Journal of Oral Health and Oral Epidemiology
Volume:4 Issue: 2, Summer-Autumn 2015

Due to the inadequate of a toothbrush in cleaning of interdental areas and further advanced developing of the disease in this area، dental flossing seems essential. However، the developing of people’s using dental floss as a habit is difficult. The purpose of this paper is to determine the use of dental floss frequency in reducing plaque and the optimal dental floss daily use frequency in people with a healthy periodontium. In this study، 44 dental students of School of Dentistry، Kerman، Iran، with healthy periodontal or at most a few bleeding on probing (BOP) areas were investigated. Scaling and root planning was performed for all subjects at baseline as well as necessary trainings about how to use the toothbrush and dental floss were instructed. In terms of using dental floss frequency، participants were divided into four groups of 22 each G1، G2، G3، and G4 which were meant to be used dental floss in every second day، a day، 2 or 3 times a day، respectively. At baseline، total plaque index (TPI)، internal plaque index، and internal bleeding index were evaluated after 3 and 6 weeks. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS، statistical tests ANOVA، and paired t-test. In this study، there was a significant reduction in plaque index after 6 weeks (P < 0. 050) however there was no significant difference between groups in terms of the interdental bleeding index (IBI). According to the results of this study، if a person with normal periodontal tissues uses the toothbrush and dental floss properly، using dental floss in every other day is sufficient to maintain the gingival healthy.

A total of 300 elementary students from the second to fifth grades in ninth district of Tehran، Iran، were included in this study according to inclusion criteria. Questionnaire gathering information about the students’ demographic background، medical and dental histories was sent to their parents. The students’ academic performances were assessed based on the school absence in relation to dental problems، their school grades and doing homework. Oral health status was assessed based on the World Health Organization (WHO) standards using caries and oral hygiene indices. Data were analyzed by the Pearson’s correlation and linear regression analysis. All statistical levels were made at 0. 05 for the Pearson’s correlation and 0. 1 for linear regression analysis. School test grades and school absences due to dental problems were statistically associated with oral hygiene index (OHI) of the students (P = 0. 010 and P = 0. 040، respectively). The indices of dental caries in primary or permanent teeth were not significantly associated with school performances (P ≥ 0. 140). The analysis revealed that the factors i. e.، housing status and living with the parents are statistically associated with the oral health indices (P = 0. 050 and P =0. 080; respectively) and on the other hand with school performances (P = 0. 020 and P = 0. 010; respectively). Children with poorer oral health status were more likely to perform poorly in school. Socio-economic status of the students affects negatively both school performances and oral health care. Also، oral health status and dental problems may cause deterioration in educational conditions.

Different studies evaluating one-step self-etch (SE) adhesive systems show contradictory findings، so the aim of this study was to compare the microleakage of one-step SE adhesive systems and CLEARFIL SE BOND (that serves as the “gold-standard” SE adhesive) with low shrinkage composites. In this in vitro study، Class V cavities with the occlusal margin in enamel and cervical margin in cementum were prepared on the buccal and lingual surfaces of 36 human premolars and molars (72 cavities). The enamel surfaces of the cavities were etched with 37% phosphoric acid and then the specimens were divided into six groups of 6 (12 cavities) and the cavities were restored according bellow: Group 1 (Kalore-GC + G-Bond)، Group 2 (Grandio + Futurabond NR)، Group 3 (Aelite LS Posterior + All Bond SE)، Group 4 (Kalore-GC + CLEARFIL SE BOND)، Group 5 (Grandio + CLEARFIL SE BOND)، and Group 6 (Aelite LS Posterior + CLEARFIL SE BOND). All the specimens were thermocycled for 2000 cycles (5-55 °C) and then placed in 0. 5% basic fuchsine dye for 24 hours at 37 °C and finally sectioned and observed under the stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis، Mann-Whitney، and Wilcoxon tests at a P < 0. 050 level of significance. In comparison between occlusal and gingival margins in each group، microleakage in occlusal margins was significantly less than the gingival margins (except Kalore + CLEARFIL SE BOND) (P > 0. 050). There were no significant differences in microleakage among two-step and one-step SE adhesive systems on both the occlusal and gingival margins. According to this study، two-step SE adhesive system (CLEARFIL SE BOND) did not provide better marginal seal than the one-step SE adhesive systems.

The study aimed to assess the frequency of head and face injuries in motorcyclists who had an accident and to find out the relationship between helmet use and frequency of these injuries. A cross-sectional study with multi-stage sampling method provides data on the injured motorcyclists with road accidents. Data came from a registration form which has documented information of each injured person who had a road accident and hospitalized in the biggest hospital of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran (Al-Zahra). All the registration forms were surveyed for hospitalization period, treatment costs, severity of injury, and date of accident during 2010 (n = 1626). Later, among the list of injured motorcyclists during the last 3 months of the registration form, 125 cases were randomly selected and interviewed by phone regarding occurrence of the head and face injuries and whether wearing helmet during the accident. Confidence intervals (CI), Chi-square, and Phi and Cramer’s correlation coefficient were applied. The ethical approval was provided. Accident by motorcycle was 31.0% of all road accidents. The frequency of motorcycle accidents was higher in the autumn and among 21-25 year olds. The mean period of hospitalization was 4.3 days and the mean of hospital costs was about 9000000 Rials [about 8200 United States dollar (USD), in 2010]. Of motorcyclist, 35.0% reported they were helmeted when they had the accident. The frequency of head and face injuries was 51.0% among all the injured motorcyclists, 22.0% and 78.0% among the helmeted and non-helmeted motorcyclists, respectively (P = 0.009, r = -0.267). Motorcycle accidents comprise a large number of road accidents and cause substantial morbidity and financial impact for the community members. Head and face injuries are the most common trauma in motorcyclists, and the injury rate is higher among non-helmeted motorcyclists.

According to the effect of the adhesive and substrate type on the bond strength, examination of the adhesive is required in all aspects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of different adhesive systems to normal dentin (ND) and caries affected dentin (CAD) in permanent teeth. Thirty extracted molars with small occlusal caries were selected. After preparation and determination of ND and CAD by caries detector, teeth were divided into three groups and treated with one of the two tested adhesives: Single Bond 2 (SB2), Scotchbond Universal with etch (SBU-ER), and Scotchbond Universal without etch (SBU-SE). Then composite (Filtek Z-250 XT) were attached to the surfaces and cured. After water storage (24 hours) and thermocycling (500 cycles 5-55 °C), bond strength was calculated and failure modes were determined by stereomicroscope. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and post-hoc test [Tukey HSD (honest significant difference)] and with P 0.050 as the level of significance. Only SBU-ER had significantly higher shear bond strength than SBU-SE in ND (P = 0.027) and CAD (P = 0.046). Bond strength in SBU-ER the highest and in SBU-SE had the lowest amounts in CAD and ND. There was no significant difference in each group between ND and CAD. The 2-step etch-and-rinse adhesive (SBU-ER) had higher bond strength to ND and CAD than the self-etch adhesive (SBU-SE).

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction is a condition which affects the TMJ and muscles of mastication in the stomatognathic system and the associated structures. Several studies have indicated that approximately 60-70% of people suffer from at least one of the symptoms of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) in their life while only 5% need treatment. Some of evidence have suggested that myofascial pain, functional somatic syndromes are critical conditions of muscle pain which may be resulted from the psychosocial factors. The purpose of this epidemiological study was to evaluate the prevalence of relationship between TMDs, and psychological distress among university students at Babol University of Medical Sciences and Babol University of Technology, Iran. This study conducted due to diversity in prevalence reports and to follow the standardized diagnostic method of research in this field. In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytical (wrong term) research, 592 students at different universities in Babol were selected using stratified sampling method. Information about the signs and symptoms of TMD was collected by dental students and through completing the research diagnostic criteria (RDC) for TMD questionnaire. The data were analyzed using χ2, t-test, and Student’s test. Between the subjects (28.9%) had at least one type of TMD and the difference between two sex groups was statistically significant. About 5.7% of subjects had moderate to severe symptoms of depression and the difference between two sex groups was statistically significant. In this study, the relationship between depression symptoms and non-specific physical symptoms (NPS) (either with or without pain) with TMD was not statistically significant. In this study, no significant relationship was observed between depression symptoms, as well as NPS (with or without pain) and TMD (P = 0.682).

Perforations might occur due to carious lesions, tooth resorption or they might be iatrogenic during endodontic treatment or in most cases they might occur during post space preparation.CASE REPORT: A 31-year-old female patient presented with a complaint of chronic pain on tooth #30 during last 6 months and sensitive to bite since a few days ago. There was a mild swelling on the gingival tissue in the furcation area in the intraoral examination, with a narrow strip-shaped pocket measuring 3 mm in depth. Radiographic examination revealed an incomplete root canal treatment of the tooth. A prefabricated post had been placed in the distal root, with an incorrect path toward the furcation area. There was a small radiolucency in the furcation area and a pronounced radiolucency around the mesial root of the tooth. After removal of the post, hemorrhage was observed in the furcation area. The diameter of the perforation was approximately 1 mm. The perforated area was sealed with Pro Root mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). In the next session when setting of MTA was evaluated and confirmed, retreatment of the tooth was done. After 6 months, no swelling or sensitivity was observed and after 6 year follow-ups radiographic examination revealed that the lesion had almost resolved. In the present case, the lesion of furcation perforation was small in size, but the time interval between the occurrence of perforation and the repair procedure was long, success was achieved due to the control of the aseptic conditions, control of hemorrhage and proper placement of the repair material, which was confirmed in the 6 year follow-ups.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is usually considered a disease of older people. Recently, there is a change in the occurrence of such lesions in young patients and lacking the established risk factors.CASE REPORT: A 21-year-old male reported with an innocuous gingival growth over lower incisors since a month. Within 15 days he noticed another gingival growth in same region lingually. The growths were mildly tender with no suppuration. The associated teeth were non-mobile and vital. The radiographic findings were insignificant. An excisional biopsy was performed under local anesthesia. The stained H and E section showed a hyper-parakeratinized stratified squamous surface epithelium with underlying connective tissue with collagen fibers, fibroblasts, blood vessels and areas of dense chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate. Epithelium exhibited features of dysplasia. There was a breach in the continuity of the basement membrane and the malignant epithelial cells were seen invading the connective tissue in form of thin cord. The histopathological study confirmed the diagnosis of well differentiated SCC. Oral SCC is not a disease of the elderly anymore. We also reviewed the literature of SCC in young patients. Thus biopsy is mandatory for any non-resolving gingival growth.