نشریه جستارهای سیاسی معاصر
پیاپی 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1389)

Supervision is of great importance in Islamic system and its religious sources. Islamic sources contain practical teachings about the subject of supervision. Public supervision and responsibility are religious duties and the responsibility of all people who are in close interaction with «Amre be Maroof and Nahye az Monkar». The main question concerns the aims and functions of supervision in Islam''s political system. There has been an effort to refer to divine verses and narratives in order to explain the subject in a documented way and the expansion and the divinity of these aims and functions are proved from different religious، political and social views.

There are several reasons why Egypt''s history has made this country the center of challenges and historical events. Historical events have turned Egypt into the center of theoretical and practical thinking. Topics such as the formation of the powerful Fatemi Caliphate، the activity and survival of Shiites، the culture of Shiism، the contemporary history of Shiites'' presence in Egypt، the present condition of Egypt''s Shiites، shia characters and shia organizations are considered in this paper in order to answer the main question. How many Shiites live in Egypt and to what extent does the Egyptian society accept the culture of Shiism?

The deconstructionist philosophy is a good example to show how systematic philosophy corresponds with democracy. Through criticizing egocentrism and enmity to others، deconstructionism is after relating the philosophical principles with the principle of acceptance of others and democracy. On the other hand Derrida''s discussion of socio-political democracy like democracy of the future and the challenges democracy faces، also have its roots in his philosophical thinking. So Democracy and deconstructionism are two sides of the same coin and it is not possible to understand one without understanding the other. This is a strong relation and Derrida''s idea about philosophy and politics is based on it. The democracy of future as the result of this relation is the mirror of Derridean philosophy and politics. The relation between philosophy and deconstructionist democracy and their interaction and effects on each other are among the main concerns of this paper.

Some of the most essential political questions about people، institutions and political systems are related to psychology. Many of the researchers use this approach to consider the personality dimensions. They psychoanalyze political leaders in order to analyze the past، present and future conditions. From this point of view، through comparing Karen''s psychological theory and Mohammadreza Pahlavi''s behaviors، we believe that different environmental and social factors of his childhood، as a result of lack of support and love، led to neurosis and anxiety. So his personality led to a ruling full of narcissism، like of other''s flattering behaviors and megalomania and so being after dominance over others. At last his personality weakness made him unable to use the existing national power and foreign support in order to save his imperial power.

Usually religious jurists are affected by principles of religion and also socio-political conditions they live in. So they acquire different attitudes towards politics. Some of them have a negative attitude and do not believe in Shiites political life during the age of absence، but some other consider politics as a requirement and believe that the duties of the infallible Imam (AB) should be completed. Ayatullah Tabrizi is one of the religious traditional scholars who has a requiring attitude towards policy in the years before His return from occultation. But against those who demand Guardianship of the Jurist، he uses another path to recognize the Rule of Islamic Jurist for the establishment of an Islamic government.

Islamotopia shows a kind of negative image and hatred toward Islam and Muslims. So that it has resulted in discriminatory and harming behaviors against them. Though the roots of this phenomenon go back to old times، the passage of time has brought new topics. Since the 9/11 attacks Islamophobia and anti-Islamism have experienced a great increase. Many of the political activists and western media have used the 9/11 attacks as an instrument for the spread of Islamophobia. American right-wing Christians were one of active groups. Though different Islamic movements do not approve al- Qaida''s attacks، they realize continuous interventions of the West in the Islamic countries as the reason for the radical reactions of al-Qaida. The Islamic Republic of Iran as one of the main Islamic resistances against West''s dominance does not approve terrorism and is after thwarting West''s project of spreading Islamophobia.

The present paper deals with Cohen''s paradigm and its effect on political sciences. Cohen has criticized opposing views of positivism and empiricism through introducing paradigm as the beliefs and values the members of a scientific society share. On the other hand the theoreticians of political sciences use Cohen''s paradigm to refer to the diversity of the studies and the lack of one unique paradigm. So، they have tried to make politics a science. Some has used his ideas to develop a sort of political thinking، i. e. the political theory comes from political crisis. In order to criticize their view instead of dealing with the irregularities of opinions and science، we can say they have paid attention to the social and political realities. In fact، change of normative science is a result of changes in the worlds of society and politics and not the normative science itself.