نشریه جستارهای سیاسی معاصر
سال ششم شماره 3 (پیاپی 17، پاییز 1394)

Economic sanctions and the scale on which they affect citizens and government of the target state, have always been one of the most interesting, yet controversial topics in International Relations and Foreign Policy studies. In spite of all the various scientific hypotheses available, the impact scale of such sanctions is not yet fully manifested. Nevertheless, the majority of the research carried out in this area considers the legal and economical aspects of sanctions. In this research, however, a new aspect of sanction impacts on citizens of the target country is to be studied. Therefore, the mental and psychical impacts of sanctions imposed by the United States of America on Iranian citizens’ political demands and the level of their political participation will be the research’s subject matter. Since a statistical and quantitative method is used in this research and also considering the fact that analyzing the mental impacts of sanctions on all Iranian citizens is improbable, the students of Tehran University are considered as the statistical population in this case study. The identification of the factors in order to evaluate the hypothesis’ variables has been done through literature review studies in this field. According to the research hypothesis; effective sanctions on citizens, result in higher levels of political behavior and their demands would incline toward more economical matters. However, the results prove the early hypothesis somehow inaccurate: although the level of political behavior is high in those individuals who considered sanctions “effective”, their claims are more of a meaningful civil and political matter. Such traits seem to be related to peculiar characteristics of the statistical population: the students of Tehran University. Reevaluating the early hypothesis is possible in case the statistical population grows larger. It is noteworthy to mention that the data is obtained from surveys distributed among students of Tehran University and statistically analyzed by means of SPSS software.

There are limited empirical studies on the reasons for and causes of Iranian voter's participation in the elections, on the why and how of fluctuations in turnout, and on the impact of individual and social variables on voting behavior. The Eleventh Presidential Elections in Iran and the surprise victory of Mr. Rouhani prompted us to undertake a study to contribute to the existing research and to a better understanding of the voter's reasons and criteria for voting. Our main objective in this study was to understand voter's motivations and reasons for taking part in the elections and choosing to vote for a particular candidate. To achieve this, we conducted a series of semi-structured interviews in the city of Khoy. Having analyzed the data, we decided that we could offer a reasonable explanation for voter's behavior by expanding our rational choice model to incorporate essential insights from 'framing' theory. Our findings indicate that citizens of Khoy are in general apolitical, conservative and traditionally religious. They cast their votes on rational grounds, but their rational choices are made within 'frame's shaped by the particular circumstances and persuasion discourses of the election time.

Researching contemporary history of Iran, this article studies the cases of violation of territorial integrity between1906-1912. Moreover, it scientifically presents public acts of resistance. Resistance studies have a noteworthy background in political sociology and cultural studies. This leads to several eligible features of resistance as an action. Referring to these features, the authors argue that the debated public acts of resistance reveal several characteristics such as: they were eminent in forms of everyday life, they entailed creativity and being on time. They are against the status quo of the time. As an unstable period, it was defined in the shadow of political and territorial interferences and invasions of British, Russian and Atamans’ forces. These brought about a sense of humiliation for Iranians and stimulated them to prohibit foreign goods, forming protest, sending objection declaration, expression of sympathy with under attack residents. Also, they abandoned ceremony of Noroz.

Iranian scholars’ effort in the last one and half a century devoted to establishing an identity and understanding Iranian identity appears to be inconsistent and has, sometimes, yielded contradictory and opposing results. But the truth is that each of the scholars in our society has aimed, and thus has represented, part of the phenomenon known as Iranian identity. Constitutional revolution was one of the most important eras during which a number of scholars tried to develop new approaches for expediting the process of development and progression, andsought to find an Identity for the Iranians. One of these scholars is Hossein Kazemzade Iranshahr who, influenced by the development in western countries, enlightening and scholarly literature, and the upheaval during the Qajar, addressed the issue of the decline of Iran, emphasizing the chasm between Iran’s then condition and the ancient Iran. In this regard, using the "approach of Skinner" And "analysis of documents" Trying to be a study of the perceptions and Conclusion of existing texts, The question of national identity and Particularly nationality and religion The idea of Hussein Kazemzadeh Iranshahr be examined. Methods and data compilation Is a library desk.

Knowing true samples of vicars and Caliphs is one of the important problems and challenges between Muslims in history of Islam. In Shi’ite opinion, other samples against legitimate successors arrogate vicar of prophet in mistaken way. Sufferance and Putin of Sunni Muslims with violence Ahl-al-bayt’s vicar and surrogate is very peculiar and exotic therefore it’s reasons must Reviewed. Superficial embrace of Islam in operation of some Sahaba, effect of party and individual tacts, opposition of Ghoraysh with Ahl-al-bayt, power and wealth of Ahl-al-bayt’s enemies, are important reasons that cause deviation in Ahl-al-bayt’s vicar and surrogate

Stage after winning, among different issues revolutions, in considered to be the most important stage the revolution, the culmination of evolutionary and perhaps its decline. At this stage political identities period broad coalition revolutionary mobilization, suddenly encounter with immediate decline, and gaps creating among revolutionaries of yesterday and the managers now that it's repercussions the graph the new governance structure. In this respect, on Islamic Revolution which was Its final conclusion the establishment of the Islamic Republic of such a process was created, And national-religious religious intellectuals under the leadership of the freedom movement which on the eve of victory with Islamic Revolution the coalition was the and during participation in the new political system in the interim government, had played a central role. Immediately in the process of institutionalization and consolidation of the Islamic Republic of mainstream Islamists and other streams with theoretical challenges was faced.
In this regard, the authors with political behavior survey this trend, compared with other trends, especially the Islamic trend, the main axis of conflict they know, In tactics and political culture old This trend, Because: The principles of special and different thoughts, defects in thought and fixed ideology and full, in issue of providing, an alternative system in performance and thought, for planning in affairs the country in period after the victory of Islamic Revolution

Given the Islamic approach to humanity, the rights of war have a special place in Islam, so far as the concept of human rights during the wars has been highlighted in the Qur'an and in the Prophetic family. In fact, the main purpose of Islam is human excellence, and war itself is not intended and it is only in the form of "jihad" to defend the borders of religion of importance and sanctity. On the other hand, the spread of armed conflicts in the Middle East, especially in Iraq and Syria, shows that not only are these conflicts a fundamental contradiction to the nature and purpose of jihad, but the Islamic law of war in these conflicts is largely ignored. In this regard, given the importance of the subject, this study is seeking a comprehensive approach to examining the various dimensions of the rights of war in Islam. To examine this, the characteristics and objectives of the war in the form of "jihad" in Islam as well as the rights of war in Islam, centered on civilians, will be examined. The research method in this descriptive-analytic study, and the method of data collection is home and internet resources