نشریه پژوهش های زبان شناسی تطبیقی
پیاپی 3 (بهار و تابستان 1391)

Persian and English are languages in which compounding is the most productive type of word-formation، and compound nouns are the largest sub grouping of compounds in English and most probably in Persian. To compare the Persian and English noun-compounds، I study five of most productive patterns for each language، considering four notions: internal inflection، headedness، the order of elements and the semantics of compounds. The following is a summary of our 1- In English the plural marker is not infrequently found inside a compound noun، but compound-internal inflection is extremely rare in Persian. 2- In both languages the number of headed compounds is much larger than headless ones. 3- In both languages the number of head-final compounds is much larger than head-initial ones، but in Persian، in comparison with English the number of head-initial noun compounds is larger. 4- In both languages the patterns forming exocentric compound nouns are very restricted in productivity. In both languages، in synthetic compound nouns whose right-hand member is a nouns derived from a verb، the left-hand member serves as an argument of the verb

This paper studies non-verbal predicates in Persian and compares them with verbal predicates. In non-verbal predicates، a non-verbal part، like a noun phrase، an adjective phrase or a prepositional phrase acts as predicate، generally occurring with a linking verb. The paper shows that the non-verbal part acts as a predicate، not the verb، using criteria like selectional restrictions، cliticization and verb-agreement. Different kinds of non-verbal predicates in Persian are discussed and the differences of «budan» (to be) and «šodan» (to become) are clarified

It-cleft and pseudo cleft sentences go under cleft structures. In the related literature، their discoursal differences in terms of weight، chain of reference، discourse function and their syntactic differences with regard to the constituent which can possibly appear in the position of the clefted constituent have been shown based on the data from English، and it has been proven that they are not interchangeable. This article – based on Persian data which are gathered from literary، scientific، historical texts and newspapers – tries to see if the same differences are observed in Persian، and if there exists any difference between English and Persian. The data include 105 it-cleft and 67 pseudo cleft sentences

Grammaticalization is a process through which lexical items change into grammatical items، or grammatical items acquire more grammatical properties. Generally speaking، in grammaticalization، the direction of change is from lexicon to grammar. This development is accompanied by a change in meaning. One of the widespread meaning changes in grammaticalizaton is metaphorical extension. In this change، words with original concrete meanings are used to represent abstract concepts. This is done by changes in conceptual domains، including time، place، person، thing and quality domains. Conceptualization of abstract domains on the basis of concrete domains results in creation of forms denoting grammatical concepts. In this article، efforts are made to illustrate the role of metaphorical extension، in affixoidization of some classes of lexical items in Persian compounds. In affixiodation، the original independent lexical items acquire some defining characteristics of affixes، like productivity and predictability. Here، one can see a movement from lexicon to grammar، which is fully compatible with process of grammaticalization; therefore، one can conclude that affixoidization is one of the important contributions of grammaticalization in morphology of a language like Persian

The term «كعبتين» (ka‘batayn or Ka‘batin) has been investigated in this study. In the first section، its pronunciation and semantic features in dictionaries have been subjected to critical scrutiny. Lexicographers commonly put forward only one meaning and pronunciation for this term. In the second section of this paper، the terms Ka‘b، Ka‘bayn، and Ka‘batayn were studies across a wide range of Arabic text. It was found that the way the term Ka‘batayn (or Ka‘batin) is commonly used in Persian is different from its original Arabic usage. In fact، it is a term coined by Persian poets. In the remaining، based on poetic evidence، it was found that up to the sixth century the word used to be pronounced as Ka‘batin and has undergone changes since that time. The exact pronunciation of this term matters form an Arooz point of view and has often been pronounced as Ka‘batayn This way، it contributes to correct reading and recitation of the word in literary texts. Finally، there have been errors and mispronunciations as well as semantic flaws in the usage of the word which are investigated briefly in the rest of the paper.

During the past century، Farsi & Arabic literature were received & emerged from their rigid styles with the critics’ new & modern views. Nima Yoosheej & Nazok al malaeke the Iraqi poetess have played a remarkable role with their new methods & styles، in this field of study. The important point has been their emphasis on the heritage of the past، in order to explore a new way of presenting literature & an appropriate way with the status quo. Therefore; not only have they tried to repudiate the past heritage، but also have always tried to use them as the basis of their criticism in order to make a new change. But، apart from this similarity، there are a few discrepancies، so that، the modernism was deeper & much more comprehensive in Yosheej’s views. In his idea، a poet should metamorphose the classic language، in a way that he did in his own literary works، while Malaeke was much more prudent in this way. She believed in the fact that a poet must keep within the parameters of the language & should not use passé & unconventional expressions. Another dissimilarity was the way they presented their poems. In Nima’s view، poetry must serve the people’s agony & suffering، while Malaeke does not acknowledge the generalization of poetry، and encounters it as a limitation for the poet. She mostly uses poetry as something to describe the individual’s suffering and a sanctuary for expressing the writer’s sadness & dejection. Their still existing literary works، show their tangible ideas & views

Corpus linguistics is a branch of linguistics which has enjoyed remarkable progress due to the technological advances in communication and networking industries. The application of the worldwide web is no longer limited to search for information or providing data. The increasing development of new technologies offered in internet has created new fields of interest. Online translation is one of these new fields، which is currently experiencing the early stages of its development. The most significant feature of such a translation is the use of dynamic linguistics corpora، which has an interactive and statistics-based foundation and is constantly updated. Delving into the mechanisms of web-based translation using dynamic corpora the present study surveys different factors causing errors in web-based translation from Persian into English، especially cultural factors. Although the findings show serious problems in this way، it seems that the new advanced algorithms in standard translation software can take hopeful steps toward the perfection of this technology.