فصلنامه مطالعات شهری
پیاپی 7 (تابستان 1392)

Immigration، differences، permanent displacement and rapid population growth in Tehran are some barriers of social interactions in its neighborhoods. While the social interactions is one of the main parameters in formation social capital of the city، the role of citizens social interactions are neglected in urban regenerations as an interventional approaches in urban restoration methods. The urban regeneration with regards to its essence and strategies could be the only way for urban planners in contemporary Tehran. In this issue، landscape regeneration of Tehran public squares could be known as a key factor in increasing citizens social interactions. In this research، a qualitative method with inductive approach has been applied. Besides، 10 squares of the Tehran have been analyzed as case studies. Four factors defied for choosing these ten squares which categorized as a) having historical backgrounds، b) Participation in social and cultural transformations، c) having sufficient dimensions and proportions، d) the presence of the square in the citizens mind. According to these four factors the case studies have been chosen which named Azadi، Engelab، HassanAbad، Toupkhaneh، Vali-e-Asre، Ferdowsi، Vanak، Imam Hussein، RahAhan and Ghazvin. As، social interactions have time-place factors، environmental factors that effect on it has been studied by analyzing objective elements (physical and natural) and subjective elements (memories and human relations) of landscape of the case studies. According to the results or this survey the three square that received the most points، selected for further study with SWOT matrix. Each square have been visited by the authors and by field survey the points and matrix have been extracted. Aerial photos help the authors to have a similar approach in analyzing the landscape factors، too. Results of this part of the research، shows that most of the central green spaces of the squares used only for its greenery and no activity or social interactions could be seen in these areas. Besides، absence or lack of urban furniture especially awning or any kinds of shelters، are one of the most weakness parts of the case studies. Rapid urban traffic flow with absence of safe connection pedestrians’ ways to the central part of the squares are the next noticeable factor which have a great roll in decreasing the social activity. In conclusion، some strategies of landscape correction of the squares have been established: organizing natural elements and urban furniture، organizing pedestrian and vehicle flows، increasing selective functions and regenerating squares memories of the past and the present or future. Process of landscape regeneration of urban squares has been recognized as a diagram consists of analyzing natural، artificial and human factors. The natural factor consists of vegetations pattern، water quality، vista elements. The artificial factors، included، buildings and functions. While the humanity factors are based on citizens’ behavior pattern and memories in social and individual scale. By، discovering each factor patterns، strategies of regeneration based on increasing social interactions of citizens could be defined in combination. Each square has its own regeneration strategy based on its social، historical، natural and environmental condition.

Sustainable urban design as a new academic science in the field of everyday life in urban spaces، can play a vital role in improving citizens health. Health and hygiene in the evolution history of human from ancient times until now has been the subject that societies have always interacted with. So that the health and welfare of the people of a city، is a key indicator to show the success of that city''s sustainable development policies. In this case، one of the places that we observe the presence of people and their physical activities in the city، are the urban sidewalks that are the integral element of streets and made the human interaction besides the automobiles they have made. Important consideration is that pedestrians health is not limited only to physical health and the dangers and disadvantages of automobiles. But many other factors can affect the health of pedestrians in the sidewalks environment. With this description، it is necessary to take actions to maintain and enhance pedestrians health in all of its dimensions. This article seeks to answer the question of which elements of urban sidewalks can influence pedestrians health and how and how much of this effect is? The process of this study includes four main stages. In first and second stages، with a literature review on urban sidewalks and health، requirements for collecting elements of urban sidewalks and also defining dimensions and components of health، were provided. To achieve this purpose، library studies، review of domestic and foreign similar researches and searching the internet، as a data collection techniques were used. In third stage، by using qualitative correlation method on components، we tried to establish the relationship between elements of sidewalks and health components، and finally in fourth stage، by a comparative analysis of these two categories، manner and amount of the impact of elements of urban sidewalks in relationship with dimensions and components of health are identified. By examining how the 61 typical elements of urban sidewalks affect each components of quadripartite dimensions of pedestrians health and counting the existing relationships، determined that، entertainment equipment on the ground (19 relationships)، margins uses (18 relationships)، materials color (18 relationships)، and pots and potted shrubs (17 relationships)، have the greatest impact on pedestrians health components. Also، automatic devices (2 relationships)، and consoles and saliency of the first floor of buildings (2 relationships)، having minimal impact on pedestrians health components. By pluralizing the amount of impact of elements of each main part of sidewalk، it determined that sidewalks surfaces have the greatest impact on physical health، sidewalk furniture on social health، vegetation on mental health and soft elements of sidewalk on both social and mental health. This study showed that health is not just a simple and one-dimensional concept that only notices the physics of society’s population، but also includes other dimensions (such as social، mental and even spiritual). In addition، it explores and explains a significant relationship between urban design (specially designing urban sidewalks) and health، and with a new glance، showed that the elements of sidewalks of a urban space، can influence pedestrians health more differently. The results of this research need to seriously used and considered in preparing design guidelines for urban spaces (sidewalks of streets، plazas، pedestrian ways، local tracks، etc.) and any urban spaces where the movement of pedestrians flows in. The final design production with this regard، can improve public health of the society.

Although the present study and the strengthening of social interaction issues prevalent in today''s research world and Iran، But so far the theoretical foundations of Islam - Iranian has less profound investigated. This study aims religious rulings and interpretations of Quran and traditions of the (Citing sources and interpretation of Shiite thinkers and according to historical Islamic documents – Iran) Investigatied specializes in architecture and Urbanism and find principles and practical methods for them. This article was Completed in order to identify the principles، because in the field of religious studies، (have on the diversity and multiplicity of methods) so to answer the question have been used the model of interdisciplinary studies. Type the prevailing methodology of the research is analytical – logical. In this regard among the traditional cities of the same order of social، cultural and religious diversity are significant، Kerman city is selected. Human social life forms one of the important aspects Islamic values، today، with the emergence of a new culture of human communities has been neglected. To restore these values in the contemporary urban، they may need to regenerate to become the expert in urban science. This work، with a statement of each principle and the description of its different aspects and realizing the potential contradictions that today occur begins. The purpose of this paper، is the issues of Islamic urbanism and obtaining the principles for urban designers. The method used in this paper is referred to Islam and deduced and logical reasoning. By Study the Foundations of Religious texts and Compared with the traditional and historical construction of one side and the new requirements in another side، the general values and principles in Islam be achieved for excellence of human in city، neighborhood and house. The most important fundamentals and principles derived from the visible structure in the Islamic living environment of these values in the whole city، such as: attention the religious rituals، The need to promote public participation in strengthening interactions، to consider religious rituals، Respect the rights of other citizens، in every type of construction، prohibition the construction of detriment to others، and attention the Afaf in the design of urban spaces can be considered. In the choice of the Muslim neighborhood، relationship and social organization of a neighborhood is the most important principles of Islamic urbanism. And yet houses are the most of the private and family privacy، and their respect and independence should not be affected by any interference from neighbor or apart from all that houses appear arrogantly. This study investigates the impact of human interaction in implementing strategies to strengthen the religion community pays. Finally، the above principles in regard to the issues have been considered. And also at the end، we have Islamic homes، neighborhood and city that architects and urban planners act with sufficient knowledge of theoretical and practical wisdom of Islam in the area of environmental planning and design of human. Obviously، the other elements of the City، such as laws، managers and citizens should follow the Islamic principles.

Studying the role of state in the emergence and physical-spatial development of BoushehrThere are two dominant theories about mechanisms of urban development. Theory of Rent capitalism was initiated in 1960 by Hans Bobek and the other one is state and urbanism theory which was introduced by the Mohammad Taghi Rahnamaiee. Bobek believed that city life in Iran is dependent on the capital accumulation which gains from commercialization of agricultural surplus production (Rahnamaiee، 1388،p. 143.). but According to state and urbanism theory، state helps developing the city and urbanity through its widespread banking system. The massive and unprecedented intrusion of state mostly comes from the common way to achieve its revenue sources، namely crude oil whose national surplus has an important share in accumulation and reproduction of capital in economic process. In the course of these studies، some cities in the country have not been studied so far، including Bushehr. The city''s emergence as a nascent city dates back to the time of Nadir Shah and his command. Under certain geographical conditions، this rural and agricultural of urban area did not have an impact on urban growth and development. The most important factor in the development of the city can be its coastal location and thriving business sector. Findings show that foundation of Boushehr originally resulted from governmental decisions and Nader Shah Afshar founded it due to its marine position as the base for marine operation and domination over Persian Gulf. At the time of Karim Khan Zand، this city received a lot of attention. Karim Khan was interested in foreign commercial development and Boushehr changed into the main place of commercial activities in Persian Gulf. At the time of Ghajarie، Boushehr enjoys economic revivification and a lot of civil developments takes place in this city. This city changed into a big commercial center and main businessmen worked there. At the end of Ghajarie، Boushehr was the first commercial port of the country. One of the main effects of Constitution Movement in this city was foundation of municipality which considered general constructions. However its effect was not significant. Policies of the first Pahlavi caused the other ports overtake this city. Consequently، this city lost its role as the main port of the country. At the time of second Pahlavi، investment on urbanization received a lot of attention and this city enjoyed economic and financial improvements which increased immigration، instead. At this time، government inherited most of the urban lands and became one of the main landlords of the time. By beginning of Islamic Revolution، the role of government became more serious and urban areas were transferred by the government. Most part of the empty areas was changed into infrastructures. Consequently، city faced sprawl development. Another main policy of the government has been development of Alishahr new city for overpopulation of Boushehr. Generally it can be said that Boushehr has been under the influence of government since emergence and development. So it is among the cities which can be studied based on state and urbanism theory.

The cities are the most outstanding symbols of modernity and are the main context for constructing and developing public spheres. In Iran، the urban public spaces، despite their significant function in creating social interaction، have usually been neglected and unused. Urban gardens and parks، as public spaces، due to this neglecting، encounter many physical and social problems. Reparation and reconstruction of these public spaces could create an emancipating context for social and economic participation and for developing physical and aesthetic aspects of cities. This research using mixed methods rely on social impact assessment approach to study the economic، social and cultural impacts of reparation and reconstruction of urban gardens and parks on everyday life of people. Social impact assessment approach argues that any project in the field of development should be oriented to increase participation of people. So، the best model of development is sustainable development. Social impact assessment approach includes the process of analyzing and managing the intended or unintended consequences of any social policy، especially urban planning. In other words، social impact assessment approach attempts to explain and predict the consequences of a project in the context of people’s everyday life. This approach can help the policy-makers and decision-makers to pay attention to the cultural، ritual and social aspects of the local residents. In this research، we have used mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative) to study the different dimension of reparation and reconstruction urban gardens and parks. In quantitative section، survey method and questionnaire technique were used to study the residents of discrete 18، and in qualitative section we have used individual interview and focused group interview to study the opinions of experts and policy-makers. In this way، social impact assessment of reparation and reconstruction urban gardens and parks، in quantitative section، was analyzed in two different aspects: from the viewpoints of respondents and in relation to civilities and social interaction. But in qualitative section it was analyzed in aspects such as “the impact of reparation and reconstruction urban gardens and parks on cultural and social interaction”، “the impact of reparation and reconstruction urban gardens and parks on social security of the residents”، “the impact of reparation and reconstruction urban gardens and parks on mental and physical health”، “the impact of reparation and reconstruction urban gardens and parks on availability of urban equipments”، and “the impact of reparation and reconstruction urban gardens and parks on the social and economic situation of interested groups. The findings show that this repairing and reconstructing result in positive aspects like increasing social solidarity، social trust، social capital، sustainable development and individual gratifications. In other words، we can say that it has different functions such as psychological، social and cultural، aesthetic، environmental and political. Therefore، it is argued that all the urban residents are the interested groups in these projects. According to the results، some suggestions could be provided like: providing security for urban gardens and parks، preventing any kind of vandalism، inventing counseling centers and recreational equipments، and increasing the interaction between residents and policy-makers.

The history of the old city centers، due to the geographical center، easy access، and feature historic center of economic gravity - the cultural potentials are high، despite the positive features of downtown، the texture of physical problems (exhaustion)، environmental problems، in the context of complexity and poor infrastructure suffer. With such a central feature of the city center is the city of Khorramabad The core fabric of the city is mostly worn and in need of restructuring andRehabilitation. The main objective of this research is to broaden the scope of the problem in this context the following objectives of sustainable development is the development of these tissues. In this regard، research on how to achieve physical and environmental dimensions of sustainable development in the context of Rehabilitation core has Khorramabad. The purpose of this study applied descriptive - survey is to introduce the basic concepts and methods of data collection in the library and in the documentation gathered through field studies (questionnaires، interviews and observation''s). Methods This study was a descriptive - survey and data collection documents two studies and field) Interview questionnaires and observation''s (Population of residents part of the fabric core with a population of over 2797 people in Khorramabad are. According to consider the characteristics of the economical، social، physical and environmental scope of the case study and data analysis of the combined AHP-SWOT methods، the results of the final evaluation of SWOT within the AHP model shows that in the group of strengths، the existence of valuable historical element (final weight، . / 272)، existence of activity axis along the Imam Khomeini and Shohada streets (final weight، . /176) and easy access to other parts of the city (final weight، . /134) are the most important strengths and low quality buildings (final weight، . /206)، microlithic parts (final weight، . /161) and the narrow and impermeable streets (final weight، . /135) are the most important weaknesses. However، the high potential of uncultivated area (final weight، . / 239)، the potential of constructing tourism spaces (final weight، . /183) and the historical area and promoting an inclusive culture (final weight، . /139) in series are the most important opportunities of the case study، also neglecting adapt to changing demands (final weight، . /266)، insecurity and impermeability passages (final weight، . /194) and not defining public open space in quarters (the final weight، . /143) are the most important threas to the desired range. The overall results indicate that most physical problems and After that، the environmental problems، economic problems، management problems، social problems، most of it is devoted to. Well as the physical aspects of، poor quality buildings، including the most difficult passages microlithic parts and impermeable tissue study. are. According to final analysis،in this study pivotal offers in order to exploit these strengths، opportunities، reducing weaknesses and threats in the form of SWOT model key strategies for improving the old texture of the city of Khorramabad in the text has been stated in detail which the components of sustainable urban development have been applied. To achieve the goal of sustainable urban development in the sustainable urban development will be stable with a high quality of life for all residents. Thus، in order to improve the quality of life offered as a guide decisions on development strategies، planning and creating new instruments of communication between decision-making factors، decision making and enforcement of the emphasis is.

As an important subject in urban studies، city form corresponds to the spatial distribution of human activities in cities and is deeply influenced by urban management and physical and socio-economic characteristics. The main goal of this study is to provide a general perspective on the characteristics of city form in Iran through the evaluation and classification of their physical patterns. Attempts have also been made to analyze the potential associations between city forms and a number of selected physical and human variables. The main method utilized in this study is descriptive and the employed data comes from a variety of sources. Google Earth Pro images، results of Iran’s national censuses and Climatic Atlas of Iran are among the main data sources of this research. Q-square tests (x2) have been used to analyze the relationship among city form and selected variables. Only cities with over five thousands inhabitants، which include 689 cities، are examined in this research. During the past 50 years (1956-2006)، Iran’s urban population has increased from 6 million to over 48 million and the number of cities has soared from 200 to over 1000. Definitely، such an increase in the number of cities and their population has impacted the arrangement of human activities in urban areas which are reflected in different city forms. Main city forms in this study were classified into five categories. Our findings depict that 40. 2% of the cities have mixed، 29. 2% linear، 24. 3% iron grid، 4. 35% organic and finally 1. 9% radial patterns. Findings also indicated that 60% of the cities have predominantly continuous and 40% discontinuous physical growth pattern. Our data revealed a higher population growth rate for iron grid and linear city forms than that of organic، radial and mixed city forms. In terms of area size، while organic and linear cities، mostly tends to have smaller areas (less than 500 hectares)، iron grid radial and mixed cities mostly have larger areas. Like the size، organic and linear cities tend to have lower population density (ResultsFindings asserted a significant association between the city form and selected human and physical variables، like population size، growth rate، physical growth pattern، area size، density، elevation and climate type. The results were put in a suggested model that tries to describe urban forms in Iran. The major characteristics of this model can be summarized as follow: cities with organic pattern are related with small population and area size، continues physical growth، low growth rate and density and semi-arid and Mediterranean climate. Cities with liner pattern mainly correspond with small population and area size، but with discontinuous physical pattern، above average population growth rate، medium density، low altitude and Khazari climate. Urban areas with iron grid pattern، on the other hand، are mainly linked with medium population and area size، continuous physical growth، the highest population growth rate، medium and high density، altitude of over 1000 meter and predominantly arid and semi-arid climate. The radial pattern cities are mostly connected with large population and area size، continuous physical growth، average growth rate، high density، above 1000 meter altitude and mainly Mediterranean climate. Finally، mixed pattern cities are mainly correlated with combination of medium، large and very large population and area size، continuous physical growth، relatively lower population growth rate، average and high density، over 1000 meter altitude and a combination of Mediterranean، arid and semi-arid climate.