نشریه روانشناسی بالینی و شخصیت
سال هفتم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1388)

This research studied the efficacy of bibliotherapy in detachment anxiety and depression of children of divorced parents. Through random sampling 30 children were selected from 6to8- year-old children of divorced parents in Isfahan. Then, they were assigned tothe experimental and control groups. The research design was a semi-experimental one; pretest and posttest were administered to the control group. Ontario's list of child health (intrinsic disorders, detachment anxiety and depression) was used. The experimental group received group bibliotherapy with a book called" Little bear, you are not guilty". It was designed to decrease tension, anxiety and sense of guilt of children of divorced parents. The data were analyzed using covariance analysis. The results indicated that theeffect of group bibliotherapy on detachment anxiety and depression scores of children was significant (p=.011, p=.042, respectively). Moreover, the effect of group bibliotherapy on follow up scores of depression in children was significant (p=.002), as well.

This research was designed to investigate the relationship between identity status and anxiety. For this purpose, state and trait anxiety mean scores of four different identity status (achievement, moratorium, foreclosure and diffusion) were compared. In a furtheranalysis, a part of sample consisting of individuals who had pathological anxiety were selected; Moreover, the frequency of the four identity status in this sub-sample were calculated. The sample consisted of 78 female and 60 male undergraduate students whocompleted two tests: Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status [2nd version of (EOM-EIS 2)]; and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory- Form Y (STAI-Y). The anxiety scores were compared using ANOVA, and the frequencies were compared through chisquare.The results indicated that individuals with no commitment (i.e. moratorium and diffusion) in both ideological and interpersonal dimensions had significantly higher levels of state and trait anxiety. Moreover, in the individuals with pathological anxiety, the frequenciesof non-commitments were significantly more than the commitments.Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that a predeveloped identity in the process of identity formation (i.e. identity crisis) results in anxiety and insecurity. Thus, commitment to the identity, whether a mature commitment such as achievement, or animmature commitment such as foreclosure, develops a sense of security in these individuals and suppresses their anxieties.

The present research investigates the relationship between family factors and the student's attitude towards drugs. 863 (male and female) secondary school students were selected through randomized cluster sampling. They responded to the "Attitudetowards Drugs Questionnaire" and "Family Factors Scale". The obtained data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U tests and Spearman's correlation coefficient. The results revealed that adolescents with addicted parents had more tendency towards drugabuse compared to the others. Feeling insecure at home, the students were more inclined to drug abuse. The students who had more educated parents had less inclination to drugs. Moreover, the higher the education of the father, the more student's negativefeelings and attitudes towards the drugs.On the other hand, there was no significant relationship between mother's education and student's attitude towards drug abuse. In addition, the increase of family income lead to the student's displaying more negative feelings towards drug abuse. However, nosignificant relationship was found between family income and student's inclination to drug abuse, or their unreal perceptions and feelings concerning the dangers of drug abuse.

The loss of a darling or an important person in an individual's life is an event that always leads to grief in the close relatives of the deceased. Grief has comprehensive effects on the bereaved. The measurement of grief depends on the availability of appropriate tools."Grief Experience Questionnaire" (GEQ) was designed by Bart and Scot (1998) to measure grief reactions. After preparing the scale, the researchers measured the validity and the reliability of this questionnaire in a group of students who had experienced grief. 348 participants were randomly selected for the study the investigation of main components confirmed the existence of seven factors and thirty four items. These factors had acceptable internal consistency (coefficients of Cronbach's Alpha were between 0.86 and 0.40).Moreover, the factors of this questionnaire revealed an appropriate convergent reliability for the two subscales of depression and somatization.GHQ-28 (p
0.01) and (p
0.01) SCL-25. A score pattern for GEQ was also obtained for the two different sexes.

The experience of anxiety by undergraduate students has negative effects on their academic performance and on their mental health and professional performance later. In recent years, researchers and clinicians have increasingly come to understand the etiology,prevalence and broad impacts of social anxiety disorder (or social phobia as it was called in DSM-III-R) on the individual. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the relationship between selfesteem and social anxiety among undergraduate students. Thissurvey was conducted through cross-sectional method. The data were collected from 220 students of Yazd University in seven educational groups (between 23 October and 23 November 2006). These students were selected through proportional stratifiedsampling. They responded to Standardized Scales of Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale (RSES) and Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN). The results revealed significant difference among students with different levels of self-esteem concerning to "social anxiety" (p<0.05), in general, and with regard to "fear of people with authority" (p<0.01), inparticular. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis confirmed that the self-esteem explained 16.1% of the variance in social anxiety. In contrast, there was negative correlation between self-esteem, selfassessment and social anxiety, in general and with fear of authoritative persons, in particular. Thus, with an increase of student's scores on the self-esteem scale, the student's scores on the social phobia inventory decreased.

The main purpose of this research was investigating the effectiveness of enhancing optimism skills in the "locus of control" in high school students. This was an experimental study with pretest– posttest control group design. The sample contained 40 students that were randomly selected. Before intervention (independent variable), the two groups completed the pretest questionnaires of "Rutter Locus of Control" and "Oxford Happiness". The subjects were divided into two groups of external and internal "locus of control" based on the acquired grade in Rutter test. Then, the subjects were randomlyreplaced in the two control and experiment groups (20 each). Next, the subjects were taught optimism skills for about one hour during 8 sessions. These skills contained optimism with regard to self, others and life. A week after intervention, both groups were tested again through the same questionnaires. The data were analyzed using Ttestfor independent groups on pretest and posttest.The results indicated that the difference between the two groups was significant (p<0.007). Furthermore, the finding confirmed the usefulness and efficacy of training optimism skills in internalizating the locus of control in high school students.

This study represents an investigation of the Salkovskis and Rachman's theories concerning the obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It seeks to determine the constructs of Thought-Action Fusion (TAF), feelings of responsibility and guilt that predict OCD original symptoms. To this end, 565 students of Shiraz University wereselected through random sampling. The participants in the study responded to "Thought-Action Fusion Scale", "PADUA Scale", "Responsibility Attitude Scale" and "Guilt Inventory".The results of stepwise multiple regression indicate that Thought- Action Fusion subscales are more predictive of the original obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Thus, moral component of this scale predicts OCD original symptoms more than other two constructs, i.e., the likelihood of realization of thoughts about self is the predictor of fear of guilt, and the likelihood of occurring negative events can be the predictor of obsessive checking and concerns losing motor behaviors.