فصلنامه علوم پیراپزشکی و توانبخشی
سال چهارم شماره 4 (زمستان 1394)

Senile cataract is the opacity of the crystalline lens which is usually due to aging. Visual functions have an important role in the quantity of vision. The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the visual function indices before the cataract surgery and respectively one and two months after the surgery. Forty patients (14 female and 26 male) with senile cataract have been monitored in this research. The mean age was 51.1±8.4 years. All patients were examined by Log MAR Visual Acuity (VA) test, Ishihara Color Vision (CV) test (the number of pages with correct answer) and Freiburg Contrast Sensitivity (CS) test (in 1, 5 and 7 cycles per degree (cpd) at different spatial frequencies (SF)), as the indices of visual functions before the surgery and respectively one and two months after it. At first, the normality of data distribution has been tested by Klomogorov-Smirnov test. In addition, repeated measures ANOVA has been used for the comparison of data variance with Greenhouse-Geisser and Mauchly tests and the Partial test has been used for the evaluation of correlation between the data. There was a significant difference in visual acuity before the surgery and respectively one (P=0.003) and two (P=0.007) months after it (ie, increasing in VA index) and the same for two months after the surgery in comparison with one month after it (P<0.001). There was no significant difference in color vision before the surgery and respectively one (P=0.370) and two months (P=0.367) after it. There was no significant difference in contrast sensitivity before the surgery and respectively one and two months after it except for SF 1 cpd (P=0.045 for one month and P=0.021 for two months after the surgery). Cataract surgery increases the VA and the CS in low spatial frequencies significantly, but has no significant influence on color vision.

Flatfoot is characterized based on the height of medial longitudinal arch of foot relative to the ground. The most common methods employed to evaluate the severity of flatfoot and influences of foot insole on alignment of foot structure in static situation are foot print method and application of X-ray. However, both of them have some limitations and cannot be used during walking while subject uses insole. Therefore, the aim of this research was to find a parameter which represents the alignment of foot structure while walking. Two groups of normal and flat arch subjects were recruited in this study. The location of center of ankle joint (COJ) and center of pressure (COP) while walking was obtained by application of Qualysis motion analysis system and a force plate. The area between COP and COJ in the medial side to total area was the new parameter used in the present study. The mean value of the new parameter was 74.65±7.15 and 91.86±12.4 for normal and flatfoot subjects, respectively. It seems that the new parameter can be used to check the alignment of foot structure during walking. In flat arch subjects, the center of pressure located in the medial side. In contrast, in normal subjects the COP located mostly in the lateral side. Using foot insole translates the COP from medial side to lateral side.

Stuttering is one of the most common speech disorders that its exact causes have not been clearly understood. According to the previous studies, impairment of cognitive functions, including verbal, visual and numeral working memory, have been reported in most kinds of speech and language disorders. The aim of the present study was to investigate the correlation between several kinds of working memory with severity of stuttering. In this research, stutter children (N=15), aged between 6-12 years, were recruited. The verbal memory scale of Wechsler test (word treasury and number expandation) was used to evaluate the phonological working memory. Furthermore, the colorful Reyvan test, specific for children, was applied for evaluation of visual memory, and SSI3 test was used to measure the level of stuttering. The results of the present work revealed deficits in phonological (verbal, numeral) and visual working memory of stutter children. Moreover, a significant correlation was found between children’s age and level of stuttering. Current study indicated the impression of phonological and visual working memory, as well as children’s age, on the severity of stuttering.

Children with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have problems in some aspects of cognitive function. These children are also more likely to fall behind in school compared to normal children. This study has investigated the relationship between cognitive functions and academic performance in fourth and fifth grade students with ADHD. This is a cross-sectional correlation study. A total of 30 students in fourth and fifth grade with ADHD were referred to occupational therapy clinic and their cognitive functions were assessed by Cognitive Assessment System (CAS) and Integrated Visual and Auditory Continues Performance Test (CPT) + IVA test. To evaluate the academic performance, grade point average of last semester were employed. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16 software. Significant correlations were seen between attention (CAS) and academic performance and the other side between planning, simultaneous, successive functioning and academic performance P value of 0.05 and 0.01 respectively. In addition, the correlation between total score of cognitive function and academic performance was also statistically significant. The findings showed that cognitive function have a significant impact on academic performance in school aged children with ADHD and plays an important role in predicting academic performance. Evidence based relationship between problematic cognitive functions and academic progressions emphasize on cognitive rehabilitation programs in ADHD to caregivers and instructors.

Children with hearing loss have difficulty with organizing words. Such problems can often obscure their message to audiences because it is full of ambiguity, in addition to have restrictions lexically. The aim of this study was to compare some syntactic features (subjects, Objects, conjunctions) in high school girls with hearing loss with normal high school girls. In this cross sectional study, 20 students with hearing loss (severe to profound), and 30 students with normal hearing in girl's high schools were participated. The students were randomly selected from triple regions in city of Hamadan. Student were asked to explain serial pictures of Boston test. We simultaneously recorded voice of students and then we transcribed it. Afterward, we counted research variables and exported them into SPSS16 software. Data were analyzed by independent t- test. Average number of subjects and verbs and Objects conjunctions were 18.17, 7 and 4.25 in sample group. The mean of objects removed in speech of Controls and speech of Sample was not significantly different between groups (p<0.001). The results showed that students with hearing loss even in advanced education are so poor compared to their peers syntactically, so that the number of subjects, verbs and objects is less than their normal peers. This is due to the richness of the vocabulary compared to their peers. However, the students in general had used the components of sentences in its correct position which may be due to understanding the structure of sentences correctly in this age. Hi school is expected to train and enhance the skills of reading and writing to increase the language skills of this people. But in other skills such as conjunctions, the difference between students with hearing loss and with normal hearing was more significant.

Child's optimal and healthy growth in all aspects is indebted to effective relation between parents and child. The quality of this relationship is very important for child's growth and development. Mother's depression can disturb effective child bearing and harm children's growth. The more sever is the depression and the more innumerous are stressors, the more damaged happens to the parent- child relationship. This study is performed to determine the correlation between mother's depression with gross motor and fine motor delay in one year old children. In this cross sectional study, we have chosen and investigated 300 mothers with one year old children that covered by Hamedan urban health centers, using cluster sampling. Data were collected using Beck depression inventory to distinguish mother's depression and Ages and Stages Questionnaire to screen developmental delay in one year children. To determine the correlation between independent and dependent variables, we employed chi square test. Data were analyzed using spss statistical software. Average age of mothers was 29.68±5.6 years with a total of 33.7% having low education (less than 12 years), 32% were diploma and 34.7% had academic education. Prevalence of severe and very severe depression among mothers were 20.8%. There was no correlation between mother’s depression and mother's age with fine and gross motor delay (P>0.05), however, the correlation between gross motor delay and economic situation was significant (P=0.003). There was no significant correlation between mother's depression and child's gross and fine motor delay. Furthermore, the only effective demographic factor was the economic situation of family. This means that gross motor delay was more probable in low socio-economic families.

Children before they could speak, they should be able to understand what they hear. In fact, receptive language is the main base of expressive language. Because the receptive language skills of children with specific language impairment are lower than their normal peers, providing interventions that lead to improved performance of their receptive language seems necessary. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of neuropsychological interventions on receptive language performance of children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI). In this study, a single- subject research methodology was employed. For this purpose, among all preschool children with Specific Language Impairment in 2013 in Isfahan, by using purposive sampling method and according to entry criteria of the study, 5 children were selected. Every child after 4 based line sessions received neuropsychological interventions in 10 sessions and one month after the intervention, three test sessions were followed. This research tools to collect data, was Test of Language Development. Primary, c1997, 3rd (TOLP-P: 3), Wechsler intelligence scale for children 4th edition (WISC-IV), and clinical interview. The results showed that during the visual analysis of data charts and based on the descriptive statistics, intervention has been effective in all five subjects of the (Respectively with Percentage of Non-Overlapping Data 80, 90, 100, 90 and 100 for subjects 1,2,3,4 and 5). Moreover, the mean scores for receptive language in subjects 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively from 57.75, 59.5, 65, 67, and 78/5 have increased to 81.7, 77.6, 88.7, 82.9, and 95.4. The results of the present study showed that the mean scores of receptive language increased in all 5 subjects. Therefore, it can be concluded that receptive language performance in children with specific language impairment are improved with neuropsychological interventions, and this method can be employed as a method of therapeutic intervention in the education and rehabilitation of children with specific language impairment.

The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of motor function of children with cerebral palsy on mother’s physical and mental health status.

In this analytic cross-sectional study, 135 mothers of children with cerebral palsy living in Tehran participated through a convenience sampling method. Health status of mothers was assessed using the Short Form of health survey-36 (SF-36) Questionnaire. The gross motor function and manual ability of children with cerebral palsy were assessed using the Gross Motor Function Classification system (GMFCS) and manual ability classification system (MACS), respectively. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA test and descriptive statistics using SPSS software version 16.

The results of ANOVA test demonstrated that there was a significant association between health status of mothers and GMFCS (P=0.001) and MACS level (P=0.000). However, there was no significant relationship with mother's mental health (P>0.05).

This study provided evidence of the poorer physical health status of caregivers of children with severe cerebral palsy.

To manage traffic accidents information effectively, deploying electronic information systems have been recommended. However, the evaluation studies are necessary to identify the weaknesses and strengths of these systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usability of a traffic casualty’s information system from the perspectives of the users who worked in Iranian public hospitals. This was a quantitative study conducted in 2014. The participants consisted of 246 employees who worked in the medical records department and the accounting department of public hospitals which had a trauma center. Data were collected using a questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was determined using face and content validity methods and its reliability was calculated using the Cronbach’s coefficient alpha (α=0.81). According to the results, the attitude of most of the users (n=118, %59) towards the system was at a medium level. Most of the users believed that the system interface design (n=170, %85), system information and terminology (n=193, %96.5), and the system features (n=165, %82.5) were at a good level. The results also showed that there was a positive correlation between the perceived usefulness of the system and the time spent on using the system (P=0.01, r=0.521). Considering factors influencing the use of the traffic casualty’s information system, such as the perceived usefulness and the ease of use can encourage users to use the system more effectively. Such a system can provide managers with accurate, precise and timely information to avoid taking repetitive actions, to reduce financial and human damages, and to coordinate various resources to implement road safety rules.

Sodium fluorescein (‘fluorescein’) in corneal epithelium staining is widely utilized for the evaluation of ocular surface integrity. Clinically observed ocular surface fluorescence is affected by various factors including concentration of fluorescein, thickness of the fluorescein layer, the wavelength of the exciting light source, tear acidity and etc. Despite the widespread application of fluorescein to assess the ocular surface, clinical understanding and interpretation of corneal surface fluorescence and the basic causative mechanisms of this phenomenon has not been considered completely. Additionally, for better understanding of corneal fluorescein staining and its clinical manifestations, we need to know the basic and molecular physicochemical properties of fluorescein dye and its relationships with molecular and cellular microanatomy and physiology of the cornea. In this review, we have attempted to provide a critical evaluation of the articles published in PubMed database between 1970 and 2015 based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria relating to the basic interactions between the corneal surface cells and fluorescein molecules.