Journal of Oral Health and Oral Epidemiology
Volume:5 Issue: 2, Spring 2016

Oral leukoplakia (OL) is a common premalignant lesion. The possible benefits of specific interventions in preventing a malignant transformation of OL are not well understood. This review assesses different invasive treatment techniques for OL and evaluate the optimal treatment possibilities.
A Medline (PubMed) search was conducted and heterogeneity between the studies was found, e.g., with regard to the OL lesions, patient groups, follow-up time, and definition of recurrence.
The recurrence and malignant transformation rate after the different treatment methods were evaluated. The mean overall recurrence rate varied with the treatment method.
A surgical treatment appears to decrease the risk of transformation but does not fully eliminate it. Follow-up should be done regardless of the surgical treatment.

The aim of this study was to systematically analyze the effect of levamisole on treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS).
An electronic search was executed in PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus after determining the research question using the appropriate Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) term covering the period from 1975 to 2015. Additional publications from hand searching and the reference section of each relevant article enriched the article list. Finally, 9 articles that have assessed the effect of levamisole on the treatment of RAS and had suitable qualifications for the accomplishment of systematic review and meta-analysis were included.
The results showed that the chance of improvement in patients taking levamisole was 6 [odds ratio (OR) = 5.67, 95% confidence interval (CI)] times more than in patients not taking this drug.
It appears that levamisole is an effective drug for the treatment of RAS, but further appropriate studies should carryout in this context.

Since increasing the proportion of elderly in the world, so oral lesions related to removable denture-wearing are an important issue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of denture-related oral mucosal lesions (DMLs) in removable denture wearers referred to clinics of Kerman, Iran.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 350 removable denture wearer, with mean age 58.52 ± 10.78 years old, that had been selected by multistage clustering sample from individuals who referred to Kerman clinics. The data were obtained by a checklist consist of demographic characteristics (sex, age, and educational level) self-reported daily denture hygiene frequency, age of prosthesis and clinical examination. Data were analyzed in SPSS using
chi-square and t-tests. P value was considered at 5% significant level.
The results showed 71.8% of the denture wearers had denture related mucosal lesions. The most common lesion was denture stomatitis 36.6% followed by traumatic ulcer 26.5% and angular cheilitis 8.7%. There were significant differences between night wearing denture and age of prosthesis and denture-related mucosal lesions (P The finding of this study showed the prevalence of denture-related mucosal lesions is common. Dentists should be instruct the patients for removing the denture at night and routine follow-up visits.

Tooth extraction as a part of orthodontic treatment plan to create space for leveling and aligning teeth or causing tooth movement leads to changes in arch width and length. The outcome of these changes is important for the clinicians and affects the treatment and retention plans. Despite some previous studies, data in this regard are still scarce and further investigation is required on this subject. The purpose of this study was to evaluate dental arch dimensional changes following four first premolars extraction orthodontic treatment.
In this study, 100 pairs of dental casts and respective patient records that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were randomly selected from the archives of the Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry in Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Length and width of dental arch were measured on the initial and final casts of patients using a digital caliper with 0.1 mm precision. The mean, standard deviation (SD) and standard error of variables were determined, and the data were analyzed using SPSS software. Paired t-test was applied to compare changes before and after treatment.
The obtained results showed that the maxillary and mandibular inter-canine widths significantly increased as the result of fixed appliance therapy with the extraction of four first premolars. The arch width at the second premolar and molar at mesiobuccal cusp tip and distobuccal cusp tip regions in the maxilla and mandible showed a significant reduction (P Orthodontic treatment with extraction of four first premolars significantly increased the inter-canine width and incisor-canine distance in both jaws; but, the inter-premolar and inter-molar widths, canine-molar distance, incisor-molar distance, and total arch length significantly decreased.

Recurrent caries is defined as caries in the marginal edges of filled teeth and is the most common reason for restoration replacement. The aim of this study was to evaluation of recurrent caries in amalgam, resin-based restorations and crowns in bitewing radiographies in patients who attended Kerman dental radiology centers, Iran.
This cross-sectional study conducted on 3000 bitewing radiographies. Data were gathered by a checklist consist of sex, age, age of restorations (patients reported), and evaluation of radiographies consist of type of restorations, teeth number, existence recurrent caries. Radiographies examination was done by a last year dental student who was trained. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using chi-square and t-tests. P The rate of the recurrent caries was 8.4%. The rate of recurrent caries in amalgam and resin-based composite was 3.1 and 42.5%, respectively. Resin-based composite material had higher recurrent caries with significant difference (P = 0.001). There was also significant differences between age of restorations and recurrent caries (P = 0.030). Multi-surfaces restorations had more recurrent caries (P = 0.020). There was no significant correlation between sex, number of teeth, mandible or maxilla, and recurrent caries.
According to the results of this study, resin-based composite, older and complex restorations had a higher rate of recurrent caries.

The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and relative frequency of oral and pharyngeal cancers in Kermanshah, Iran, from March 1993 until March 2006.
The data used in this epidemiologic study were extracted directly from pathology records registered in 12 (all) public and private pathology centers of Kermanshah province during the 13-year study period. The medical data of 13,323 cases of cancer were studied.
During the 13-year period of this study, 350 new malignant cases occurred in the oral cavity and pharynx. 247 (70%) were men and 103 (30%) were women. The mean age for oral and pharyngeal cancers was 57 [standard deviation (SD) = 17.09] with male to female ratio 2.39:1. The most common oral and pharyngeal cancers were squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with 283 patients. 211 (74.6%) of the patients were men and 72 (25.4%) of them were women; the mean age of SCC was 60 (SD = 16) with male to female ratio 2.93:1. The two most common sites of involvement were lips [166 (47.5%)] and tongue [25 (7.14%)]. The overall incidence rate of oral and pharyngeal cancers was 1.47 per 100000 populations.
In summary, the incidence risk of oral and pharyngeal cancers in people living in Kermanshah province is similar to the most other provinces of Iran. However, this study showed that the rank of oral and pharyngeal cancers among males (9th most common cancer) is low when compared to other regions of Iran and other countries such as India, Australia, and France.

This study aimed to determine the rate of published qualitative research in the field of public health including dental researches in Iran and to appraise their quality.
A total of 165 articles which published in 170 Iranian Medical Journals between years 2000 and 2014 were found eligible to the study. 48 papers were selected randomly. The papers were appraised by two calibrated reviewer using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) appraisal framework for qualitative research.
Only 2 studies (about 4%) were on dental topics. About 82% (38-48) studies had sufficient reporting regarding aims, study design, recruitment and data collection, data analysis, finding and implication of research. Only 12 articles (25%) had an adequate discussion of the study limitations. Overall, the assessment showed that 27 papers (about 56%) of studies were well conducted.
Qualitative methods are underutilized on dentistry topics, and the quality of qualitative research on health topics in medical journals of Iran is mediocre.

A periapical endodontic surgery is an alternative treatment when teeth are not responding to conventional treatment and endodontic re-treatment.
CASE REPORT: The following case report presents a clinical case of maxillary right and left central incisors with unsatisfying endodontic surgery and severe sensitivity in the buccal mucous membrane. Radiographic examination revealed several fragments of amalgam as root-end filling material, surrounded by a periapical radiolucent area. The chosen treatment plan was to perform endodontic retreatment. Symptoms persisted in spite of the gutta-percha removal and calcium hydroxide intracanal medication. Hence, periradicular re-surgery was performed. However, deep tissue penetrated amalgam particles were difficult to explore and could not be removed completely. The root-end filling was done with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), and the lesion was subjected to histologic analyses. The treatment was successful due to the absence of painful symptoms and due to periapical bone repair after 75 months follow-up.
MTA can be used successfully in the situations with failed previous periradicular surgery with amalgam.