نشریه مطالعات ادبیات تطبیقی
پیاپی 26 (تابستان 1392)

Fromancient times، one ofthe fourtypes ofliterature which has been– by common consensus –emphasized among outstanding nations in culture and civilization is Didactic Literature. Didactic Literature is a kind of literature in which the creator of the work indirectly places two concepts of good and evil against each other while trying to teach the ethical and moral implications to human beings that، in the classical literature of the world، is generally stated through the language of animals (i. e. fable) in the form of advice. Among didactic works of the world، two are more-than-others involved in the ethics and morality; Aesop myths and Kelileh-va-demneh، the former is in the west whereas the latter is belonged to the east. Therefore، the present study aims at reviewing and analyzing some of the ethical principles in Aesop myths and Kelileh-va-demneh which have venerable place in the history of world literature and which are emphasized by a lot of ethic-oriented thinkers in the realm of didactic literature. It should be mentioned that these two works، in their teachings، have dealt with religious، social، and political issues more than other fields in society.

The terms Islamic awakening and resistance have always been associated with confronting the oppression and cruelty of rulers and the spread of tyranny and injustice. Boosting the motivation to defend right has had a significant role in the creation and restoration of such awakening. Among the contemporary Persian and Arabic poets، Mirza Mohammad Farokhi Yazdi and Abul Qasim al-Shabi respectively، influenced by the socio-political context of their era، wrote poems with the aim of popular and Islamic awakening to resist colonial aggression، oppression، and injustice. The aim of this survey is to study the effects of Islamic and popular awakening in the poems of these two poets. Accordingly، poets are the representatives of the oppressed nations who، having been plagued by the rulers of their times، decide to revolt for justice، completing their struggle in the form of a literature and culture that aims at the knowledge and awakening obtained and nurtured by Islamic and popular resistance against cruelty and oppression.

Freedom، patriotism، and love are the most important sources and components of imagery in classical and contemporary literary writings in the form of poetry and prose. The poets، Gibran Khalil Gibran and Gheysar Aminpoor، influenced by their socio-political milieu and the spirit of the age، developed such subjects and themes as patriotism، nature، freedom، love، pain، and politics، among many others. This article attempts a comparative analysis of the views of Gibran and Aminpoor، taking into account and reflecting their intellectual differences and similarities. This study treats several hypotheses. First، Gibran and Aminpoor have many similarities in thought. Second، both poets are romantic and nostalgic. Third، such components as freedom، love، and patriotism are clearly reflected in their poems. The study concludes that these two poets have many individual and professional characteristics and features in common.

Lyric poetry in contemporary literature has changed. “Woman” has changed from aesthetic subject to an active persona and in the literature field; we can see the effects of this activity and creativity. With contrastive literature as a branch of comparative literature، we study the common subjects in global literature which there are not composed or written by effect from each other، but they are the result of same situations and approaches. In this article، ten common concepts for description “woman” in Nizar Qabbani، Arab contemporary poet، and poems of Ahmad Shamlou، Iranian contemporary poet، are studied. In some poetic periods of these poets، both، lyric and social and poetical issues mixed together and “love” is seen in a specific balance. There are two basic approaches in the poetry of both poets، in first approach bands the poet heat and verve of challenge and social concern. In second approach، “love” gives poet hope for challeng. Beloved in the shape of a prophet and a perfect “woman” is the source of beauty and goodness in the poet’s world and celebrates the days of victory with poet.

One of the research fields of comparative literature، is the study of literary genres’ genesis and the examination of the quality of their growth and development. Fiction، especially the novel، is one of the important and significant contexts of comparative research. This article، prepared by a library method، studies and analyzes the reasons for the rise of the novel in Iran and Egypt، which are the two most important cradles of Persian and Arabic literature. The novel form in Iran and Egypt appeared more or less simultaneously، in the latter part of the nineteenth century. Because of such common factors as similar political and social conditions، the rise of modernist movements، the advent of the printing industry، the establishment of science academies، the impact or hegemony of western culture، the translation movement، and the rise of the intelligentsia، the emergence of the novel has coincided in both countries. This article studies all these common reasons for the rise of the novel، and introduces the first major novels in these two cultural contexts.

Khajeh Shamsoddin Mohammad، known as Hafiz Shirazi، is one of the unparalleled poets in Persian literature، whose poetry has been the focus of people of common and high rank for so many years. It is said that in the course of history no Persian poet''s work has been so widely circulated and popularized. Hafiz has developed and mastered a unique and sublime diction. By virtue of his wit and originality، Hafiz has not only given distinctive color to his diction، but has coined such original poetic vocabulary that impresses all his audience and encourages them to emulate the eloquent style to enrich their works. Among the most frequent terms in Hafiz are certain compound words based on ‘pir or old’، in such terms as Pire Kharabat، Pire Moghan، Pire Meykhane، and Pire Meykade، which literally mean an old wine-seller or tavern-keeper. This article compares the use of these terms and their stylistic and thematic function in the works of Hafiz and Kurd poets.

In the Holy Quran، Allah has employed certain concepts that would make it possible for human beings to understand divine ideas. Among these concepts، one can refer to time and its components. Some Quranic verses even refer to the motion of the sun and the moon and the emergence of day and night and these are a number of the many Quranic miracles. This article studies the concept of time and its multifarious dimensions in different Quranic verses.