Journal of Research and Rural Planning
Volume:4 Issue: 3, 2015

The significance of rural women’s proportion in human work force is not only in indoor affairs, but also in productive outdoor activities. Regarding the fact that women are both involved in indoor and outdoor activities, it is worthy to exactly determine their proportion in economic and social activities. On the other hand, since rural women of different parts of Iran are involved in different activities,, their economic and social activities are subject to some elements such as economic situation of the family, rural women’s social status, their ability condition, and the rate of men’s cultural knowledge toward the significance of women as well as the geographical elements. Actually, their persistent attendance and participation along with men is the condition for persistent development process. But, undoubtedly, women’s attendance and participation is conditioned by their abilities. If we could introduce women to society, assign those key roles and awake usefulness feeling in them, then it would be possible to endorse the significance of development in women, especially rural women, and to plan for them. In this way they will perceive that their real role and status is beyond some old beliefs, and relying on their abilities, they will step in the way of individual and social development. Therefore, by evaluating women's social persistence, it will be possible to move toward clarifying rural women's present social condition and finding their real status. The present research is a practical and survey research, and the required information was collected through the survey method using the questionnaire. Firstly, In order to determine the validity of the content, 30 people of the statistical population were asked to fill in the questionnaire, and then the coefficient of Cronbach’s Alpha was calculated as almost 79%. The statistical population consisted of all the rural families of Rostam town. According to the statistics of the year 2011, Rostam town is made of 10327 families, of which 8765 families inhabited the rural areas who were chosen as the statistical population for the sampling. In order to determine the sample size, we applied the Cochran’s Formula which due to the temporal, economic limitations and especially the wideness of the statistical population, the number was reduced to 335 questionnaires, and following some required investigations with attention to the sector’s condition and congruence rate among the villages, finally 8 villages were chosen as our sample. For analyzing the data we used factor analysis, Chi-squared correlation and also step wise Regression models. In order to identify and prioritize the factors affecting the obstacles of social and economic empowerment, we used step wise Regression method in which the most powerful variables enter the equation individually, and this process continues till the error of significance test is 5%. In fact a stepwise Regression model is used when the researcher has several independent variables and wants to show their effects on dependent variable. In other words, which independent variable can predict the dependent variable in the best manner? How much is the proportion of every variable? And wholly, to what extent they can predict variables? Herein, to eliminate the effects of ineffective or less effective variables as well as investigating the relation between variables of rural women’s obstacles on their empowerment, we used the findings of stepwise Regression. In relation to the factors affecting the obstacles of social and economic empowerment, we did the Regression Equation to five steps. In the first step, the variable of the lack of career opportunity in the second step, low education level in the third step, the familial bigotry in the fourth step, lack of legal supports and in the fifth step, lack of communicative web entered the equation and then the five mentioned variables explained totally about 55 percent of the changes in dependent variable. It can be stated about the proportion of each independent variable in explaining the dependent variable that with regard to Beta amount, the variable of the lack of job opportunities has the greatest role in comparison with other variables to explain the dependent variable of the obstacles of economic and social empowerment since for one unit of change in the standard deviation of this variable, 403 units of change has occurred in the standard deviation of the dependent variable. As well, the variable of low education level (179), familiar bigotry (175), lack of legal supports (134), lack of appropriate communicative web (123), respectively, have the most effects on the obstacles of social and economic empowerment of rural women in Rostam town. The equation of the linear Regression is as below: Y=.556+.298x1+148x2+.182x3+.139x4 +. 110x5 The purpose of this study is to examine the social and economic factors affecting the rural women’s empowerment and also to identify the factors blocking or paving the way for the empowerment of the women, which by utilizing the findings of the survey research and statistical methods, the factors affecting the empowerment has been identified and then some suggestions have been presented in this regard. Factors affecting the social and economic empowerment of the women showed that participation in the collective gainful activities is the first priority, and membership in production cooperative societies, participation in credit funds, participation in public utility activities and independence in saving are the next priorities. Altogether, we found three factors and the first one, cooperation in economic activities, with the percentage of over 29/77 of Variance has been identified as the most effective factor. Second factor is individual factors with 16/77 percent of the total variance, and also the third one is social factors with 9/32 percent of the total variance. These three factors altogether constitute 55/87 percent of the variance of factors affecting rural women’s economic and social empowerment. In order to identify and prioritize the factors affecting the obstacles of social and economic empowerment we applied stepwise Regression. In the first step, the variable of the lack of career opportunities in the second step, low education level, in the third step, familiar bigotry, in the fourth step, lack of legal supports, and in the fifth step, lack of appropriate communicative web entered the equation and five mentioned variables, altogether, comprised 55 percent of dependent variable’s changes (women’s lack of social and economic empowerment). The priority of the obstructive factors showed that in the first step, the variable of the lack of career opportunities has the most proportion in the dependent variable, in relation to other variables.On the whole, the findings of the research indicated that, with attention to the average level of women’s ability in Rostam town which is about 55 percent, it is required to take into account all these mentioned factors for the future planning. As the solutions, we must Pave the way for rural women to raise their motivations, make their skills blossomed and finally, paying more attention to them as the laborer stratum of the society.

World Bank, in a report on our country, has named the following factors as the water challenges facing the country: decrease in per capita recoverable water, loss of water quality, inefficient use of effective consumption monitoring in industry and agriculture, soil salinity, the poor quality of maintenance and preservation of reservoirs, restrictions on the recoverable cost and lack of coordination among relevant agencies. According to the United Nations Report on Iran, because of the lack of drinking and healthy water in Iran, a large population in the villages are at risk of various diseases such as infectious ones and diarrhea. So paying attention to supplying safe water and resolving the problems of rural water supply is important. However, providing the safe and clean water requires managing and maintaining reservoirs and controlling the quality of drinking water in rural areas. Water management involves balancing the quality and quantity of demanded water, quantity and quality of supplied water, water pollution, recycling and reusing water along with the impact of public policies on all of these intertwined components. In each area, water management will change over time and may assume various forms. Managing the interaction between the mentioned elements in any area affects the economic structure and development of agriculture, technology and industry. careful choice of water resources and their conservation in developing countries, particularly in rural areas, is the most important measure to prevent the spread of intestinal diseases caused by water, and in these countries drinking water cannot be provided merely through treatment processes, since water resources are inadequate and the efficacy of water treatment plants in these countries are very low. In this study, in order to investigate the effective factors and to rank and categorize the rural centers, hybrid model of TOPSIS technique and analytic hierarchy process were used. Combining these two methods, in addition to increasing the accuracy of the analysis is considered a new approach. AHP technique, introduced by Satie for the first time, has the ability of combining quality standards and turning them into quantity ones. In this study, a questionnaire was designed and completed in terms of Paired comparisons and, by combining expert comments and utilizing Expert Choice software, the final weight of indicators and key metrics of risk in water sources were determined. The variables and Indicators related to risks of drinking water were classified into eight groups: risks related to management factors, participation factors, environmental factors, locating the source and the reservoir, source and reservoir characteristics and those related to physical quality of water, together with the ones related to chemical quality and finally bacteriological risks. AHP method has been used to form the Matrix and determine the index weight, with the help of Expert Choice software, and grading and ranking the rural centers was done using TOPSIS model. As we knew, the metrics and indexes are not of equal important or priority relative to one another, a deficiency which has been solved in this algorithm through the table of indicators’ weights. In other words, the measurements used in the TOPSIS method can be introduced in both quantitative and qualitative measures and the qualitative indicators should be converted to quantitative ones. The results show that the number of users of drinking water in rural areas under study was estimated to be 1898, of which 6 villages were supplied by rural Water and Wastewater and the villages of Kharv and Calate Timoor were supplied by their Islamic Councils. Well was the main sources of water supply for the villages and only in villages of Tajrood, Kharv and Calate Timoor the drinking water was provided through spring. The water delivery system in the mentioned villages was gravity and in other villages pumps were used for water delivery. Calculating the weight of the main parameters affecting the risks of sources of drinking water in the studied villages revealed that the weight of the factors related to bacteriologic characteristics is 0.197, that of Managing factors is 0.160, the physical quality factors of water is calculated to be 0.156, and the weight of factors of chemical quality of water and location of water sources are 0.117 and 0.112 respectively. Accordingly, with respect to the weight of obtained parameters in each of the villages, the villages under study were rated using the ideal or TOPSIS model, the results of which revealed that the village of Qharache and Kharv have the highest and lowest ranking in terms of risks of drinking water sources, respectively. Tajrood and Torogh villages were ranked third and fourth, respectively. Moreover, according to rankings, the studied rural centers were divided into five levels in terms of risks related to reservoir and drinking water distribution network. The villages of Tajrood and Qharache were placed in the first level, with a low risk, Torogh was placed in the second level with a low risk, Paeen Darre and Banad Ghara villages were in the third level with medium risk, Calate Timoor in the fourth level with high risk, and in the fifth level Creeze and Kharv are placed both with very high risk levels.

Today's world is facing various problems and unsustainability in different ecological, economical, and social domains. Decrease in natural sources, increase of pollution, fertile soil becoming salty, desertification, eradication of genetic variety, extreme poverty, and expansion of social-habitational inequality are among the above mentioned problems. Solving these unsustainability's requires the proper and effective solution of their bases and warding off the effective factors. Besides, by defining unsustainability, it is possible to take more appropriate measures to deal with it. In Iran, rural habitations are facing a lot of unsustainability's which is manifested in villagers` mass migration to cities. Thus, in order to establish a suitable situation in rural habitations, it is necessary to diagnose factors effecting on unsustainability and find solutions for it. The present paper is trying to answer the following question: How is it that, in spite of half a century of planning for rural development in Iran, rural habitations are still unsustainable and what are the factors eefecting on unsustainabilitys?

The current study is a “theoretical-basic” research in which using previous studies, effective factors on rural unsustainability are identified and their various aspects and outcomes are dealt with. If these factors have negative effects or lead to unsustainability, they are regarded as effective factors in rural sustainability through logical reasoning. The arrangement of the material in the present paper is based on the scientific background of its writers, but wherever required appropriate cross reference(s) is (are) mentioned. Finally, through surveying previous effects and conclusions, the writers` outlook and the last result are stated.

Based on the available knowledge, factors effective on rural unsustainability are divided into two groups, natural factors and supranational ones. A. National factors: 1. Unlocalized theoretical bases of development in Iran; These schools of thought, attitudes, and strategies are effective on rural unsustainability in Iran due to their emphasis on industrial development so that agriculture development would pay the price. 2. Shortcomings and problems of the planning system; Overemphasis on “Rational Planning Theory” and centralism in the process of planning have had an impact on the occurrence of unsustainability in Iran. Centralism has played its roles in the emergence of rural unsustainability through disregard for local and regional aspects in rural planning and misunderstanding of different economic, social, and ecological domains of rural areas and lack of success in seeking others` cooperation. 3. Rentier of governments; A rentier government, through weakening the bases of social participation by lack of development of its civilized community, by seeking people`s dependence on itself, and due to its lack of regard for agriculture sector-because of its financial independence- has led the affairs to rural unsustainability in Iran. 4. Educational deficiency and scanty knowledge; This causes unavailability of effective human sources and, as a result, leads to rural unsustainability. 5. Problems and deficiencies of rural management Past centralized management, some shortcomings of a few urban councils, and detachment of rural management from a good (reasonable) government have so far been decisive in rural unsustainability. 6. Shortcomings of facilities and services; Organizational pattern of providing villages with different services, definition of “village” in the law of civil divisions passed in 1985, ignoring villages having less than 20 households in the process of development, and centering of various services on large villages, accounting for the same population to offer services all over the country, and not considering regional/local differences are among these shortcomings. B. Supranational factors: 1. Rational approach; This approach has led to an unrealistic view of ecological problems and unsustainability. 2. Industrial revolution; Manufacturing activities have caused exploiting of natural sources followed by ecological problems. 3. Population growth; This has increased demands, waste products, decrease in per capita access to natural sources; and, as a result, occurrence of unsustainability. 4. Nature of development; Growth in the well-being of people has been associated with injustice and destruction of the environment.

In Iran, unsustainability is mainly due to social constructs which weaken mass participation of villagers. It also seems that among various factors strangeness of developmental patterns, which are based on theoretical planning and management of development, etc. are mainly decisive in this respect.Thus, applying a local pattern of development and ridding of different obstacles preventing from villagers` participation are effective measures to face rural unsustainability.

Development of tourism activities is one of the important topics in sustainable development and it has been introduced as a dynamic and growing industry. So, providing a suitable platform for identifying tourist attractions and planning for development them is an essential issue. Also, recognition of these attractions and natural talents in each region in order to make proper planning, leads to the formation of prone base of sustainable development and economic profit. In special natural and protected areas, assessment of tourism potential can be beneficial in order to reduce the damages and costs and minimize the negative impacts. Moreover, to achieve rural tourism in protected areas, applying rural cooperation approach can be helpful. Ecological potential assessment is assessment of inventory and potential of land by specific and pre-planned criteria. Ecological potential assessment studies are used as a basis for land use decision making and planning in all the world. For this purpose, determination of tourism areas in different classes according to natural ability, is important. Locating and planning based on natural condition can bring positive economic and social effects, and in the case of proper operation, it will have little negative environmental impact. For the development of tourism activities, selecting areas consistent with the ecological characteristic, on the one hand, reduces its negative effects on the environment and on the other hand, leads to boom tourism activity. Misheh Pareh village with cold and semi-arid climate is one of the villages of center part of the Kaleibar city in East Azarbaijan province. This village is in the Caspian catchment and the Aras river watershed and bordered by Khodaafryn city, Varzegan and Peyghanchay villages. Part of the largest mountain range of East Azarbaijan (Kharabakh Mountain) is in this area. Unique position of this village for tourism development is because of being in the Arasbaran conservation area and close to the border of Azerbaijan country and Aras commercial and free zone.

Firstly in this study, review of research, methods of evaluating and interpreting the contents recorded by other researchers have been discussed by library studies. More for potential assessment of this village to determine the most appropriate place to development tourism, multi criteria evaluation method analytic hierarchy process AHP was chosen based on the purposes of the analysis. One of the reasons for using this model compared to other models is in the ability of this model in quantification the qualitative indicators which is the most important reason for using this model in the present study. Since in this technique it is taken for granted that the study area is spatially homogeneous, these methods do not have the space dimension. Hence, a framework for multi criteria decision analysis based on GIS is necessary for using GIS capabilities in the acquisition, storage, retrieval, processing and analyzing data, integrated with the technical capabilities of multi criteria decision model. Combining GIS and AHP is a decision support method with powerful visualization and mapping capabilities, which in turn will facilitate proper use of land through creating a map. In this study, weighting and prioritization criteria were performed by using expert opinions. Then quantitative information of criteria entered into the GIS by using Marynouny help software and for each criteria a spatial layer was prepared. Selecting proper criteria, especially in optimal locating for different activities and organizing the structure of geographical spaces, creates the chance of comparing the alternatives and choosing the best of them. The important criteria to choose the best place to develop tourism in the area under study were identified and weighed through hierarchical analysis technique. Table 1 shows the final weight of the criteria. Totally, 10 criteria were selected and constructed as maps, as important criteria in potential rural tourism potential assessment based on research, data and expertise. Layers weight include: (Height: 0.0188), (slope: 0.0438), (aspect: 0.0171), (current land use: 0.691), (vegetation density: 0.2995), (distance from river: 0.1703), (distance from Water Fountains:. 0658), (close to the road: 0.0392), (close to the ancient site: 0.1482), (close to some villages: 0.1281). The four layers was considered as the limit and were deducted from the final output. Classification of layers in GIS by consideration of protected areas were divided into four categories. The valuation of areas in four category include Tourist prone areas)good), semi-prone areas for tourism (medium), areas with high tourism potential (voltage) and tourist areas without power (inappropriate) has been done. Criteria were evaluated according to SAATI method between 1 to 9. Then in the final step each of the layers were combined based on their weight, and the final tourism development potential map obtained in the region. In the studied area, important criteria for selecting a suitable place for tourism development were identified and weighted by using the AHP technique. After that restrictive layers include important habitats, ranging from the ancient site, the privacy safe of the river safe, the privacy safe Road were deducted from the final map.

Based on the Results Forested areas with dense vegetation 50-75 percent that is near the village centers, especially Osklu because of having more facilities and good access roads, has the highest potential for tourism development. Also due to the view point of safety in determining the potency of tourism development, privacy habitats and archaeological sites and forest areas with density of 75-100, have the lowest potential for rural tourism development. According to the comparison criteria and weights, vegetation, closeness to rivers, archaeological sites and central villages have the highest ratio of weight, and height and aspect have the lowest weighted coefficient. This coefficients indicate the importance of them.

Development of tourism activities is one of the important topics in sustainable development and it has been introduced as a dynamic and growing industry. So, providing a suitable platform for identifying tourist attractions and planning for their development i is an essential issue. Also, recognition of these attractions and natural talents in each region in order to make proper planning, leads to the formation of prone base of sustainable development and economic profit. Totally, 21.63 percent of the land of the region has good potential, 18.5 percent is mediocre, and 44.94 percent lacks the potential tourism development. Therefore, according to the good potential of the region, tourism development programs can be offered in this area in order to achieve sustainable development by a principle detailed plan.

Different research findings depict that rural areas of country are underdeveloped in spite of many efforts that have been done concerning rural development. Various scientific ideas have been provided by researchers concerning rural underdevelopment conditions. In one of the approaches concerning country underdevelopment, internal factors have been introduced as original factors responsible for underdevelopment, which have been intensified by international relation system as external factors. Several studies have considered human capital as an important factor in development process and know the weakness of human capital in rural areas effective in underdevelopment. In this case, it must be said that how the weakness of human capital plays a role in the underdevelopment situation. Some groups believe that if human societies are in the condition of explosion due to sever poverty, this condition will generate a healthy society with noble ideas of human excellence. Based on psychological studies, the needs of human beings and the process of providing needs are factors which affect people motivation to keep track of development process. The main aim of this paper is considering the role of Maslow's hierarchy of needs on developmental behavior of rural societies. Hence, this question arises that in what stage the villagers are to access their basic needs and what role the present conditions play in their developmental behavior. Finally, correcting viewpoints will be provided.THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Human hierarchical needs are considerable based on Abraham Maslow model. Including: Physiological needs, need to oxygen, food, water and relatively fix body temperature are the human basic needs, which if not provided, people will die. Safety needs, these needs are including safety, job, income, housing and property. Social needs, such as power, friendship, belonging and empathy in society. Self-esteem needs, including self-confidence and need to self-actualization. It is also the perfect expression of one's creative potential. Man flourishes when reaches this stage which means that he can understand society existing conditions, be realistic, and have neutral judgment and democratic vision. He is creative and innovative and seeks to achieve a persistent identity in the society. The roles of rural dweller's needs characteristics intheir developmental behavior are considered in this paper based on Maslow hierarchical human needs theory. This research is a fundamental-applied research and is based on two methods of library and fieldwork. Research study area is rural area of Sardar Jangal District in Fuman County. Firstly, the villages have been classified to three types of plains, foothills and mountainous. Then, sample villages of each type have been chosen according to the number of each type of villages. Finally, 300 households were selected randomly as sample villages based on Cochran method. A questionnaire including 16 questions has been completed by head of households through interview. Validity of questionnaire has been considered through content validity and reliability of questionnaire has been surveyed through Split half Method. Collected data were analyzed based on descriptive frequency, Man-Whitney (U) test and kruskal-wallis test. Nonparametric U Test with p value of less than 0.05 depicted that most people, about 74 percent are searching to secure their so-called daily foods; problems such as sustainability of development, self-actualization and self-esteem in their thinking is more fantasy. Nonparametric U Test was conducted concerning the willingness of people to pay for better future of the country and villages, and their willingness for training courses to improve job performance. In both cases (with p value of 0.012 and 0.032 respectively), it is found that low income groups in most cases seek their immediate needs. They do not participate in rural development plans and do not have any incentives to improve their professional capacity. For understanding developmental idea of different income groups concerning tracking goals such as self-esteem, respect and self-actualization, nonparametric test of Kruskal-Wallis was done. The results showed that various income groups have different views so that these problems are the concern of not many of rural population who do not have any difficulty in meeting their basic needs. In this study Maslow theory concerning the role of hierarchical human needs on their developmental behavior was confirmed and showed that the current behavior of villagers is reasonable in the conditions which has been imposed on them. Development process will not be possible without fulfilling basic needs, including social justice, and people voluntary participation. Therefore, it is necessary to first provide the basic physiological and security needs of rural population. Then, the crowd should be called to pursue sustainable development goals and institutionalize it in the society. In this case, dynamic forces of society will be empowered and forces resistant to developmental trends will be adjusted.

Wetlands are unique ecosystems that often appear on the sidelines of aquatic or terrestrial systems. They are among the most productive ecosystems on earth, the loss of which can lead to disastrous effects on the wild life and biodiversity. Scientists believe that the destruction of wetlands results in the extinction of native species and their specific habitat. As the livelihood of most poor people in developing countries depends on agriculture, the key solution to solve the problem is enabling and improving the dynamicity of rural communities. As wetlands host a variety of plant and animal species, they play a crucial role in providing for the rural households, and their conservation is the most vital factor in defying human and natural hazards. The main purpose of this study is to predict the important factors affecting the conservation behavior of rural users of Shadegan Wetland. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK : Shadegan Wetland in Khuzestan province, covering about 537,731 hectares, is the largest in Iran and one of the 1201 recognized wetlands under Ramsar Convention. It is one of the 18 international wetlands registered on UNESCO’s Natural Heritage List. Unfortunately Shadegan Wetland is endangered by overexploitation and natural hazards. Natural factors, such as drought phenomenon, as well as irresponsible nearby human activities, such as changing land use, disposing of agricultural, industrial and domestic waste water into the wetland, building non-professionally designed dams, among others have accelerated its drying and disappearance. As such, the health of people and the rural lifestyle is vulnerable and threatened, and it can result in irrevocable consequences. Certainly, one of the solutions to protect the wetland and the rural operators’ sustainable livelihoods is by addressing their conservation behavior. Therefore, combining forces of scientific research with experience and taking culture, education, communication and social sciences, as well as the role of people into consideration is of highest priority. Due to the critical conditions of Shadegan Wetland, personal-professional characteristics are influencing factors which can play an important role in the wetland conservation and protecting its rural operators’ sustainable livelihoods.

This descriptive study aimed at providing practical implications. SPSS version 20 was employed for the statistical analysis of the data. The research population consisted of all households living in the central and rural district Khnafereh in Shadegan, Khuzestan. They consisted of eight villages with 2319 household operators (N=2319). Random-quota sampling technique was used and by drawing on the table of Krejcie and Morgan (1970), 331 households were selected who eventually returned 124 completed questionnaires (n=124). In terms of conservation behavior, the participants were asked a series of five-point Likert scale questions.

Issues such as global warming, urban air pollution, water shortages, environment natural habitat destruction, and loss of biodiversity are among the various examples of environmental problems which threaten sustainability. The international Shadegan Wetland located in Khuzestan Province, as the largest wetland in Iran on the coast of Persian Gulf countries, for various reasons related to natural and human factors, affected by drought phenomenon is on the verge of extinction. The nearby rural operates behave in two ways: responsibly and irresponsibly. In order to reduce the vulnerability of the livelihood of the rural operators, investigation of their responsible behavior which can result in their conservation behavior is imperative. In the study of human behavior by sociologists, the theory of reasoned action and planned behavior is crucial. The purpose of such models are understanding the predictive variables of behavior in a way that they are recognized correctly. In the present study, neural network analysis was used to test the significance of personal-professional variables influencing conservation behavior among rural operators of Shadegan Wetland.

The results of the neural network analysis of variables including the distance of the location to the Jahad Department of Agriculture, the distance of the location to the nearest city and experience in agriculture revealed that these variables are the most significant factors in the equation. The findings indicate that the farther the location of the rural operators is to the nearest Jahad Department of Agriculture, the more responsible behavior in terms of the extension and education for improving the conservation behavior to control human and natural hazards among the rural operators is observed. In other words, the farther the location of the rural operators is to the nearest Jahad Department of Agriculture, the more irresponsibility in terms of conservation behavior to control human and natural hazards (response and reaction) by the rural operators is observed. In the end, effective communication and interaction between state-run organizations and rural operators for the purpose of extension and education of conservation behavior can reduce the vulnerability of Shadegan Wetland caused by natural and human hazard.

The center or core of each activity is characterized by certain capacities and strengths, which are distributed in inverse proportion to the distance. In other words, the intensity of the impact is lessened with an increase in the distance. Thus, the closer are the surrounding villages, the greater will be their role and contribution to the rural development. Of course, the extent of such an influence depends on a number of other factors including the size of cities. The spatial distribution of the population and life centers in the urban systems of Iran indicates a significant difference between the big and small cities in terms of quantity and quality, function and regional sphere of influence. According to the above points, this paper seeks to study the development of villages in the outskirts of cities in terms of the geographic distance of these settlements form cities and the functional impact of the size of cities on their surrounding areas. The main aim of this study is to investigate the development of villages in a 5, 10 and 15-km radius of city centers with respect to the size of cities.THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: In general, it is believed that the extent and nature of urban-rural interaction is different from migration patterns, diversity of revenues derived from rural and urban market and also historical, political, social, economic and environmental factors. The research framework is built upon the following assumptions:• The proximity of a village to cities is the necessary causal condition for rural development.• The greater is the degree of membership of a village in the outskirts of cities, the greater will be the degree of its membership in the highly developed villages• The size of a city is the necessary causal condition for the development of its surrounding villages • The greater is the degree of membership of a village in the cluster of villages in the outskirt of crowded cities, the greater will be their degree of membership in the cluster of highly developed villages.

This is a comparative study in which a fuzzy approach has been adopted. According to the fuzzy logic, for each of the concepts in the theoretical set, a fuzzy membership function is defined and in the evaluation phase, based on the fuzzy membership, a fuzzy causal analysis is performed. In this paper, the unit of analysis is comprised of villages in a 5, 10 and 15-km radius of city centers in the West Azerbaijan Divisions - which is based on the national administrative and political division in the year 2011. To determine the development of rural areas, 79 measures (Table 2) and TOPSIS model of analysis were used. For the fuzzy processing and analysis of the data related to the rural-urban distance and the size and development of cities, Excel, SPSS and fs/QC software were utilized.

Cities and villages are two geographical phenomena with entangled structural and functional developments, which are a variable of their relative functional position. With the growth of functional status and size of cities, the scope of their economic and social opportunities is expanded to wider areas, affecting even remote peripheral areas. According to the results of the present study, a consistency index of 0.836 was obtained between the rural-urban distance and rural development. Moreover, in 84% of the villages under study, it was concluded that distance from the city was the necessary condition for rural development. Accordingly, it can be argued at 95% confidence level, the rural-urban distance is the "absolute necessary" condition for rural development. Also, a coverage index of 0.63 was achieved between the two areas. The evidences suggest that 63% of the rural development can be explained in terms of rural-urban distance. The results of the fuzzy regression model indicate a fuzzy relationship of 0.582between rural development and causal condition of urban-rural distance. Also R2 value reveals a shared variance of 0.338 between rural-urban distance and rural development, indicating that most of linguistic variables are external to the cluster with the urban-rural distance being mainly considered as a non-member in the causal condition of the cluster. The measurement of the necessary casual condition of the city size for the development of marginal villages suggests that city size is always the "absolute necessary” condition for rural development as a consistency index of 0.77 was achieved for the two clusters. Accordingly, it can be argued that such a relationship can be established at 95% confidence level. Moreover, a coverage index of 0.73 demonstrated that 73% of rural development could be explained by the city size. Therefore, the causal condition of city size explained 73% of the total membership. According to the above points, the problem can be resolved with some of the following strategies:

The concentration of population, facilities, services and various functions in city centers or metropolitans has motivated the population living in the outskirts of cities to migrate to urban areas for the fulfillment of their needs. This contributes to the advantage, centrality, power and dominance of centers, thereby facilitating the development of villages in the proximity of cities and thwarting the progress of rural areas far from cities.

This study is going to explore the effects of cultural tourism. It emphasizes on the rich cultural heritage of rural areas, like shaikh Kolini in Fashafouieh. Also, this research explores the domination of cultural tourism in this area beside other types of tourism and also tourism effects on rural areas is going to be discussed.THEORTICAL FRAMEWORK : Primarily, places have various functions on the base of their different nature, such as economic, social, political and cultural roles. These characteristic can play the role of attraction in tourism industry. It shapes Cultural tourism which is getting more important these days, and represents a significant source of attraction for tourists (both domestic and by its rich historical heritage. At the same time, rural tourism is one of the most common types of tourism, which along with numerous benefits for the rural community; it harms the community's identity at different stages. Also, it has a most resemblance with local culture and it has the ability to become the most popular tourism worldwide (OECD, 2009). One of the consequences of the interaction of tourism in rural areas is changing or distorting international relations). Such aspect seems particularly relevant for a country like Iran, which is internationally renowned for its abundance of historical and cultural resources, as shown of local cultures and traditional subcultures in rural areas, that has led to a lack of interest in the host community towards tourism development in their villages. In contrast, the cultural tourism which its product is associated with one or more of the specific cultural and religious phenomena, has more attraction for the specific customers (tourists) as compared to other types of tourists (ecotourism, tourism, agriculture, etc.) that have a greater congruence with the people in their host community. Several studies have investigated whether or not WHS endowment or more generally cultural offer increases tourism demand. However, the empirical evidence is mixed on this issue. A number of studies claim that the cultural heritage and attractions of a country are important determinants of tourism demand.

The research method in this study is applied and analytical. The data has been collected through field investigations. The focus groups are women and men who live in 4 villages in this area and the data has been gathered through questionnaire from sample of 170 families of local communities and 70 tourists from Kolain Village. The questionnaire was primarily developed based on 5-point Likert scale, which addressed the quality of tourism development and has been analysed by Ultimate statistical test. The research validity was determined through formal method, so that the questionnaire was approved after several stages of review by experts in tourism. For completing the initial information by advisory method the rural council and mayors have been interviewed. Cronbach's alpha formula was used to determine the reliability coefficient amount of questions which was calculated as 0.801 for a group of local people and was 0.832 for the tourists. The study relies on a variable-based cultural tourism. To explore the impact of cultural tourism, five indicators have been used that appeared as three cultural, economic and social factors which are exploring about the demands and the specific effects of tourism in the region. In the next stage, data were classified and coded by using Spss software. For answering the research questions and assessing the meaningfulness of the impact of cultural tourism development on various parameters of development of cultural tourism, Pearson correlation, t-test and Friedman Ranking method were employed. Also, the t-test has been used to measure the level of satisfaction of tourists and multiple regression and path analysis have been conducted to analyze the direct and indirect effects of cultural tourism development.DISCUTION:The research has been conducted on the base of flowing hypothesis: 1. It seems that the rural residents of Kolien -Fashafoueih district are supporting cultural tourism more than other kinds of tourism in the area. 2. It seems that tourists are satisfied with the facilities available in the village Kolien -Fashafoueih because they receive more welcoming from local communities. 3. The cultural impacts of tourism in the region are the predominant effects in the local level. Quantitative research has conducted on the base of Social exchange theory. It confirms the relationship between tourism and cultural structures of local community, so it shows that due to the nature of cultural tourism, most the of the local communities are satisfied with pilgrims visiting their villages, it is because that tourists made the greatest impact on determining attitudes and promoting tourism in this area. Failing to understand the exact nature of this type of tourism will harm the target group from different aspects in the process of tourism development. From the researcher aspect, visiting the villages and collecting the data from local people need more patience and it is a time consuming project. The research indicated that despite of many deficiencies in facilities, this type of tourism has less negative effects on local communities. The research also revealed that 99% of the tourists in the study area are satisfied. It seems that local people are more willing to host the tourists that respect to their culture and consider the values of the community. The results indicate that there is a satisfaction from tourism too, due to the cultural proximity between local community and tourists which visit shrine, this condition happens despite of many shortages in tourism services and facilities. So, based on the research results, it is recommended that development of Culture-Oriented has more potential for developing of tourism in the rural areas.

This research shows a new approach to social exchange theory which looks at the exchange profits, not only from economical and financial benefits but with an emphasis on spiritual and religious interests and attitudes on the base of historical and cultural identity of local community.

Handicrafts as the most important item of Iran historical identity and a cause for economic growth and development in the modern world show the tribal and native specifications this land. Handicrafts have played an effective role in cultural changes from long years ago. In many of Iranian cities and rural districts handicrafts are produced and hand-woven carpets are the most important one that makes the highest rate of exports. Hand-woven carpet cooperatives as a producing system that supports Iranian hand-woven producers play an important role in this industry. The research work deals with performance of these institutions in economy of the hand-woven carpet industry of Khorassan Razavi Province and tries to identify the existing problems and obstacles. Indeed, this research work tries to reach an answer to these questions, “How can we remove problems of producing hand-woven carpets by cooperatives?”, “How can we decrease production expenses by supporting the producing agents and to improve commerce as to this beautiful exportable goods?, and “How can me restore our exclusive status in the market?” THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK : Nowadays partnership of the people in determining their destiny especially as to economic domains became more necessary. Relying on public partnership and group activities and merging knowledge and modern economic experiences can present an appropriate method for solving problems arisen from unemployment, poverty and underdevelopment status of rural districts. Development of producing cooperatives including industrial cooperatives shall be an advantage for the villagers to achieve the best levels of sustainable development.

The present research work is of qualitative studies type and is done with the aim to remove the needs in economic fields of hand-woven carpet with emphasis on the applied aspects. The nature and method of this research work is of descriptive-analytical type. The data required for this research work are gathered from documents and library sources and through interview with 55 samples from the statistical society by using field method.

On the basis of studies already done and data analysis as to this research work, from among the most important achievements of the cooperatives as governmental institutions in the structure of the hand-woven carpet industry the following items are outstanding: A)Role of cooperatives in process of economic growth and production of hand-woven carpets. Analyzing the results and the viewpoints of the experts in this field shows that preparation of appropriate infrastructures for development of handicrafts, selling and buying in internal and international levels will cause promotion of economy. The results show that increase of production of hand-woven carpets by cooperatives will bring numerous positive economic effects. Employment, decreasing unemployment rate, increase of capital, decrease of disadvantages among rural society, promotion of tourism industry are the main effects. B)Role of cooperatives in promotion of the hand-woven carpets quality and remove the problems. According to the studies done, the facilities that the cooperative supply for their members in order to get economic growth plays the most important role in increasing production rate and economic growth in cooperatives.

The result of studies shows that the hand-woven carpet cooperatives play an effective role in production of hand-woven carpet without defect and in development of exports. Efficiency of these cooperatives in helping the waivers and removing their problems as to making incomes and investment in this industry has been noticeable. Supervising the method of weaving, and preparation of high-quality materials by these cooperatives, having identity and trademark, decreasing the role of middlemen and dealers are all important subjects that cause promotion of this valuable industry. Production of all type of handicrafts in general and hand-woven carpet in particular cause income and has a considerable value added. Investment in this section will help Iran to get rid of mono-poly economy. These types of activities in rural section need more governmental supports and investment which cause production rate. Such supports strengthen the producers in this field that cause decrease of unemployment.

It is a long time that geography of poverty has entered the geographical literature and always Geographers remember it as a bitter social reality that its effects and negative results are reflected in all parts of individual and social life. In Iran, poverty has been a more economic concept and has been taken into consideration less than other aspects. In the case that we want to indicate properly the applicability of policy making and applying the programs to fight against poverty, we need to know different aspects of poverty, its indices and criteria. The aim of the study is investigating different dimensions of rural poverty.. For this reason, clarifying the concept of poverty, its different dimensions have been known first, and then the role of these dimensions in rural poverty has been analyzed.THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Poverty is a social, economic, cultural and politic reality that for a long time has been the most human problems and at the present also human society, despite the so many changes that it's happened in different science with this ominous phenomenon has problem. The traditional basis, most of the authorities describe that poverty is only being lack. Some of them it define a calorie lower than a standard. Some may know poverty of the security food, clothing and housing under minimum level. Some of the others know due to social factors and its failure. While the poverty is not one-dimensional word with an absolute concept the poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon; that includes not only economical dimension to satisfy the basic needs but it's also include the human dimension, physical, environmental, social and political. One of the main goals of economic development is reduce of poverty in each country. Although the measures relating to social security and support of the poor and rural vulnerable have at least 40 years old In Iran but achievements the programs is not significant for poverty reduction and vulnerability in income in rural areas of the country. In all the ultra-analysis has taken about rural poverty of Iran two important points has been emphasis first main part studies about poverty in Iran have been economic considerations that most emphasis has been the monetary and financial aspects. Second the most studies have been mainly study of mechanical and away from social life of the people and reference direct have been to them which are obtained using secondary data statistical center of Iran.

This kind of research was development –applied and the methodology of this research is descriptive-analytical and survey. First using full recognition to spatial system than in the villages of study area and the use of the participants ' demographic characteristics the participants ' and reports of organizations in township and district and rural districts center and use of GIS software for map the dispersal of the villages and some complementary information associated with the subject, deep understanding was achieved to study area. After this stage, conceptual framework of the research was drawn by researchers and the first 30 questionnaire were evaluated as a guide in two villages. According to history of the subject and the theoretical framework was investigated by the researchers the initial validity of the questionnaire was confirmed. The statistical society of this research is drawn from the household's heads of rural areas Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari province (93076 people). Then the Cochran's formula was used to achieve a reasonable volume of the sample that finally 390 questionnaires were used to analysis. In this study, using structural equation modeling to provide a model for poverty has been effort in rural areas of Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari province. It is evident that the model is specific study area and it can have many different in other areas.

In the first step of this research conceptual model of research was formed based on rural poverty indices. The results of the second-order model tests show that the hidden social, economic and political variables are able to measure the poverty of rural areas. The results of the model fitting indices show that the model is well fitted. The Chi-Square is equal 32.886 that according amount of P that is 0.423 shows there is not different between theoretical and practical model. The other significant index of the fitted model is also RMSEA that is 0.012 equal that show data have been the representation of conceptual model of this research.

- Pay attention to potential in the region, especially in the field of agricultural development; -More attention to housing with facilitate about housing mortgage conditions, reducing the amount of instalments for villagers hostages; - The use of native materials and standard for reducing costs; - Pay attention to training dimension and cultural villagers especially about trainings related to agricultural sector; - The development of rural infrastructural such as roads.

One of the basic needs in the field of rural development is providing social health for villagers to to create appropriate basis to use social, economic and environmental possibilities of the village. So, rural development does not just include economic and agricultural aspects, but includes other aspects of life such as environmental, social, wellbeing and health aspects. Henceforth, dealing with the concept of health and specifically in social dimension, is one of the necessities in rural planning and development in our country, so that -through pathology of rural settlements in this sector, the solutions for social well-being promotion and subsequent development of rural economic, scientific, social, cultural and environmental aspects are provided in these settlements. Thus, the present study aimed to analyse and evaluate the state of social well-being in rural settlements in the county of Zanjan and identify strategies for its development and strengthening in these settlements.THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK : Health, including Full Welfare of physical, mental and social. One of the most important aspects health, social well-being. To analyze the social well-being in society, health -Pivot and patient-Pivot approaches are studied. In most studies and social researches, the health-Pivot approach is used. There are also different models in this field, that social well-being model of Keyes, model and Miringof model and quality of life model of the most important models in this regard. Social well-being studies done in rural areas in the form of healthy village approach. Based on this approach, healthy rural is village in which they continually be prepared the optimum conditions, the possibility expanding of cooperation Intersectoral of environmental engender. Hence, in the rural with high social well-being, participation and environmental preservation is a priority than other factors.

This research using descriptive-analytical method, social well-being in rural settlements of Zanjan County is reviewed. In the context, for collecting data from field studies methods and the library is used. The Statistical Society is 258 rural point. And using method of simple cluster sampling, and with the help of province political boundaries from each district were selected randomly 1 village. Thus, 12 rural point were selected as the samples. In the next phase given that the households number of simple rural 12 of about 4213 households is. Using Morgan table, 352 households were selected as samples for the questionnaire distributed. To analyze the data, with Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the amount of normal Frequency distribution of experimental and theoretical Frequency was evaluated. Then by using exploratory factor analysis, the main factors to determine the appropriate Pattern of variables were identified. The statistical calculations were performed using SPSS software and Lisrel. Indicators of research based on models and theories indicator Keyes social well-being, social well-being indicators of Miringof and the indicators of quality of life of Malcolm Shukner is set. And for each of the three models separate questionnaire was designed.

The study shows that the social well-being status of rural, based on Keyes model, the amount of social well-being in this rurals is at an average level with an average of 3.32. Also, Based on calculations Kolmogorov-Smirnov, the significant level (P-Value) participation in indicators, prosperity and social cohesion less than P0.05. And the null hypothesis is confirmed. Quality of life model is not in Desirable condition, with a mean of 2.6. Weakness in the index, has a direct refers to the weakness of social and economic infrastructure. In this context, Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness of fit test indicates that Economic and health indicators with a significant level of 0.000 (P

Changes in infrastructure and natural ecosystems infection among rural communities is an example of recent developments. Perhaps the consumption patterns of urban development and the influx of some sources of pollution in the vicinity of villages and rural areas, environmental pollution, changing consumption patterns has provided the country's villages. In the meantime, one of the front lines of the relationship between man and the environment in rural communities, attitude and their approach to environmental features and capabilities will be around. It must be acknowledged that the human relationship with the natural environment in villages is from different cities. Rural livelihoods have a strong bond with nature. In addition, the formation of the built environment in the countryside, in the context of rural residential units are clearly influenced by their natural environment. This confirms the undeniable sensitivity and importance of the environment and designed to achieve sustainable and comprehensive development of villages. So, the present study is designed to answer the following questions:•what is the place of producing waste and lack of waste regulation in most important environmental challenges of rural areas?•what is the role of environmental pollution, changes in consumption patterns and the effects of the lack of rural tourism in the area under study?• To what extent public participation and education are effective in organizing waste in the studied area?THEORETICAL Framework: Today, besides the economic problems which made the most pressure in rural and agricultural parts of society, uncontrolled exploitation and destruction of the environment in rural areas which have direct exposure to natural areas are the most important problems in Iran that despite the sensitivity of continuing the issue dealing with the environment around us today is not well understood and analyzed. As the result of two reasons the villages are facing new conditions that their environment is full of pollution. First, because they are in transition from tradition to modernity, and in this way their life style and consumption patterns differ from the past and waste production in these areas is considered normal. On the other hand, expanding wave of tourism by producing large amounts of solid waste add to the hardships of the environment in these areas. This study is descriptive-analytic in nature. To do this analysis, common methods of data collection (both documentary and field) were used. In addition to documentary resources, (especially in developing the theoretical foundations of research and explaining the situation) field methods were also used to collect data. The field studies (from rural areas) were based on observations and interviews with local managers. The population consisted of 486 villages in the three cities of Bandar Anzali, Rasht and Roodbar. To collect data, 196 area managers (for example based on the standard table of Morgan) filled in the questionnaires. Cluster sampling was applied, too. Documentary and field studies showed that "the lack of surface water and sewage collection network," was the most important challenge of life in rural areas and "waste and lack of proper regulation of waste were in the third rank of environmental issues is the area of study. Based on the results of studies in the rural area, about 111 tons of waste is produced every day. Based on the components of the waste produced in the villages, 80.9 per cent can be recovered. Based on field studies of this research, 57 percent of the villages in the study use "house to house gathering" procedure. Burning the waste is prevalent in 33.3 percent of all villages of this area. The field studies of this research have revealed that in 87.5 percent of the sample a crisi called waste has been introduced. This study knows waste production to be related to population (69%) and the change of consumption pattern (87%).Of course, in connection with the organization of waste according to survey, the role of "public participation", "propaganda and education" and "Management are with 49.26% and 25%, respectively. Despite the complexity of the problem of waste management in rural areas, rural managers believe that environmental quality is not critical and even 86.8 of the environmental situation in rural areas is better than the last ten years. The results of these indicators suggest a close score of cities and homogeneity of the cities in the enjoyment of rural housing indicators. So that based on cluster analysis, more than half of the province of West Azerbaijan in the field of utilization of rural housing indices are in good condition and the remaining cities are located in the middle and low-middle ranks. Therefore, to establish a regional balance and moving towards sustainable development, it is necessary to look at the development of housing policies, particularly in sparsely populated rural areas and settlements that are isolated and marginalized; otherwise disparities are seen more and more and villages will be subsequently discharged. Today the villages next to the main towns, are the areas of biological-environmental challenges which totally changed the landscape of these areas. The results showed that environmental problems in rural areas in the study area are not the same due to geographical conditions and their performance, but the production of waste, particularly household waste is common damage to all villages in the area. And, the lack of regulation caused54 villages of the area to be in critical situation. Therefore, it is necessary to make an economic and environmental chance from the present threat by establishing waste separation workshops, forminga cooperative group and individual training in rural areas to develop recycling culture, and incentive policies Partnership (source separation).

Cultural development is on the one hand the underlying cause and reason of different dimensions of the development of community as well as the effect of the same dimensions. This means that the all-round development of society, to grow their own culture is helpful. The study objective approach to indigenous peasant subculture theory is Rogers; Efforts have been made Inhibiting factors peasant subculture theory of Rogers in the area investigated and the relationship of these factors as a negative factor in the development of rural areas is determined by the level of development.THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: There are several theories with different orientations in the field of rural development. One of the most important and pivotal ones in school modernization theory is the theory of peasant subculture by Rogers. This theory deals with the weaknesses and shortcomings of peasant's subculture. According to Roger's theory, if there is no correct understanding of the values, ideas and motivations of farmers in social change programs, these programs will fail to succeed. The rural development program administrators should pay attention to cultural and demographic characteristics of the audience and program makers have to consider them carefully.

The research method used in this research is descriptive and analytical; to collect data, field (questionnaire), and library methods were used. The investigation was based on the households in the district temper Sokman Abad. To analyze the data obtained from the questionnaires, the Pearson correlation coefficient was used and to determine the level of development of the villages studied Vikor technique was applied.

The findings suggest that the subculture of "family-oriented", "state dependence" and "Fatalism" in the village studied, and the element of "mutual distrust" Apart from the village Mamish Khan and the element of "good impression "limited exception Kalavanis and Mamish Khan rural communities are considered part of the cultural values. The subculture of "localism" and no waiver of future benefits for the immediate benefits "in rural communities were not part of their cultural values. In the next step, using Vikor technique to measure, the level of development of villages were studied. The results showed that villages of Gildor and zive have the highest, and Kolus and Sonnat have the lowest level of development among the other villages. Finally, comparing the level of influence that the villages received by cultural factors discussed in Roger's theory with their level of development revealed that the Villages that are less influenced by the cultural elements have higher level of development than the villages that are more influenced by these factors.

Since the findings of this study showed that the cultural elements of the theory of Rogers and level of development of the villages in the area are related to each other, to prepare appropriate basis for development in the area, social and cultural actions with an emphasis on improving the present rural culture are necessary. On the other hand, since there is a relationship between cultural development and other aspects of development, reformation and improvement of economic and environmental conditions can play a role in the creation and improvement of suitable substrates.