نشریه پژوهش های زبان شناسی تطبیقی
پیاپی 7 (بهار و تابستان 1393)

Lambrecht (1996)، within the theoretical framework of information structure، introduces «The Topic Acceptability Scale»، which of course works for topicalization too. Moving from the top of the scale towards the bottom، the chance of constituents functioning as topic reduces more and more. Lambrecht defines topic based on the concept of «aboutness» and proposes the topicality presupposition as the precondition for being topic; that is، the topic should be the issue under discussion، or to put it differently، the focus of attention. However، he leaves three important questions unanswered: is topicality presupposition a single category with no variation or a varied one; what is the relationship between topicality presupposition and the topic acceptability scale; and is it possible to find topics (and naturally topicalization) at all the levels of the scale. The present study tries to see، based on Persian data، how much Lammbrecht''s scale is applicable to NP topicalization.

The bilingual is able to apply two Language equally or inequally in speaking، Writing…. In general، two possible result of bilingualism is; maintainess of two Language and choice of the other Language. Domain analysis of Language with Language attitudes are the principles determinant of people Language selection. Domain analysis is a tool for determining the quantity of Language choice while Language attitudes indicates the reasons or causes of Language selection in a situation or circumstance. The results of this study showed that Ferend Domain has the highest gilaki Language use (%14)، and the Family Domain (%12)، Neighbor (%6) Education (%4) and Government (%3)، respectively has Language uses. Overally، Language use was % 5 in Gilaki Language% 83 in Persian Language، %12 in both Language. In each Domains، there is not significant statistical differences among stand of Education and there is significant statistical differences among genders.

This article aims to introduce Discourse Grammar (DG) by using Persian examples. DS is comprised of Sentence grammar (SG) and Thetical grammar (TG) as two separate domains of investigation. On the basis of DG، the current paper focuses on those aspects of the language structures، namely theticals، which have been ignored or treated as marginal issues by previous models. It then presents how theticals play significant role in organizing discourse construction by being accompanied with sentence grammar. As a cognitive linking operation between theticals and sentence grammar، the phenomenon of Cooptation contributes immensely in the discourse organization. It will be also argued thetical elements behave differently at the syntactic، semantic and phonological levels in contrast to sentence elements in a discourse situation. In a sense، theticals are mainly triggered by the cognitive worlds of interluctors and operate at the pragmatic level of discourse organization. This means that such elements demonstrate a degree of elasticity and opacity، which make them quite different from the sentence structures which are rather fixed and transparent components of a discourse construction.

Associate professor Department of Linguistics، University of Bu-Ali Sina This paper examines the emergence of double verbs in Persian. In double verb construction، two verbs appear beside each other، acting as a single predicate. We have shown that these verbs are different from serial verbs and Persian is not a serializing language. In grammatacalization continuum، the double verb construction is between lexical verbs and modal verbs، being different from both. These verbs are in the path of grammaticalization and we have found two main reasons for this process: high frequency and being motion or posture verbs. This paper supports the functionalist claim that language use is the main reason for language change.

This paper investigates the loan verb accommodation strategies applied in the recipient languages of Persian، Kurdish (Sine''i dialect) and Azabaijani، spoken in the geographical area of Iran. The present study builds upon the work by Wohlgemuth (2009) who presents a typology for verbal borrowings. Based on the data taken from one monolingual and two bilingual dictionaries، major loan verb accommodation strategies in the three languages are isolated، described and exemplified. In this connection، it is demonstrated that Persian makes use of three major accommodation strategies of light verb، semantic borrowing، and indirect insertion، while in Kurdish direct insertion and semantic borrowing are applied، in spite of the fact that the latter language is an Iranian language، just like Persian. The reason behind this difference can be ascribed to the donor languages from which these two languages borrow. Most of the lexical items borrowed into Kurdish، have their origin in Persian. Being in the same language family، Persian and Kurdish share many linguistic features; therefore، applying the direct insertion strategy in accommodating verbal loans from Persian is fully justified in Kurdish. This is in contrast to Azarbaijani which makes no use of direct insertion strategy in borrowing verbal items from Persian، in spite of the fact that it has almost the same sociolinguistic standing like Kurdish in Iran. Being from a different language family، Azabaijani applies semantic borrowing and indirect insertion strategies to accommodate loan-verbs from Persian.

This paper، based on researches in other languages such as English، Mandarin and Korean، is concerned with how time is lexicalized in Persian. Determining the orientation of time-line and perspectives adopted by observer to conceptualizing events and units of time is the goal of this paper. The study has been done in light of Radden (2011) ideas in the framework of Cognitive Linguistics. The data has been mainly chosen from contemporary Modern Persian and some from Dehkhoda dictionary. Results demonstrate that the orientation of time-line is conceived of as frontal، the future is seen as INFRONT of the observer and the past as BEHIND the observer. Sequences of events are conceptualized using both ego-aligned and ego-opposed perspectives، but sequences of units are lexicalized using ego-opposed perspective، so they are bidirectional sequences.

Meters of Persian verse are mainly composed of various arrangements of short and long syllables. Among these meters، all the ones that can be divided into two equal parts from middle، would give poet the possibility of increasing the rhythm of poem by observing adaptation of bound of words with bound of prosodic feet and dividing the meter of hemistich; but، some of these measures are «vazne dowry»; it means a pause is essential in the middle of two parts of their hemistich. Although some others are do-pareh، there is not any pause in the middle of their two parts and just because of symmetry; they have more order and rhythm. Another group of these symmetrical syllabic patterns، depended on whether there should be a pause in their middle or not، will have two different meters: dowry and non-dowry.

Crosslinguistically، completive aspect is a grammatical function through which the concept of ''to do something thoroughly and completely is encoded. In this survey، analyzing the verb raftan ''to go'' basically as a marker of completive aspect in Persian، based on grammaticalization theory، I argue that other types of concepts that are related to the completion of a certain action،e. g expression of regret، unexpectedness، non-volitionality and humbleness are metonymically emerged and have dramatically been overlooked in the literature so far. These elaborated meanings indicate that a completed situation signals a shift in emphasis toward both the temporal endpoint of the action and the endpoint of the causal chain. An unanticipated completion of a situation may involve the concept of involuntary agent which in turn draws the emphasis away from the starting point of the action in order to make the non-canonically instigation of the situation prominent.

This paper is a diachronic، synchronic and contact study of Persian suffix -gari with a look at some Azerbaijani data. Contrary to the earlier studies، I divide action nouns (ANs) suffixed with –gari into three major groups: Hierarchical ANs، (zargari)، Reanalyzed non-hierarchical ANs (qazigari) & Derivational non-hierarchical ANs (mazhabgari،morabbigari). In the first section of the paper I give a brief introduction of the study then in the second section review the works done earlier. In section three after taking a look at the background of –gari in Old & Middle Persian I present the hypothesis and try to prove it giving evidences from Persian and a typologically far different language، Azerbaijani. I continue with counting the characteristics of the three major groups of the words mentioned above and giving examples from literary works of 4th century on I show how –gari have developed in Persian history. The last section concludes the paper.

The present paper is a corpus-based study of Persian comparing the results with those obtained in English. A seemingly neutral word may come to achieve a kind of positive or negative shade of meaning due to its frequent concurrence with positive or negative words. The phenomenon is called semantic prosody. The present study applies the findings of English studies and compares them with the semantic prosody of the Persian equivalents. Following the models proposed by Sinclair (1987) and Louw (1993)، the study works on a researcher-made 50- million-word corpus of randomly samples extracted from Iranian newspapers in a 5-year period. All the sentences containing the particular nodes were extracted and processed. The results indicated a patterning in the semantic prosody of Persian nodes similar to that of the English ones. Samples of the data from both languages together with their semantic prosody are presented.

This paper aims at surveying the acoustic-phonetic characteristics of the rhotics in Minabi dialects. Minabi dialect is the subdivision of Bashkardi and Bashkardi is originated from East South dialects. In various languages، rhotics are very variable in different contexts، and they are influenced by variable factors. The data gathered from Minabi dialects has shown that this dialect has two ‘r’ which have various allophones in different places. These data have been analyzed in Praat software (version 5. 3. 32). In this dialect، Trill ‘r’ has trill allophone in many places. Sometimes this phoneme has approximant ‘r’، and rarely fricative or tap ‘r’ has been observed. Approximant ‘r’ also has tap allophone and fricative ‘r’ has sometimes been observed.

One of the general tendencies among the world languages is that of avoiding vowel hiatus in the phonetic level. One of the vowel hiatus strategies is changing the second vowel into a glide. This article tries to analyze a case in Kalhori Kurdish based on Harmonic Serialism، and reviews the main concepts in the Optimality Theory. In Kalhori Kurdish، if one of the low vowels comes before a high vowel، the latter changes into a glide so as to avoid vowel hiatus; and if the former is low front some changes come into play. The main aim of the article is the order of some of the relevant universal constraints in Kalhori Kurdish in a way to justify the derivation of glide forms from the URs. In the end، the article comes up with the contraints'' order *VV، MAX LEX، DEP >> MAX [+low] >> AGREE (GLIDE) >> IDENT.