فصلنامه برنامه ریزی و آمایش فضا
سال پانزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 72، تابستان 1390)

Monitoring of agricultural production is very important for the management of the world΄s food supply for social security. As the population increases, and the economy and industry develop, the quantity and quality of cultivated lands are decreasing rapidly. In this regard, accurate measurements of the crop production rates are of prime importance in agricultural statistics. Generally, in order to estimate crop productions, information such as the area and the corresponding yield is significant. Remote sensing technology can provide timely and accurate information about crop distribution, area planted and potential production for decision makers at many levels. In this paper, we focus on a crop area estimation method by using remote sensing satellite images. Over the recent decades, different methods and algorithms have been proposed for classifying and estimating the crop areas from the remotely sensed data. The aim of this research is to estimate rice cultivated area in Guilan province (located in the north of Iran) by using AVHRR (a sensor installed on NOAA satellite) multitemporal data. For this purpose, we used a multi-temporal classification method based upon a maximum value-based composition technique to produce multi-temporal and cloud-free data sets of NDVI. The innovation presented in this research is related to applying a variety range of algebraic operations on the images for discrimination of the crops that have different maximum greenness during the growing season. In spite of the fact that NOAA/AVHRR is a low resolution data, the results of the area estimation are promising particularly when regional data of major agricultural crops and their status are required. In this regard, the accuracy of rice area estimation is 91.96 percent in comparison with the reference map.Because of the acceptable results and low costs of the approach, further investigations and evaluations are recommended.

Space management and administrative organization based on administration divisions formed. Administration division of land into smaller administrative units and administrative systems is the relative authority. The regional divisions and local governments in the form of ranges that political units are planning identify development. Thus a close relationship between administration divisions and national development there. Administration Divisions of population density index was based on the inductive method has been consistent. This caused the Space into smaller components, increasing staff and great government is the government structure. The result of this type of administration divisions, public budget divisions of government. This study analyzed the role of administrative divisions in national development. This type of administration divisions caused by the smaller units. As a result of the current administration divisions obstacle is the national development. Accordingly, a history of divisions and subdivision practices criteria that country was built upon it and its consequences have been analyzed. Finally, by providing two methods for improving Iran's administration divisions include: first - the rating levels and divisions in the city and the second part - using methods comparable to some macro-regional division of the country, trying to exit out of this process is. This study descriptive - analytical study library - documentation system according to the administration division issues in trying to dissect the role of divisions in national development is Iran.

One of the importance consequences of information communication technology (ICT) is much change in boundaries concept and function. In following of free market economy globalization, some thinkers have expressed decline of geographic values and specially boundary. This article follows to answer this problem whether theories and predicates of globalization about of boundary negation accord to world realities now. This article criticizes the theories of boundary make negative and their true and false accord with geographical space realities by evidence-rationalistic methodology. The research results show that not only boundaries don’t become omission but also with humanity community dynamism in terms of concept and function have changed and to play new role. To seem protection of identity is most important boundary function in globalization era.

One of the important indexes of sustainable rural development is poverty. Fighting against poverty is a necessity in moving towards development. In post revolutionary Iran, in spite of all attempts to eradicate poverty, it still remains in many villages; and poverty alleviation programs could not find the main roots of it. The poverty of sample families was investigated considering the poverty of calorie consumption. To gather the necessary data for the research, the sample families of villages were selected using stratification random sampling. Relationships were analyzed with SPSS, and the tests included Pearson and Chi-square correlation tests. Arc GIS was used to produce the maps. Based on the obtained results, economical factors are more influential in forming poverty than social factors. Therefore, in codification of programs for rural poverty alleviation in this region, we should take into account both economical and social factors.

Usefulness and authenticity of satellite data are strongly related to weather conditions. Dust storm, atmospheric gases and especially the presence of clouds can considerably affect on the reflected energy from surface and encounter the reading of optical sensors with error. Cloud contaminated pixels usually increase the reflection of land covers and show their temperature less than the real one. The clouds smaller than pixels are not observable and cause an increase in pixel reflection and error. Considering that different clouds have diverse interactions with each other, it is possible to determine the amount of cloudiness of pixel by combining the analysis of different spectral bands of MODIS. By using this method, it is possible to determine the the cloud polluted pixels faster. For the first time, MODIS Cloud Mask algorithm was declared by Ackerman and his colleagues in 2006. Firstly the cloudy pixels were identified in MODIS image by the help of the presented five- step model in MODIS Cloud. Than for upgrading the model and determining the present percentage cloud in one pixel for those clouds smaller than pixel dimensions, brightness temperature of the pixels in band 14 of ASTER and band 31 of MODIS was compared and the cloud coverage percentage of every pixel was calculated. Model evaluation demonstrates more than 93% correlation between the real amounts of distracted cloud coverage in ASTER and the measured amount by the model, which is promising regarding local resolution.

Phet Tropical Storm is an emerging sign of climate change in the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea regions. Intensity of this storms for the first time in days between June 1, 2010 within the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea were calving, day 3 June 2010 to four degrees in level Super Cyclone is reached. This storm occurred during the process of its unpredictable day June 4, 2010 (against the Persian date 14 Khordad 1389) in Chabahar near the southern shores of Iran, in which the dangerous part of the half circle on the coast was Chabahar. The integration of seas with Oman, Arabian Sea and Red Sea moisture convergence region and the Gulf of Aden (the level of 850 hp at hours 9.30 in 4 June 2010) forms thunderstorm, severe convective storms and heavy rains on the coasts of Chabahar. The area was attacked by high sea waves and a heavy 109.5 mm rain, and brought along severe damages. Convergence of moisture flow can be regarded as the most important requirement of occurrence of rainfall from tropical storms being resulted from Phet Tropical stormy rainfall off the coast of Chabahar. The exception to the rule was wind mixture with precipitation and atmospheric moisture that created the convergence of moisture flow at different levels of atmosphere. Using the thermodynamic equations for the Moisture Flux Convergence (MFC) of atmospheric, along with route maps and related atmospheric moisture blowing winds on the western flow mapping, the analysis was carried out. Results of drawing and analysis of maps showed that the supply source and moisture injection to the Phet Tropical Cyclone moving towards the coast of Chabahar made losses except wind and moisture convergence during the balance of 850 hp 9.30 hours that injected moisture from the Gulf of Aden and Red Sea while the South West regional convergence took place. Other atmospheric levels on 4 June 2010 were through the resource injection and feeding of heavy rainfall and coastal moisture from Chabahar, Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman. Also drawing maps of the location and position of convergent core moisture during storm in activity days showed that Phet in that date in most cases on or near the Chabahar coast were deployed as the core storage and moisture content aggregation with injection which have strengthened tropical Cyclone moisture into a heavy rain 109.5 mm.

Building and infrastructure construction at ground surface or under the ground are required to consider the existence of faults to prevent the damages due to earthquake evidence. Furthermore, faults identification and recognition their shake and vibratory behavior will be an importance task to understanding and prediction the vulnerability in area. The main aims and goal of this study is to examine the risk of fault due to the earthquake in the Silakhor plan by the examination of effective parameters (fault length, magnitude, rupture radiance and vertical replacement). The tectonic condition as well as earthquake potential of area was examined at the first stage. To determine this condition, the historical earthquakes of the area were extracted from various seismological data resources such as USGS, IIEES etc. The earthquake vulnerability of area was extract and analyzed to identify the high potential zone along the known faults where the probability earthquake epicenter can be taken place along it. According to these factors, the ruptures and land deformation area due to previous earthquake events has been mapped and reanalysis based on statistical techniques. The results show out of all fault line where traverse in this area, 6 faults have a potential to induce earthquakes shake with magnitude in rage of 5.8 to 7. Which is the earthquake with average magnitude of 7.01 Richter can produce by Durod Fault as Varkooh Fault can produce the earthquake with average magnitude of 6.2 Richter, the remain known faults in area are able to produce earthquake with average magnitude of below the 6 Richter, The result also define that, such earthquakes can displace area along the fault ruptures with 107cm in vertical and 1 to 3 km² as land deformation domain. These results were modified as factors input for vulnerability assessment and earthquake hazard zonation. Furthermore, the study area was divided to in 3 zones (low, moderate and high hazard areas). Superimposing the earthquake hazard zonation map and digital settlement and infrastructures maps of area over the GIS environment shows out of 163 villages in study area the 53 villages located in high hazard zone, 22 villages in moderate hazard zone and 37 villages in a low hazard zone. Furthermore, the parts of two main roads (Khoramabad- Borujerd and Borujerd- Dorud) involved in high hazard zonation. Which is can cause lots of problems for assessing the area by blocking the main roads and make a double disaster in a earthquake events.

Preparation has been defined as concordant organizing in the form of general development policies and defensive necessities, which a countries existential atmosphere deserves. There has been less focus on defensive-security considerations so for in preparation plans, and offering schemes and strategies for land defense, security of military camps and centers. Also vital acute foundations against sudden military threats and attacks have been neglected. Implementation of defensive and security considerations in preparation plans is dependent up several changes, which are worthy of attention in such plans. These variations include geographic location of target region, type and land area. As the most important variations, we can mention military and security threats that the region face with, source of these threats and non-operating strategies and defenses, which are appropriate for these types of threats. Frontier provinces of our country have special situations and characteristics, and are in different political atmosphere in comparison with other provinces. Hence, in preparation plans of frontier cities, the defensive-security considerations should be modified and implemented regarding these characteristics. Khorasan Razavi province is facing with special threats and dangers that should be considered in preparation plans. This is because of specific geographic, politic and geopolitical characteristics that this province has, like being adjacent to Afghanistan. This article is trying to express the importance and position of defensive-security considerations in the preparation plans of Khorasan Razavi province through a descriptive-analytical method.