Journal of Research and Rural Planning
Volume:3 Issue: 1, 2014

Today working at home are considered as important solutions for making jobs and income in throughout the word. The ability of doing this works at home causes the practitioners profit a lot. The main purpose of this issue is pathology of developing home jobs in rural areas in Dishmuk district and also recognition of the most main motives in people’s tendency towards those jobs and the presence of obstacles.

The research way in this descriptive - analytic research is based on library studies and circle scrutiny in which data is collected by means of asking questions and letter and also is analyzed by software. Finding results from researching say that equal guess of importance of the all problems and twelve challenges from the answerers’ view in %95 level is repudiated.

Tested problems and challenges with deferent grades are effective on weakening the development of the home jobs. The problem of bargaining the products with an average 4. 88 possesses the maximum effects and be not supported by the officers a lack of financial support in sequence with averages 4. 81 and 4. 59 are in the next ranks and the minimum effect based on their view is related to the lawful obstacles with the average 1. 56Original/value: The topic of employment and people’s achievement to have a good job are considered the most basic of needs of society، as one of the great development objects in the often countries specially our country is، decreasing unemployment and developing job activities especially in rural areas. Home businesses are considered as important strategies for creating jobs and income throughout the world. The possibility of doing this business at “home” has many benefits for the employees including striking a balance between women’s responsibilities in the family and their employment، removing the costs of renting or buying a workshop and commuting، using other family members’ work force and preparing the ground for family jobs and the possibility of transferring experience through informal education among the members of family.

the main purpose in this paper is، the identifying of ecotourism entrepreneurship differences among rural of this region and ranking them، based on river- valley tourism potentials in ecotourism entrepreneurship and special analysis methods.

For attain to this goal، descriptive and analytical methodology using data from a questionnaire in the form of experts and business owners، Exam T، power ratings technique، TOPSIS and the Arc GIS software for spatial analysis، is used.

The result shows that rural haven’t any difference in ecotourism entrepreneurship field. The result of TOPSIS technique indicate the precise grant of rural and paths based on ecotourism entrepreneurship characters that prove the result of T experiment in SPSS. Practical implications: Ecotourism and ecotourism economic، in it’s actually concept has not been considered in case study area. On the other word، based on this concept that protected area in the word are the bases of ecotourism activities and economic، has not been considered in this area and has not been different of the economic activities and enterprises out of there. Therefore، in the future researches could emphasis on tourism economy spatially ecotourism. Scientific Solutions: Finally، the rural that are be posited in busy path with the second purpose of tourism، have a most share in affective factors of ecotourism entrepreneurship development. Original/value: This study is innovation for emphases to the ecotourism entrepreneurship in interdisciplinary problem، and can use by rural planning، tourism development and entrepreneurship researchers.

Reconstruction programs have two approaches: In-situ reconstructions and Relocation. Different experiences around the world show little acceptance of relocation programs by people which new sites were left or did not return to their pre-boom. Meanwhile، Estalkhkooh village relocation program shows vice versa. Villagers not only accept their new relocated village but also are trying to improve it. The purpose of this article is evaluating the Estalkhooh reconstruction after twenty years in order to discover the reasons of acceptation of the relocation by residence and also to achieve outcomes and complications.

The article is based on qualitative research methods and has benefited from data collection tools such as observation، deep and semi-deep interviews and document review.

Based on results and outcomes of the research، this relocation program was successful in attraction of rural people''s participation as well as its rapid reconstruction process. It seems that simple access to old site of village، little distance from it، owning new lots in relocated village and etc. were the reasons of acceptance of this relocation. But this reconstruction had negatives effects for the village too. Research limitation: lack of information about reconstruction process، Poor road access to the village and the problems associated with low literacy and aging among the target population Practical implications: It seems that in reducing the risk of disasters by reconstruction، the region should be investigated further by headquarters of reconstruction in case of relocation. Original/value: The significance of the research in this regard is introducing the social، economic، physical and cultural factors that contribute to the residence acceptance in relocations after disasters.

Despite growing interest and increased investments in empowerment، the development of instruments and indicators with which to monitor and evaluate empowerment processes and outcomes are still at an early stage. The main goal of this study was to introduce and test the World Bank empowerment model for assessing the economic empowerment of rural people and to identify contexts and factors affecting it. A survey was conducted through questionnaires. The required data was collected from the rice producers of Rasht County، of whom 185 were selected using multistage cluster sampling. Face and content validity of the questionnaire were confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability for various items، using Cronbach''s alpha، was estimated between 0. 69 and 0. 88. The results showed a positive and significant effect of structure of opportunities on economic empowerment. Access to production inputs، markets and credit، opportunities available for learning and participation will improve desirable outcomes and economic empowerment. But opportunities created by government policies and programs do not have statistically significant impact on empowerment. In addition، available resources include economic، social and human assets as well as the direct effect on the economic empowerment، have indirect impact on the dependent variable through structure of opportunities. Practical implications: Due to farmer''s weakness، results suggest a capacity development program for marketing. Moreover، improving access to credit، especially for Small scale farmers، through creation and development of Rural Credit Cooperatives and microfinance institutions، which provide small loans to rural poor with little income or collateral، is strongly suggested. Regarding the low level of Beneficiary participation، it is recommended to encourage their participation in agricultural development projects to ensure the success and effectiveness of such plans. Original/value: This study applied World Bank empowerment model to assess contexts and necessities of people empowerment. Using this framework، people degree of empowerment is related to their effective choices. Capacity to make an effective choice is primarily influenced by two sets of factors: agency and opportunity structure.

In recent years، rural housing has gone through huge changes. This paper will attempt to investigate the effect of social changes in the lives of villagers on rural housing patterns. This study is an applied research and it used descriptive - analytic method for analysis، the major part of data collection was based on field studies and sampling (Cochran). The population from which the participants were selected for this study included 232 households in the scope of the study. Findings according to the results of Pearson correlation tests indicated that there existed a significant and fairly strong relation (0. 427) between social change index and rural housing pattern. So that social changes indicator would determine 35. 4% of the variability in rural housing pattern. Prevalence of consumerism tendency solely would justify 42. 7% changes in rural housing pattern. In Route analysis، this index had the greatest impact on the factors of housing quality and architectural plans with the coefficients of 0. 45 and 0. 42. In spatial distribution، there is a direct correlation between social changes and rural housing pattern in six villages. Research limitation: One of the main challenges in this study is to access the information of rural housing pattern. Practical implications: Regarding the findings، strategies such as paying attention to interaction and social solidarity of rural inhabitants in construction، relying on local and ethnic culture in the region، reducing dependence of cities in rural housing، and so on، have been proposed. Original/value: The importance of this research is to recognize the impacts of changes on rural housing pattern due to technology invasion and the influence of urban culture، so that actions could be done to control this process and retain the traditional architectural pattern which suits the needs of contemporary life.

Given that the tourism development has many effects on economic، social، cultural، tourist and environmental aspects of tourist areas، the purpose of this research is to answer the main question: what is the effect of tourism development in Do-Hezar Dehestan on sustainable development of tourism? The research is descriptive and analytical. The research statistical population includes the native households living in Do-Hezar Dehestan. Sample size includes 200 subjects and the information was collected using questionnaire and was analyzed by SPSS statistical software. Single-sample T-test findings with regard to the economic aspect is equal to 25. 2 with regard to the total calculated mean that shows a higher rate compared to the favorable mean of economic aspect (21). Also the calculated significance level (0. 000)، indicates the improvement of the economic situation of residents in tourism development. In Social and cultural aspects، the calculated means from the single-sample T-test are equal to 29. 1 that shows a lower rate in comparison to the favorable mean (30)، and these results have a significant agreement among the residents (0. 000). In environmental aspect، the calculated mean (26. 8) is much lower than the favorable mean (30) which shows undesirable environmental changes caused by tourism development. In managerial and institutional aspect، the mean obtained from the T test (18. 1) shows little difference compared to the favorable mean (18) indicating that in some variations، the inhabitants are not satisfied in the performance of managers but are satisfied in some other cases. Practical solutions: This research is mainly based on quantitative methods and using quantitative methods cannot show all the hidden aspects of tourist behavior or the host community. Therefore، the researchers are recommended to use qualitative research methods for clarifying the relationships between variables in this study. Original/value: The results of the present study raise the need for paying attention the r sustainable tourism. Obviously، with the increasing demand for tourism at the community level، the places that have the required capacity as one of the important tourist places are concerned by tourists. To improve the sustainability of tourism development، managerial requirements and the protection of the environment for future generations is essential.

So that is the process speed change Geographical areas، Human power could not predict the future. Rural as one of Human settlements has failed to keep pace with the changes. So their continued living rural has been questioned among scholars and researchers. According to the events taking place or event possible in the future، the present study attempts، to future study approach response for rural survival. The article is based on research using the Delphi technique. Initially the key factors، events and driving Forces effective on survival in rural areas were selected، by the Delphi experts and in the importance، the impact and uncertainty were rated using a hierarchical model of AHP، TOPSSIS. Based on these results، income and employment are key factors affecting the living rural and development of information and communication technologies in rural areas and small settlements development policy were identified as key factors in the process of and consensus indicators and based on their were drawn alternative future scenarios of rural. Research limitation: lack of information on some of the key factors in the time series. Original/value: The significance of the research in this regard is important that future state and propellants and constituent villages have been identified and action plan is based on the direct control.

This study investigate the role of tourism second homes in rural economy diversification and improvement of creating job and income opportunities of permanent residents in the Hesar-e- Valiasr Dehestan. This research is applied; and the used method is analytical– descriptive. For data collection by the use of field studies، from a total number of 358 permanent households in sample settlements، 170 respondents were selected by using Cochran formula. For data analysis، statistical tests such as Wilcoxon، One sample T test، Kruskal Wallis and Spearman correlation coefficient were used. The results of the study shows a significant difference in diversification of rural economy in the periods before and after expanding second homes from the perspective of the respondents in the study area، so that the indicators of non- agricultural job creation and improvement of manufacturing infrastructures show the highest rate respectively and the index of job creation in were highly affected respectively and the index of job creation in agricultural activities shows the lowest. Furthermore، the result of the ranking of economic diversification indicators shows that the villages of Changureh and Esmaelabad had the highest and the villages of Abdareh and Qarabolagh are the lowest rank. Research limitations: The most important limitations of the research are: Low cooperation of some local authorities، the lack of information about second homes and their numbers in studied villages. Practical implications: According to research findings indicating the positive impact of second homes tourism development in diversification of economic activities in rural areas from the local residents’ viewpoints، it can be used as a tool to achieve sustainable development in rural areas، particularly in villages exposed to depopulation. Original/value: The importance of this research is to investigate the impacts of expanding tourism second homes in rural economic diversification in the study area. Therefore the research finding can be used in the explanation of the role of non- agricultural activities in and population maintenance in rural areas.

One of the major problems in agriculture field is land use change that has been growing recently and will disturb the balance of agricultural products in long term. There are many factors that affect farmers'' willingness to change the use of land. In this regard، the main objective of this study is to identify factors which affect the agricultural land use change in rural areas in Sari County as an agricultural hub that is faced with the problem of land use change. This research is an applied، descriptive-analytical research. To collect information، library study and field survey was used. The research population consists of 326 farmers who have changed a part of their agricultural land use. Using Krejcie and Morgan’s table، sample size was identified as 175. Samples were selected using stratified proportional sampling method. The research instrument was a questionnaire that its validity was verified by a panel of experts، and its reliability was obtained through Alpha Cronbach test (0. 85). The factor analysis technique was used for analyzing data through SPSS software. The result of factor analysis determined nine elements as the most important factors affecting land use change including: initial conditions and insufficient supply of initial conditions for planting، socio-economic factors، geographical factors، risk management and lack of access to production inputs. These nine factors identified 66. 471% of the variance of the agricultural land use change factor. Research limitations: Access to farmers and data collection، were major challenges in this research. Practical implications: Provision، implementation and support of applied-economic plans such as land integration، permission and establishment of processing- supplementary industries near the agricultural production sectors، paying attention to agricultural insurance and so on، to create a sustainable balance between the income of the agricultural field and other fields might noticeably reduce or abolish farmers’ motivation to change their land use. Original/value: Identifying factors that play a significant role in accelerating the process of land use change is necessary. Unfortunately to the authors’ knowledge، no study so far has carried out about the land use change in this strategic area. The results might help local authorities specially Jihad-e- Agriculture and Natural Resources to make appropriate decisions and take actions to organize and solve issues related to agricultural land use change، for farmers’ benefit.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate to what extent the construction of common and individual biogas plants can answer the fuel needs of rural people or families. The present study with descriptive - analytical method، examines the fuel needs of the rural people and its supply by biogas from livestock waste. The primary outcome of the proportion of rural population and the population of animals is that (If the distribution of the livestock and human population in villages were the same) livestock wastes that can be collected for per rural person، might fully answer his needs for consuming the natural gas in one year. The results show very high potential for producing biogas and its use in rural areas; thus، livestock waste that can be collected in the villages might answer the fuel needs of rural people in acceptable level. Research limitations: Low awareness and inadequate training in this field were one the problems in the present study. Moreover، the lack of participation in the construction of biogas plants and the lack of comprehensive national plan for developing this technology will prevent the progress of this type of activites. Therefore، it is necessary to solve these problems. Practical implications: It is important to provide opportunities and special trainings for rural people in order to acquaint them with various advantages of using this technology. In addition، the government support، including granting loans for biogas plants construction، might be effective for developing such a technology. Original/values: Providing fuel for rural areas by biogas from livestock waste has many advantages، including savings in the consumption of fossil fuels، reducing the cost of gas pipeline to rural areas، the production of enriched fertilizer used in agriculture، the increase in human and environment health and so on.