhancing women’s status, especially in rural community. The notion of work and self-employment for women is complex and different factors affect women employment. Based on research results and experiences in developing countries, in rural areas, women as a significant part of the population, face some social, cultural, economic and institutional limitation for starting or promoting a business. In this research, through a survey in a rural society, most of the barriers and limitations of rural women employment were distinguished and analyzed.
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK : Rural employment is a key to economic and social development in many countries like Iran. That’s why many researchers tried to find solutions and strategies for progression of rural employment especially for women, and also the barriers and obstacles of rural women self-employment. Based on researches, many different barriers can prevent the process of starting and developing a business. Some studies showed that socio-economic barrier like family opposition or lack of family supports, lack of women self-confidence and some cultural values and belief against women self-employment prevent the progression of women business in rural areas. Also, generally rural women have less access to fund and credit and this factor can limit the rate of self-employment and entrepreneurship by rural women. Lack of empowerment and skill is another issue that decreases the level of business starting by rural women. Personal characteristic and competence is also needed for staring a new business. Some researchers showed that lack of some competencies like self-confidence, ambiguity tolerance, risk taking and spirit of independence can prevent the level of self-employment intention. Based on researches, different barriers could have different influences on different societies and that’s why, for drawing a conceptual map for barriers of women employment and entrepreneurship, quantitative survey is needed. In this survey research, the role of different cultural, social, personal and institutional barriers and limitations of rural women employment were assessed through a factor analysis.
    Methodology
    The current applied research is a quantitative and non-experimental study in terms of variables controlling. The main purpose of the study was to distinguish and analyze the most important barriers and limitations of rural women’s employment. To do that, 150 rural women in Tuyserkan, Hamedan province, were selected randomly as research sample. Based on review of theoretical literature, a structured questionnaire was made and used as a main tool to collect data. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed by panel of experts and the Reliability was measured by "Cronbach α" test (α=0.81). In order to analyze data, both SPSS18 and LISREL8.8 software were used. The SPSS was used for describing data and factor analysis and the LISREL was used in order to modelling structural equations. The results of structural equations showed good fitness of the model used for analyzing barriers of rural women employment. (RMSEA=0.063, AGFI=0.8, GFI=0.93(.
    Discussion
    Findings showed that rural women in this research face a group of limitations and barriers in starting and managing their business. Using exploratory factor analysis revealed that four main obstacles are very important in the process of starting and promoting business by rural women in their point of view. The most important factors were socio-cultural barriers like family opposition, lack of women self-confidence and some cultural values and belief against women self-employment (with 22.03% of barriers’ variances). This factor with some other barriers such as economic-environmental, personality and training-supporting barriers explained 62.30% of the variances of employment barriers.
    Conclusion
    According to the research results, it was found that rural women in this survey face different limitation and barriers in the process of self-employment which can influence on this process differently. Based on the research, it is recommended to pay attention to some cultural programs through media or social activities in order to reform some social and cultural barriers such as traditional mindset towards women's empowerment and their participation. It is also essential to provide learning opportunities for both men and women in rural areas in order to believe women and daughter abilities and empowerments in economic and social activities. The research results can help policymakers and managers to develop suitable supportive plans in different stages of starting and managing rural business by women.
    Keywords: Rural women, employment, employment barriers, Tuyserkan County
  • Bahram Mohammadi Golrang, Food See Lai, Seyyed Hamid Reza Sadeghi Pages 49-68
    Introduction
    The degree of public participation in development programs is a major determinant of success or failure of the programs, but the factors which make people participate still remain unknown. Many studies have developed numerous and sometimes different views concerning the dimensions of participation. The present study is designed to analyze people's participation in soil and water resources management programs by using the framework of social exchange theory.
    Regarding the importance of the watershed plans on one hand and extensive effects of these plans in the rural regions on the other hand, the main purpose of this descriptive – corrective survey is to identify and analyze the effect of watershed plans implemented in Kushk-Abad village in Khorasan Razavi province. The basic purpose of this study is to analyze the factors influencing rural people’s participation in National Resource Projects for Sustainable Management of Watershed Management Program (WMP) in Kardeh Dam Basin.
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK : The framework of this study is based on social exchange theory. The central idea of social exchange theory is that the exchange of social and material resources is a fundamental form of human interaction. This theory basically asserts that people develop attitudes toward other people and things in the context of anticipated personal benefits and costs to be derived from contacting with them. Activities that generate net benefits will tend to be perceived positively, while those activities that generate net losses will tend to be perceived negatively. Social exchange theory poses that all human relations are formed by the use of a subjective cost-benefit analysis and the comparison of alternatives. For social exchange theorists, when the costs and benefits are equal in a relationship, then, that relationship is defined as equitable. The notion of equity is a core part of social exchange theory.
    Methodology
    The statistical population includes head of households who dwell in Kardeh village and participated in this project. The statistical population of this study consisted of all the heads of households of Kushk-Abad village (N= 1250). Based on Kerjcie and Morgan Table, a sample of 200 person was selected using simple random sampling. Data were collected from face-to-face interviews with respondents based on a structured questionnaire. The main instrument of the survey was a questionnaire whose validity was established by an experts’ panel consisting of specialists in natural resources extension. It's reliability was established by calculating Coronbach’s alpha coefficient for measuring level of rural people’s participation in WMP. A pilot study was conducted to establish reliability of the questionnaire. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used for the main scale of questionnaire, which scored more than 0.85, confirming its appropriate reliability. Collected data were analyzed using the SPSS win18 software.
    Discussion
    The findings of research showed that household size, times of traveling to town, level of participation in previous projects, awareness of plan goals, awareness of degradation impacts of natural resources, need to social solidarity, contact with technical experts, and visiting sample projects are positively and significantly (p
    Keywords: People participation, watershed management project, rural development
  • Hasan Giyahi, Aliakbar Shayan Yeganeh Pages 69-80
    Introduction
    Although symbol creation has had a long record in human history, throughout the history, the symbols as a mark bearing visual identity, have been used as a tool for communication. This means humans have used the symbols for thousands of years to describe natural phenomena and express their emotions, feelings and ideas. There are many historical and natural monuments in rural areas that are symbols and brands of those areas. Accordingly, they can have a huge impact on sustainable development of rural areas if they receive due attention. Nowadays in many rural areas, tourism has changed from a passive factor into a dynamic and effective one which may have positive effects on controlling the rural social landscape. The nature and significance of such changes make it necessary to pay special attention to functions of tourism and leisure activities in rural areas, so that in some cases it may prompt one to predict the possible effects.
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK : Since tourism and the use of natural and historical resources has changed into a need, the various uses of space has provided more opportunities for rural people to benefit from natural and historical monuments in their areas. Today, tourism as a phenomenon of the twentieth century plays a vital role in the global economy, and as a social phenomenon play a significant role in dynamic global economy. At the same time, as the world's largest service industry, tourism contributes to cultural exchange between countries. Persian Garden as one of the valuable historical and natural symbols of Iran which has recently been registered in World Heritage list (UNESCO) would remain in the minds of the people of the world.
    Methodology
    The research was conducted in a descriptive-analytical method. The data were obtained through documentary research and surveys. The population included about 20,000 people, of which 250 people were selected in a random sampling method as the sample of the study. We also used Kendall W Rank test to find which area has more positive tourism driven effects. The data were processed using SPSS software package. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability of the items.
    Discussion
    The results showed that according to the value of chi-square (15.424), which is a significant at error level of less than 0.01, we may conclude with a confidence level of 0.99 percent that ideas of the participants about the effects of tourism on social, economic and physical aspects are different. According to the results, the physical effects of tourism (2.12) in the study area, have been stronger than social-cultural (1.93) and economic ones (1.94). The largest economic impact of tourism was on the item of “tourism has attracted more funds and state budget” with an average of 4.8. The largest socio-cultural impact of tourism was on the item of “To what extent have advertising and guiding the tourists been adequate in the area?” with an average of 4.42. The largest physical impact of tourism was on the item of “Do you believe your village has essential capabilities for tourism development” with an average of 4.56. The study results show the revival and restoration of the garden as the symbol and brand of regional tourism has positive economic, social and physical effects on development of Taqi Abad village.
    Conclusion
    Neshat Garden in Taghiabad Firozeh village, situated 18 km West of Nishabur, similar to other historical gardens in Iran, have a favorable status in tourism of the region and the province. As the study results show the revival and restoration of the monument has had positive economic, social and physical effects on development of Taqiabad village. The statistics of Cultural Heritage Administration of Firozeh County in 2013-2014 show that after restoration of the garden, more than 13,500 people have visited the site. Nevertheless, the number was too small in 2013. This figure well indicates the statues of Neshat Garden among culture lovers, promising its essential role in attracting tourists and eventually in rural development.
    Keywords: Rural tourism, Neshat Garden, Persian garden, Symbol, Taghiabad village
  • Hamid Barghi, Sedigheh Hashemi, Nasrin Jafari Pages 81-97
    Introduction
    Disasters do not affect all members of a society equally. Disaster scholars, and to a less extent the general public, have acknowledged that disasters do not indiscriminately distribute risk. Indeed, disasters are the products of the social, political, and economical environment, as well as the natural events that cause them. In the last three decades, two geophysical hazards, Haiti earthquake in 2010, and the Indonesian earthquake and tsunami in 2004 have caused the highest death toll from natural disasters. Natural disasters such as floods and earthquake in geographical areas, especially in rural areas often have undesired adverse effects. Natural disasters had mostly endangered health of residents, especially children and the elderly by destroying the sources of income and living facilities, and had always been a serious threat to development, especially in developing countries. This subject reminds the necessity of attention to resilience at the local level (village); because, local resilience believes that resiliency almost depends on properties and action in microscale. Local resiliency based on events means that local community is able to stand against extreme natural events without damages like destructive losses and damages or loss of production of power or quality of life.
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: The relationship between a society's sustainability of resiliency and risks includes many social, economic, political and complex physical factors. There are three common models for studying resilience: mitigation model, recovery model, and structural-cognitive model.
    METHOLOGY: In this research, the sampling method has two steps. In the first step, due to vulnerability of villages against the earthquake, among twenty-four villages in the study area, eleven villages with more than 20 households were selected as the sample of study. Because these villages are near to the faults, they are more in danger of earthquakes. Therefore, sampling was performed in eleven selected villages. These villages have a population of 6413 people. Since the exact number of people in a society cannot be calculated due to time and cost restrictions, the sample size was calculated using Cochran's formula, which includes 362 people. To evaluate resiliency in villages, independent samples t test, Pearson correlation coefficient, Friedman ANOVA, and Prometheus techniques as well as Electra 1 have been used.
    Discussion
    The analysis and increase of resilience of natural disasters has become an important and extensive field in a way that currently the issue is shifting from analyzing the movement of the mutual sustainable development and disaster management towards increasing resilience. Accordingly, the analysis and increase of the resilience of human and environmental systems against natural disasters is moving towards achieving the goal of sustainable development which has gained a particular importance. Reviewing literature and previous successful experiences showed that increasing resilience of residents and the resiliency of rural settlements is the best way to reduce the effects of natural disasters. The most important step to increase the resiliency is identification of the amount of rural areas and rural people's resiliency. Therefore, the present study seeks to investigate the status of resiliency in Mojezat district against danger of earthquake so that the economic, social, organizational, and infrastructural resiliency can be studied.
    CONCLU#SION: The results showed that among the various aspects studied, the social dimension has high resiliency and organizational dimension has low resiliency. Because rural people tend to participate in helping the victims, be members of community groups and cooperate with architects. However, villager's due to lack of appropriate institutional context and unsuccessful performance of institutions related to crisis management have been less satisfied with these organizations. This issue led to the fact that the organizational dimension based on independent samples T test becomes fairly good. It is also confirmed by Friedman test. The existence of positive and significant relationship between different dimensions indicates that strengthening one dimension of resiliency can help increasing resiliency in other dimensions. Prometheus technique showed that Doran and Ramin villages, according to the indexes studied in rural areas, had the highest rank.
    According to the obtained results, the following points can be proposed to increase resiliency: 1-Improving institutional and organizational infrastructure and creating a bilateral relationship between the local organizations and rural people in order to increase people's satisfaction and improve institutional resiliency, especially in Riyhan, Segheltuli and Qynerjhe villages.
    2- Increasing participation among individuals, people, and their members of the local groups, especially among the educated class and in Barutaghaji village because of the low average of the social dimension in this village.
    3- Improving infrastructure in SeghlTuli and BarotAghaji through development of infrastructure facilities, improving the quality of housing and increasing public services, especially the houses of pastoral class.
    4. Paying more attention to Chavarzaq and Riyhan Villages and reducing the vulnerability of these villages, especially in the organizational aspect.
    Keywords: Resiliency, Earthquake, Mojezat Dehestan, Prometheus, Electre techniques
  • Hojatollah Sadeghi, Seyyed Eskandar Saydaee, Mohammad Reza Rezvani Pages 99-117
    Introduction
    Dams as one of the regional and national development infrastructures of each country have different effects on their surrounding regions such as rural areas. These impacts in various aspects and including environmental can be effective in sustainable rural development and its structural-functional framework. These impacts are two kinds. Rural settlements with regard to social and economic structures although in some cases accept positive effects of Dam construction, but their negative effects are not low. Karun-3 Dam in Izeh county as one of the largest reservoir dams in the country from dams is that due to the geographical features, have affected on Surrounding region especially rural areas. due to the current situation in rural areas, Identifying and explaining these effects is essential. The purpose of this research was investigate the environmental effects, Karun-3 Dam on surrounding rural areas.
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK : The global organization emphasis on preserve life about natural conditions more than twenty river network of world, that negative effects of Dams construction on these rivers on environment is more of their creation benefits such as agricultural water supply and produce electricity. According to the organization, one of negative effects of Dams construction on some rivers is Waste in use of water in agriculture and the destruction of the natural environment, plant and animal species. In addition, large dams could have Geomorphic and hydrologic impacts on the ecosystem of region. In other words, studies show that dams have Great environmental impacts on vegetation, diversity and change in coastal ecosystems, human settlements and so on. This point is important, the emphasis on suitable management of and a stable with having systematic view. Therefore, proper management of the dam and surrounding regions, attention to sustainable development perspective and systematic view is from basic necessities.
    Methodology
    The research methodology based on the nature is descriptive-analytical and based on the purpose is, functional. Among the villages around the Karun-3 Dam were selected 38 villages, with due to Specific geographical properties. The statistical population was 2531 households and the sample using a Cochran formula calculated 334 households and Finally, to increase the reliability sample, the number was promoted to 350 households. The questioning in level of rural household was done. Finally, data after collecting using SPSS statistical software were integrated. In addition, from 38 rural local managers were interviewed and in the form of Grounded Theory, interviews organized and presented. Also on the section of opinions of experts, 100 experts in Izeh County were investigated.
    Discussion
    Karun-3 Dam had much impacts in environmental instability on rural areas. For example, increasing climate change at the local level has led., Because the lake of Karun-3 Dam has been to increase parameters such as temperature and humidity in the region and in its result, in addition to direct effects, other consequences has entered on agricultural activities and the general economy. With climate change, Crops cultivation and so on be also experiencing problems that with lack of planning, this issue has been intensified and Agriculture in the region has been reduced. Also cultivable rural land tenure both in upstream and downstream has led to decrease in the agricultural sector. While this section should be developed due to the potential created, but because Rural the agricultural sector has been a downward trend. Of hazards, Dam created many earthquakes in the region. That as a result is the destruction and creation of multiple gaps in rural housings. In addition, rural land use has changed. Also vegetation covers and water resources in many cases has changed and the number of wells has decreased. Based on the findings of qualitative, two factor Increase of local temperature and increase of the hazards is known the most important environmental impact of the dam. Evaluation of environmental variables in rural areas upstream from expert opinion shows, the situation is not only not improved after the dam, but has worsened and this issue shows comparison of the mean scale in after dams Construction (49/2). In addition, the findings showed that at the household level, Karun-3 Dam affected in trend of less favorable environmental variables around villages the upstream and downstream. Amount evaluated variables equal significance level is (Sig = 000/0), it is confirmed. Also Independent sample t-test indicates to better environmental variables villages upstream to downstream with a significance level (Sig = 0/000).
    Conclusion
    Karun-3 Dam as a big reservoir Dam have been affected in decrease and trend of environmental variables of upstream and downstream villages. But this effectiveness has negative trend, not positive. Environmental variables in upstream rural areas. considering their average was better in before dam. By considering achieved average difference, is less situation upstream and downstream areas in after dam creation and Dam influence have more negative trend. Of course, we can say that this negative trend is the result of mismanagement. In general, the environment is affected by various human phenomena's including development projects. Using the results obtained can be in planning in the field be useful for decreasing the difficulties in rural areas.
    Keywords: Environmental effects, rural areas, Karun-3 Dam, Izeh county
  • Sirous Ghanbari, Mohammad Hossein Dehghan, Hossein Miraki Anari Pages 119-132
    Introduction
    Rural development has a deep connection with economic growth and social security. In this regard, empowerment and capacity building and achieving sustainable development in rural areas are necessary. It is also required that a good explanation of the grounds for job creation in rural areas is provided to improve the economic situation in rural areas. Entrepreneurs are those that are compatible with the characteristics of today's world. Thus, for economic growth, we need the survival and continuation of activities of these people. One of the effective economic mechanisms in the field of entrepreneurship that can provide sustainable rural development is rehabilitation and development of handicrafts. Handicrafts in Anar has roots in the distant past, and many of its handicraft are now vanished. Only a few types of handicrafts have remained in traditional and experimental form. However, in recent years, new and diverse handicrafts have been developed among the youth by Cultural Heritage Organization and some public and private schools. In this study, an attempt is made to answer this question: What is the impact of the function and role of entrepreneurial projects (with an emphasis on crafts) on sustainable rural development? In order to answer this question, the theoretical framework was designed according to which the role of entrepreneurial plans and supporting rural handicrafts and its consequences were investigated in terms of economic impact (income, employment, land prices and variety of activities) and social effects (immigration, welfare, security and partnerships) to achieve rural development in villages of central city of Anar.
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: The best strategy to meet the challenges, especially the economy in rural areas, is encouraging the villagers to start "family business" through entrepreneurship. Thus, now the effort of people of rural areas to achieve economic sustainability can have increased by using local entrepreneurs because of the focus on the local economic resources through the development of entrepreneurship is one of the modes of economic development in these areas. In this regard, one can refer to Pakistan. Small businesses and industries form 48% of factories and industries in this country. 48% of industrial workers work on rural handicraft industry. One of the common features found in most handicraft is that they are made by using simple tools and very different from the production methods by the ancients. In order to achieve the development of rural industries using local knowledge is essential. It is based on the experiences of indigenous experience, and it is often transmitted verbally in the form of heritage. It is acquired via repeated use over time, tested and is compatible with the environment and local culture.
    Methodology
    This study seeks to explain and examine the role of entrepreneurial plans, especially occupations related to handicrafts, in the development of rural areas of the central city of Anar based on the economic and social indicators of the impact of these projects on the survival rates of population, social welfare, income and rural employment. This research is a quantitative research, using descriptive-analytical data. For data analysis, one sample T-test and multivariate linear regression in SPSS software has been used. The instrument reliability was assessed by using Cronbach's alpha techniques 6 and it was 0.86, which indicates the reliability of the instrument.
    Discussion
    The results of t-test showed that from the variables, only one has a mean higher than 4, which belongs to the "variable of employment for rural women". In addition to income and entrepreneurship, the employment of rural women indirectly affects the survival of the rural population. After this variable that have the greatest impact among other variables, it accounted for rural development (economic dimension) and (social dimension) in the study area. In the majority of cases, the mean value obtained is a number between 3 and 4. That means in most cases, the means are slightly higher than average, which indicates the formation of the changes caused by the influence of handicrafts in such areas. In four cases of variables, the means were below the national average. The level of significance shows that, in four of the variables "efficient use of uncultivated and barren lands" (0.053), "immigration from outside the village" (0.045), "legislation, support for producers in the field of handicrafts "(0.031) and" qualitative and quantitative development of infrastructure communications"(0.017) the significance level was higher than the alpha level 0.05. Therefore, it can be said that economic aspect of the development of rural handicrafts had the highest influence on rural areas discussed in this study.
    Conclusion
    Handicraft is considered as an art by many. The fields of handicraft in the villages of the city, carpet weaving is more common. But those who are active in this area receive little income they use traditional methods and produce rugs that have less monetary value. To fix this problem, strong management and permanent planning can be used to design a framework and roadmap for activists in this field. In rural areas of the studied city, the establishment of craft has caused diversification and the creation of employment and income in the economy, reduction of rural migration, improvement of infrastructure and increase in social participation. However, it has not been successful in reducing the cost of land, efficient use of wastelands and barren, immigration from outside the village, attracting private sector investment, job and legal security of villagers. According to figures obtained from the multiple regression test; handicrafts in rural development area is 0.70 effective, which shows its significant role in the development of villages in Anar. In this regard, on the basis of the dimensions mentioned above, the economy (3.33) compared to the social dimension (21.3) is more effective in rural development.
    Keywords: Entrepreneurship, handicrafts, rural development, multiple regression, Anar County
  • Abdolreza Rahmani Fazli, Rahmatollah Monshizadeh, Bizhan Rahmani, Jahanbakhsh Alipourian Pages 133-152
    Introduction
    Good governance, as an approach in rural man-agement, is the engagement of government, pri-vate sector and civil society, based on active and effective participation, transparency, ac-countability, rule of law, justice, Consensus-oriented Responsiveness, efficiency, and effec-tiveness as well as human development. This paper aims to provide an analysis of the present condition of ‘good governance based rural management’ and its role in the sustainable rural development in two regions (central district of Kuhdasht, and Lavasanat Shemiranat). The pa-per also studies the relationship between good governance indicators and sustainable rural de-velopment.
    Rural good governance as an approach is one of the newest and most famous approaches in sus-tainable management of rural sustainable devel-opment. This approach is considerably power-ful in explaining the realities. It is also useful in policy making in the case of sustainable rural development. It is because the rural good gov-ernance pays a special attention to institutional-izing, enabling, and empowering local people's participatory development. The main debate in this part of the article is the relationship be-tween the good governance and sustainable ru-ral development and their effects on each other. Good governance is defined as transparent and responsible management with a special focus on fair and sustainable development in social and economic aspects. Then, rural good governance is a process, in which, all actors of rural man-agement are engaging.
    Methodology
    In this paper we used a descriptive–analytical approach. Survey and questionnaires were used for gathering data. The sample includes 280 households in 27 villages in the above men-tioned regions. In order to achieve the purpose, we used different numerical models, such as VIKOR, multivariate regression, and correla-tion.
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: The process aimed development of place and prosperity of the local people. In other words, rural good governance is implementing policies and decisions, two eleven by local people, in order to their living condition, so rural sus-tainable development is the process of maiming rural areas in away.
    While the literature on sustainable development covers many of the issues raised in the early literature on economic growth models, it seems fair to say that whatever the merits of the origi-nal formulation in the Brundtland Report of 1987, one decade later there has been great ad-vances in both the theoretical aspects of desira-ble development and the ways in which that development might be indicated. Hence, there has been an ongoing debate regarding the mean-ing of constant capital, the relative merits of weak and strong sustainable development as a framework for analyzing these issues, the in-creasing attention given to the concept of criti-cal natural assets, and more recently the role of social capital formation and maintenance in the development process.
    Thus, good governance expresses approval for a type of government, usually a democratic one, and its related political values. Equating govern-ance with government focuses on technical problems of administrative and legal capacity and the improvement of public sector manage-ment, the legal framework for sustainable de-velopment, accountability through better audit-ing, decentralization, the policing of corruption, civil service reform, and improved information on policy issues for both decision-makers and the public. Finally, good governance has been defined as a framework of private non-governmental bodies that have a role to play in the formulation and implementation of public policy and the delivery of public services.
    Discussion
    The results show that rural areas with higher good governance level are more sustainable. Rural areas in Lavasanat district owe good gov-ernance and sustainable position to institutional arrangement. Hence, the weakness of this insti-tutional arrangement is an indicator for the good governance level in Kuhdasht central district.
    Based on the VIKOR model, which provides us with a QI result ranging from 0 to 1, rural areas with QI=0 are the most sustainable areas with a high level of governance and rural areas with QI=1 are the worst areas based on the sustaina-bility and good governance. The result of this study showed that all rural areas in Lavasanat have a QI between 0-0.5. We can claim that these rural areas have a reasonable sustainabil-ity and a good level of governance. On the oth-er side, in Kuhdasht, we can classify rural areas in two different classes; seven rural areas with a QI between 0.5-0.8 and thirteen rural areas with a QI between 0.8-1. The first group has a medi-um level of sustainability and governance while the second group is neither sustainable nor has good governance.
    The other model used in this article was the re-gression analysis. The result of this model showed that the model is acceptable and can forecast both governance level and sustainabil-ity.
    Conclusion
    The result shows that good governance in dif-ferent rural areas can be recognized into two different levels. At the same time, there is a close tie between good governance and sustain-able rural development as well as their indica-tors. Hence, as it has been shown in the article, rural areas with higher governance position have a better situation in the sustainable rural development.
    Keywords: Rural management, rural good governance, rural sustainable development, Central District of Kuhdasht, Lavasanat District
  • Naser Shafiei Sabet, Negin Sadat Mirvahedi Pages 153-172
    Introduction
    In the last few decades, in development context and literature, order to, life satisfaction among the key indexes is studied to evaluate the welfare of the society and the developing level of it. detachable from people’s life. Housing is one of the effective factors in life quality. Quality of life is a complex and multi-dimensional concept. Some interpret it as public welfare, social welbings, happiness, satisfaction and so on. The concept of satisfaction from house has attracted many attentions. Among the inter field satisfaction and evaluation people’s satisfaction from housing makes the custodians of this fact to prepare the development of housing projects. in order to evaluate house, a suitable factor is satisfaction concept and this points must be paid attention to the fact that in people’s satisfaction discussion knowing that why some families in comparison with other families are not satisfied with their house. This is an important issue.
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK : It is thought that satisfaction difference of the house (real house and expected house) is depended upon house condition and neighborhood location. According to the previous studies and literatures, for house satisfaction, there are 3 theories: 1) House Needs Theory, 2) Lack of House Theory, 3) Mental Structure Theory.
    House Needs theory means having or lack of satisfaction from house in life cycle. “Lack of House “theory means satisfaction or lack of it from house itself and “Mental Structure “theory means providing a condition between needs and requirements for each aspect of house. In most experimental studies in house satisfaction, all 3 theories are used. In a group of these researches, individual’s social aspect and also understanding house condition is studied.
    Methodology
    In general approach the present study from gathering data point of view is based on library-documentary information and field survey. One of the main sources of reaching rural house factors is the documents of a country which the most important of them is basic rules, 4th and 5th development plan, and Islamic Republic Housing Foundation and house making ministry. Based on this, 23 factors like Figure number 2 are identified and the relevant info of the factors is gathered. Statistic society is 78 villages in Tehran’s desert territory. To determine the sample size about 50% of the villages equal to 40 villages were chosen randomly. Then by the use of Cochran formula, probable accuracy 5% and variance 0.25 equal to 400 households was reached. Finally based on “probability proportional to size the random sample in each of the sample villages was calculated and in them the questionnaires were completed
    Discussion
    The process of VIKOR model is as following: A) Imagine we have m alternatives and n criterions.
    B) Determining the best and the worst quantity for the entire standard (Functions): C) Determining weight and the importance of qualifications: D) Calculating alternatives’ distance from the ideal solution and finally adding them up for final value as
    E) Calculating VIKOR quantity Qi
    So when v is bigger than 0/5, Qi indexed will lead to agreed majority and when it is smaller than 0/5, Qi index shows the negative majority vision. In general, when v equals to 0/5, it shows the agreementary vision of the evaluating experts.
    The results showed that in rural areas of Varamin’s country about housing satisfaction are in different level. 31 villages have very little satisfaction, 8 villages have low satisfaction and just 1 village has very much satisfaction. The results of the present study in accordance with low level of housing satisfaction equals to Rafieian, Asgari and Asgarizadeh, Shayan, Taghilou and Khosrobeigi, Jamshidi and Jamini findings.
    Conclusion
    Toghan’s village with rank 1 and very much satisfaction level is at the top and Hosein abad kashani village with very little satisfaction rate has the lowest rank. Villages from level of satisfaction point of view were similar and they don’t have very much with in common each other. But placing 30 villages out of 40 case study villages with very low satisfaction level show that satisfaction level in the area’s case study households is very lower than average. Although different satisfaction level can have effect from different issues in case study villages but in general what must be paid attention to is that if this issue is not studied and ignored when time passes leads to social – economical unbalancing in households and leads to immigration of most villages to cities to access facilities and welfare and this matter because of Varamin’s country location near Tehran metropolitan city as the capital and leads to conflicts in villages as origin and cities as destination.
    Keywords: Satisfaction, rural housing, Vikor technique, Varamin County
  • Hamid Jafari, Mohammad Ali Ahmadian, Abbas Tarhani Pages 173-187
    Introduction
    The concept of rural development in the lapse of time, and the concept of development in its broadest sense, have been subject to change. The attitudes towards rural areas and rural economy have also changed due to transformations in those areas and dominance of sustainable development models in recent decades. To the extent that in this model, sustainable livelihoods and economic security in rural areas have gained primary importance, because on the one hand, capacity utilization rate and actual and potential capabilities in economic activities should be raised through higher efficiency and effectiveness. On the other hand, to ensure the continuity of livelihoods, employment, and income, etc., economic activities in rural areas should be diversified.
    Despite fundamental challenges facing rural economy, diversity in medicinal herbal species, climate variability, manpower and accessible energy resources are among Iran’s important potentials to increase medicinal plants cultivation and develop their relevant industries. Thus, research into production of medicinal plants has become an approach towards economic stabilization of the region in the framework of rural sustainable development model.
    The World Bank predicts that the business of medicinal plants will reach $ 5 trillion by 2050, and Iran's share of the business is small. Today, 80 percent of local communities use medicinal herbs, and the World Health Organization pursues a program with the slogan of "Health for all by relying on the use of medicinal herbs". The trend towards the use of medicinal herbs in the West, compared to synthetic drugs is on the rise. Iran, with its brilliant history of medicine and its geographical and climatic potentials (11 types of climates out of 13 global ones), 300 days of sunshine per year, high plant diversity (8,500 species) provide good conditions for planting herbs and their processing. In Iran, the need to address the issue of rural development has been considered by government, and it plays a pivotal role in development policies. The present study was conducted to answer the following questions: - What are the economic advantages of medicinal herb production compared to other crops in the study area?
    - Compared to common crops grown in the study area, how effective is the production of medicinal herbs in sustaining the rural economy?
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Today, diversification of activities in rural areas is the basic solution for rural development in many communities. Unequal investment opportunities in the industrial and agricultural sector, low investment in agricultural sector and lack of diversity are among the issues represented in lack of diversity in jobs, the low level of production and productivity in agriculture, low wages, instability of economic activities resulting in poverty and backwardness and instability in rural areas in economic, social and environmental aspects. To avoid rural instability in different dimensions and in the context of sustainable rural development, the diversification of economic activities is a priority. One of the approaches discussed in the context of sustainable rural development approach is "diversification of economic activities". Making a good use of the geographic infrastructure in rural areas, the heavy dependence relationship between natural resources and their impact on environmental sustainability, and the great need for manpower in agriculture in general make ground for various activities in rural areas that help to stabilize the prices of agricultural products.
    Medicinal plants are plants that one or some parts of them contain biologically active substances, and have biological impacts on the body of organisms; such plants are planted, cultivated and harvested only for their medicinal properties.
    Medical herbs introduced to the researcher based on a preliminary survey of administrators, producers, professors and researchers of medicinal plants included: Echium pininana, Thymus, Cumin, Yarrow, Ferula gummosa and peppermint.
    Methodology
    The research was an applied–developmental one conducted in a descriptive-analytical method. The data were collected through documentary research and fieldworks. To determine the sample size, we used Krejcie Morgan sample size table. 336 heads of households out of a total of 2658 households were selected as samples and questionnaires were filled out by households in rural areas of the Ghochan County. Besides, at this stage the experts relevant to the project (including producers, experts and public managers of medicinal plants, and researchers) also completed the questionnaires.
    For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used. From descriptive statistics, frequency tables, and percentages were used. From inferential statistics, we used Kolomograph-Smirnov test to determine normal variables; single sample tests were also used to answer research hypothesis.
    - Dependent variable of the study is ‘to sustain the rural economy through producing medicinal herbs’.
    - Independent variables of the study are: ‘income generation, job creation, saving water, the desire to plant medicinal plants’.
    Discussion
    According to the survey results, 80 percent of farmers believe that shopping centers dedicated to herbal products may increase their motivation ‘to a high and very high extent’. These statistics indicate that one of the concerns of the villagers, in addition to production, is marketing.
    According to the results, the average income per hectare of medicinal herbs in the study area, is 205795090 Rials, and the average income per hectare of other crops is 79442360 Rials. Accordingly, medicinal herbs compared to other common crops produce 159 percent more income per hectare. Therefore, the first hypothesis which assumes "medicinal herbs compared to other crops cultivated in the study area are more profitable" is confirmed. As the results show each hectare of medical herbs, compared to other crops, created 206 percent more employment opportunities. Hence, the second hypothesis, which assumes that medical herbs create more jobs opportunities than other crops, is confirmed.
    According to our surveys on average water consumption, medicinal herbs compared to other crops need 25 percent more irrigation. Considering the fact that medicinal herbs generate significantly more income (159%) and more job opportunities (206%) than other crops grown in the area, and their affordable water consumption, the third hypothesis is also confirmed. However, state support for villagers has also been effective in increasing their desire to grow medicinal herbs.
    Conclusion
    As the results of the questionnaire survey in two groups of experts and villagers show, we can conclude that despite the fact that crops such as wheat and barley compared to medicinal herbs need less number of irrigation, water use efficiency in medicinal herbs over five years, is higher than conventional crops in the area. For example, for wheat 4 times irrigation in the growing season is necessary, while for thyme 12 times is essential. However, looking ahead we can assume that each year for wheat, the cost of sowing and land preparation is essential and every year the same amount of water is also needed. But after planting the thyme, for example, in each year the number of irrigation decreases.
    Therefore, the cost of production declines and eventually, there would be a higher economic efficiency of water use. In general, as the participants’ views suggest, what is important in the trade-off of water use and water saving between growing medicinal herbs and conventional crops, is the optimal use of water in production of medicinal herbs.
    Keywords: Rural economy, to sustain the rural economy, medicinal herb production, Ghochan County
  • Aliasghar Pilehvar Pages 189-204
    Introduction
    The nomadic way of life and living is different and apart from urban and rural way of life. Accommodation and settlement of nomads is one of the most important issues on Iranian society. Northern Khorasan is one of the regions with a high capacity to accommodate the nomadic communities. The purpose of this paper is to identify and evaluate the capacity of North Khorasan province to accommodate nomad communities and also to investigate the nomad communities’ bottlenecks and problems. This paper also aims for the introduction of the factors affecting the optimal site of nomads settlement and introduction of prioritized zones for optimal accommodation of nomads (nomadic sites), using multi-criteria decision-making methods (AHP) in GIS environment.
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: The emergence of nomadism has been under the focus of scientists for a long time, and as Masoudi, Ibn Khaldoon et al. have noted this phenomenon. They believe that many factors account for it. Some think that increase in the population is the main reason for nomadism. Some other think that after farming, human beings are doomed to be nomads to use marginal regions. Thus, nomadism and ranching are two implications of farming with water products. Tardof, the renowned Iran expert, names the following common features for Iranian nomadism: 1-producing corn 2-range 3-division of labor 4-relations of production 5. exploitation based on the joint use of pastures
    Some other figures such as Spooner have considered water and soil fertility as two major important factors in the continuation of nomadism. Bryan Spooner believes that nomadism can be a result of mass production of grain. Accordingly, he assumes that nomadism and ranching are the implication of irrigated agriculture.
    Land use planning is science of land division for different uses and purposes of life. The positioning of land use either before planning, in traditional format or in predetermined plans follow certain principles and criteria. Traditional patterns of land distribution in rural and urban areas also represents a significant regularity in the user's location.
    Because of its experience in with livestock, nomadic community can have enormous efficiency with a little attention. One of the goals of comprehensive development of tribal and nomad areas is the development of industrial livestock or developed traditional ranching. Therefore, optimum locating of nomadic sites is an important step in development plans of nomadic society.
    Methodology
    This is an applied, descriptive-analytical research that collects data via library and field study. To fulfill this end, 227 questionnaires were distributed among the nomads of the province, and their activities as well as their tendency to settle or not settle was measured. The results of the analyses show that an overall of 60.79% of the nomads want to settle permanently; 29.51 desire to move, and 9.69 like both. To optimally locate the nomads’ settlement, important criteria in their settlement and their priorities were determined. For this purpose, after preparing Binary Matrices, 10 officials from cities and managers of nomadic affairs were interviewed. After developing pairwise matrices, preferable coefficient of effective criteria and sub-criteria related to each indicator was determined. After the calculation of weights in software Expert choice and comparison of the weights in the method of AHP, final weights were put into GIS software to overlap the layers, and output maps derived from the hierarchical method were compared to the maps of the proposed websites introduced in the Organization of Nomadic Affairs in North Khorasan. The results were presented in the form of output maps and comparison tables.
    Discussion
    To provide the necessary layers (criteria) and to optimally locate the nomads settlement in Northern Khorasan, first the efficient criteria are identified and defined in four categories. Binary matrices are provided for each factor. In this stage, the criteria efficient in locating are obtained based on the descriptive and graphic information by GIS software. Finally, the optimal location of settlement of nomads or nomad towns are determined according to the receptivity of layers from locating. Four categories are identified: 1- Inappropriate, 2- relatively inappropriate, 3- appropriate, 4- completely appropriate.
    After determining the coefficients, the importance of criteria and indices for showing the overlapping of criteria, there was a need for data gathering, their digitization, formation of spatial databases and generating appropriate layers of Nomads optimal site location for settlement or nomad towns. For this purpose the produced information layers, the importance coefficients of the criteria and the overlap of layers are determined. Then the maps of location priority based on the criteria for Nomads optimal site location for settlement and prioritized areas are presented.
    Conclusion
    The results show that the criteria of distance from faults, distance from watercourse, less distance from man roads and the type of land use for settlement have respectively the highest priority and importance in locating the nomads site of settlement in northern Khorasan. Finally, basic suggestions will be proposed.
    Keywords: Countryside settlement sites, locating, hierarchical approach (AHP), North Khorasan
  • Hasan Afrakhteh, Asghar Tahmasebi, Farhad Azizpour, Dariush Fatollah Taleghani, Fatemeh Askary Bozayeh Pages 205-222
    Purpose
    Using Q-methodology approach, this study attempts to examine the attitudes of experts towards the barriers and challenges of irrigation management transfer.
    Methods
    In terms of purpose and research methodology, this study is applied and mixed-method (quantitative-qualitative), respectively. To identify the challenges of irrigation management transfer, Q methodology was used. In the first phase, a questionnaire containing two questions about the barriers and challenges to irrigation management transfer were administered to experts and managers of two organizations involved in agricultural water management. After collecting their views and reviewing internal and external resources, 41 items were derived. In the second phase, 30 participants including 20 managers and experts from Guilan Jihad-Agriculture Organization and Guilan Regional Water Authority, as well as 10 faculty members from Departments of Water, Development and Rural Planning in universities of Guilan and Kharazmy were studied. The participants were selected using purposive sampling method.
    Findings: Based on the results, a group of experts with the majority of faculty members believed that organizational and cultural barriers were the most important obstacles to the realization of participatory irrigation management. The second group including executive experts with the majority of Guilan Jihad-Agriculture Organization members mentioned that technical and administrative obstacles had more prominent role than cultural and institutional barriers. Finally, from the perspective of the third group that was relatively smaller than the other two groups, the major challenge in non-realization of participatory irrigation management was rooted in cultural-educational issues.
    Limitations: Because this study was conducted in the first half of the year characterized with the peak agricultural activity, access to key managers and experts of Guilan Regional Water Authority was very difficult and time consuming.
    Practical implications: Codification of clear and practical guidelines enjoying impressive views of the three groups of stakeholders (Ministry of Energy, Ministry of Jihad-Agriculture and academia) in the field of enforcement mechanisms, consulting, regulatory, determination of duties according to the executive, advisory and monitoring position, and avoiding frequent changes in executive agencies responsible for participatory irrigation management can be helpful in this regard.
    Authenticity: To date, several important studies have been conducted in this area, each one being an appropriate guide by itself. Distinguished feature of this study is that it looked at this issue from another perspective and tried to study the problem in a distinct way (Q-methodology) from the point of view of different groups involved to compare the differences of views and to drive distinguished components of the three groups’ standpoints (based on the career status of the respondents).
    Keywords: Irrigation management transfer, participatory irrigation management, Q Methodology