پژوهش نامه تاریخ اسلام
سال چهارم شماره 16 (زمستان 1393)

The judge Seyed Noorollah Marashi Shushtari (Third Martyr) was one of the eminent scholars of the tenth and eleventh centuries (AH) who was born in Shushtar (956 AH). Having had the benefit of tutelage of the scholars of that time and his father, Seyed Sharif-al-din, he went to Mashhad to complete his studies and then moved to India because of the turmoil of the second Shah Ismail era. Due to his mastery of religious sciences and Sunni schools of jurisprudence, he reached the highest position of judging in Akbar Shah Gurkani era. In addition to judging and teaching, he authored important works in the field of Shiite culture with the support of a number of Shias at Gurkani court, and laid the foundations of the awakening era of the Indian Shias. In other words, he helped them to reveal their prominent position in the Islamic tradition. Finally, he was martyred because of these efforts; more particularly his writing of Ehghagh-al-Hagh. Considering Judge Noorollah’s scientific, cultural and administrative attempts in India, the present paper attempts to clarify his role in promoting the growth of Shiite culture and protecting that.

According to Ekhvan Alssafa's viewpoint, creation of entities is based on numeral system. It means that the creation system of entities in the world of material bodies is manifested through oneness in numeral system, which enjoys particular solidarity, coherence, and hierarchy. Therefore, coherence and solidarity of hierarchies of the world of soul are apparent in this numeral system. This paper intends to extract and interpret the conception of "The Number Theory" from among this society’s frame of mind.

The present paper explores the methodology of Taqi al- Din Ali Maqrizi (845 AC) in the selection and analysis of historical data and attempts to study his works via presenting a framework for selection and method of historians. Considering the prevalence of Tradition (Hadith) method among the Islamic historians in the centuries before Maqrizi, it could be revealed that Maqrizi also tried to determine the soundness of narrations on the basis of two fundamental elements of narrator and narration. With respect to selection of narrations, he focused on the tendencies of narrators and the personal characteristics of the narrators that could possibly impair the authenticity of narrations. With respect to validity of narrations, he mainly considered the unified, well-known as well as rare narrations. He provided appropriate materials for his compilations through considering the narrations’ documents, characteristics of narrators of traditions, and content validity of narrations.

Muslim historians and geographers have provided valuable reports on the conquered lands by Islamic troops. Arran and Arminia are among the lands which were conquered soon after the conquest of Azerbaijan (19 - 20 AH) in the final days of the second caliph. Of course, the reports of the historians are very diverse and one cannot come up with absolute conclusions on the issue. The present study contains the views of Muslim historians and reports made by all of them. Given the fact that the reports are contradictory and diverse, the full texts of these reports have been presented and compared and their differences have been highlighted.

The present paper examines the historical evolution of political discourse of Muslim Brotherhood society in Egypt in the process of formation of the political system, and shows the transformation in the political thoughts of this society in the current century. Muslim Brotherhood is one the most significant Islamic societies in the Arab world that plays an influential role in the new political developments in Arab countries. Given that, it has received particular attention by the researchers. Compared with its previous ideology, in the 21st century, the political thoughts of this society have gone through changes from early discourse of political thoughts (caliphate and Islamic governance) to democratic discourse, following the changes in the history of Islam. Following Egypt's popular movements, Muslim Brotherhood society could come to power for the first time under the leadership of Mohamed Morsi, by democratic means. Nonetheless, the power did not last more than one year. Brotherhood's failure in establishing political system and government caused numerous challenges that reduced the speed of development of this society at this time. So its establishment of a government and its survival are suspended to an uncertain future.

Basra in the first centuries after Hijra changed from a small town with dilapidated buildings into a big city and a prosperous commercial port. The main reason for its economic and political growth was its unique connecting occasion. Considering its route, it was straightforwardly connected with various regions. Furthermore, through sea route, its location in vicinity of Persian Gulf, Tigris and Euphrates provided the possibility of commuting to distant lands. From the beginning of Islamic era and later on, the presence of such facilities and convenient linking routes made political and military groups as well as commercial businessmen take advantage of this linking route for their political and commercial intents. This led to Basra’s development in various aspects and its potentials began to flourish. Through adopting a descriptive-analytic method, the present paper aims at analyzing and comparing Basra’s situation with that of other regions.