فصلنامه علوم پیراپزشکی و توانبخشی
سال پنجم شماره 3 (پاییز 1395)

Knee osteoarthritis is one of the most common musculoskeletal problems and knee varus is one of the most common lower limb disorders in people with knee osteoarthritis which can affect the elderlys` daily activities, pain, and posture control. The objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of core stability exercises on the balance and pain in eldery people with knee varus and osteoarthritis.
In this semi-experimental study, 24 women (age range: 50-65 years, average: 55.62 years) with knee varus and osteoarthritis wanted were recruited and divided randomly into two groups of experimental and control groups. The amount of patients` pain was measured by visual analogue scale (VAS). Moreover, the BIODEX device was used to measure the level of balance. The experimental group performed core stability exercises for 8 weeks, every week, and three sessions. For statistical analysis, dependent and independent T- student tests were employed.
Static balance and pain in the experimental group showed a significant change after eight weeks of core stabilization exercises compared to pre-test (pThe results of this study showed that a period of core stability exercises may influence the static balance and pain in elderly people with knee varus and osteoarthritis. Also core stability exercises can be used as a method for reducing the amount of pain in knee joint and making stability and improvement in balance in elderly patients with knee varus and osteoarthiritis.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the correlation between peripheral and central visual sensitivity threshold and myopia in mild and moderate myopic eyes using Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA).
Twenty-nine subjects (58 eyes) with a mean refractive error of -2.98±1.2 D have undergone perimeric evaluation using peripheral 60-4 strategy in Humphrey device. The visual field was divided into three isopter rings: 30-40, 40-50 and 50-60 degrees. In each ring, the mean threshold was compared between the two myopic groups. Foveal thresholds were also measured and compared between groups.
In comparison between the mild and moderate myopic groups, there were not any significant differences in 30-40 ring (p=0.42), 40-50 ring (p=0.45) and 50-60 ring (p=0.35). However, a significant but negative correlation was found between foveal threshold and myopia (r=-0.33, p=0.01)
Lack of any correlation between myopia and peripheral sensitivity threshold demonstrates that peripheral visual field is not a variable parameter in myopia studies. Further studies and in larger scales are recommended.

One of the subsystems of information system health is a laboratory information system (LIS) which is used to order tests, help processing of taken samples, receive the results of analyzer and provide reports. Despite advantages, there are difficulties in LIS implementation. Therefore, this study assesses abilities and features of teaching hospital’s LIS in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in the year 2014.
This descriptive-sectional study was conducted on the laboratory Information System of teaching hospitals of Mashhad University in 2014. Through literature review, using health information system evaluation indicators of Ministry of Health and Medical Education (3/4ed) and surveying final user opinion; necessary features of laboratory Information System was specified. According to the determined features in checklist format, teaching hospitals of Mashhad University was assessed. Descriptive statistics were used to analysis the data.
In general, LISs of teaching hospitals of Mashhad University have 69. 09 percent of the determined features. These features classified in three groups (a) the Laboratory processes (b) samples and tests and (c) financial and management reports. The findings showed that LISs had 72% of features related to laboratory process, 71. 4% of features related to test and samples and 62.5% of features related to financial and management reports. Laboratory process showed the maximum features and financial and management reports had the minimum features.
With regard to findings, the conditions of the laboratory Information System of teaching hospitals of Mashhad University are relatively appropriate. In order to improve the laboratory services quality, it is recommended that features such as communication with other information system and laboratory test`s quality control included in the system and Assign more priority to the groups of patients with special diseases.

Some environmental interventions such as multi talker babble noise can cause difficulty understanding speech. Understanding consonants is the basis for a general understanding of speech. Verbal communication usually occurs in environments where multiple speakers are talking. There are three nasal consonants in Persian language with important effect on speech perception. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of babble noise on the recognition score of stop and fricative consonants.
This cross-sectional study was performed on 48 males and females, aged between 19-24 years with normal hearing. After auditory and speech evaluation, recognition of nasal consonants in consonant vowel consonant syllable at the presence of babbling noise was tested.
By increasing the amount of noise, the recognition of nasal consonants at the beginning of the syllable reduced. There was a significant difference between recognition of nasal consonants at the beginning of the syllable with the vowel /a/in the signal to noise ratio of zero (87.5±24.18), in, -5 (80.2±24.71) and -10 (64.58±35.66) (p0.0005), /u/ (7.29±17.83) (P=0.178) in the mentioned signal to noise ratio. There was a significant difference between recognition of these consonants at the end of the syllable with the vowel /e/ (75.00±24.73) (P=0.008), /a/ (64.58±24.09) (P=0.002), /â/ (47.39±24.32) (P=0.006), /i/ (79.68±24.54) and /o/ (60.93±28.67) (P>0.0005) in the mentioned signal to noise ratio. Moreover, there was a significant difference in recognition of these consonants at the beginning of the word in the signal to noise ratio of zero between men and women (p=0.039). The women was higher than men.
Increased babble noise levels significantly reduce the recognition score of nasal consonants, and average recognition score of nasal consonants in noise related to gender in the signal to noise ratio of zero.

Karate is an activity with weight bearing nature along with very jumping movements that exert a lot of mechanical pressure on athlete’s lower extremities. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to compare plantar pressure and ground reaction force in male and female elite Karate practitioners.
Eleven male and 12 female elite Karate practitioners were non-randomly and purposefully recruited. Plantar pressure and related parameters were measured by emed platform in five Steps. After dividing the foot into 10 masks, the peak pressure, the peak force and the contact area were calculated in each anatomical mask. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to explore the normal distribution of the data, with significance level of less than 0.05. Dependent and Independent T-Tests were used to compare parameters which were normally distributed and Wilcoxon and U-Mann-Whitney tests were used for parameters which were not normally distributed. Symmetry index was used to determine the symmetry between two legs.
The results of this study showed significant difference in Peak Pressure, Contact Area and Ground Reaction Force not only between two groups but also between front and back legs. Symmetry index also showed asymmetry in most masks of Karate practitioner's feet.
Present study introduces gender as an important factor in the distribution of pressure in Karate practitioner's foot and claims that probably elite Karate practitioner most of the time use back foot as weight bearing foot and front foot to progress and strike, such different using of two feet will affect the plantar pressure distribution in elite Karate practitioner in long term.

Many patients come afoul by the over correction or under correction of the eye muscles after strabismus surgery. This is related to the individual properties of anyone’s distinct eye muscles. Therefore, it is necessary to have accurate information about the living soft tissues in simulations and the proper modeling of the human eye muscles. The aim of this study was to present a three element model which may contribute to more accurate surgery.
A three element model consisted of a spring in parallel with a Maxwell element which was composed of a dashpot and a spring in series. The response of the linear and nonlinear three element model was fitted to the obtained creep graphs.
The results showed a good fitness in both the linear and non-linear models.
Since the living soft tissues generally exhibit nonlinear behavior, these results may indicate that the experiment have performed in linear range. One of the reasons of non-linear behavior of eye muscle may be related to pulley complex mechanism.

Due to the continuous use of pedal in duration of driving time, high external pressure in different knee flexion and extension angles on drivers’ knee joint may be applied. These injuries include low back pain and knee pain. The comfortable and sufficiently spacious car sit, may influence the low back pain and knee pain associated by design and type of car seat.
In this study, various tests were conducted on four drivers, contact force between the pedals and driver’ foot is measured by installing sensors on the clutch and brake pedal. The kinematic data is recorded by high-speed camera during pedaling. These data is used as inputs and the moment of knee joint while pedaling is obtained as outputs in the mathematical model attained by MATLAB SimMechanics software. The optimal seating positions is obtained by changing the parameters of the seat through coding and extracting the lowest torque put on knee joint.
Using the pedal mechanism and optimization of chair parameters, this result shows that the height of Pride seat and the horizontal distance between the heel and the seat is shifted to 6cm and 9cm, respectively. Moreover, reducing the maximum internal knee-extension moment by around 10 to 15 percent.
Considering that pride seat can be moved to the front and rear position means that the horizontal distance between pedals and seat is changed. To improve driving of this vehicle, we can add a lever which is moveable seat height to 6 cm. This method have many advantage: Simply stated model, high-speed computing and the future of computing by a coefficient of spring and damper maybe applied to the muscles.

Nowadays, due to the importance of healthcare offering in remote areas substrates creation for cooperation, training and consulting in remote hospitals is essential. In the present study, the necessary infrastructure to telemedicine technology implementation in hospitals affiliated to Zabol University of Medical Sciences was performed in 2014.
This study was a descriptive-analytical. The study population consisted of managers, all super specialist physician and officials for the IT department. The sample size was equal to the population size. The data collection tool was a standard questionnaire which its validity was examined by professors and experts in the HIT field and as well as its reliability was examined by using Cronbach's alpha (87%). The statistical software was used to analyze the data.
Based on findings, insurance and reimbursement issues (%85.4), the initial costs (%82.3) and lack of technical staff (%80.2) as the main barriers to infrastructure implementing telemedicine that for conquest be upon these issues, employees training, infrastructure funding, recruitment of technical staff, healthcare offer and surgery has been introduced as priorities of telemedicine technology application.
Despite the good performance culture, the surveyed hospitals have not infrastructure for implementation of telemedicine technologies and therefore May not able to provide telemedicine services.

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of fatigue caused by exercise on rear foot angle (RFA) in normal and pronate subjects during the stance phase of running.
Twenty-four male students from Birjand University (13 with normal foot, 11 with pronate foot) were selected based on navicular drop index. After the measuring RFA (according to Nigg (1986), each subject ran on the treadmill at the speed of 3/5 m/s for 15 minutes without shoes. In addition, the RFA were measured after fatigue situation which determined according to the scale rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during running.
Dependent t-test showed no significant difference in RFA between normal foot before fatigue (at the initial of the protocol) and during fatigue (at the end of the protocol) in all phases of stance phase, except in the heel contact (p=0.001). However, there was a significant difference between the RFA of pronate foot before and after fatigue in all phases of stance phase (p≤0.05), where the RFA showed significant increase after fatigue.
Based on the present results, fatigue can be considered as an important factor in increasing RFA in people with pronate foot. Therefore, it can be considered for runners, especially with pronate foot for prevention of injuries during running.

To compare the mechanism of illumination contrast sensitivity with color contrast sensitivity.
All articles published in the intended field from the 1956 to 2016 using the search engines including PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar was searched. About 100 articles were obtained that by removing duplicate articles and irrelevant ones, finally 40 related articles, were examined, carefully.
The results of relevant studies showed that the contrast sensitivity function curve is band-pass for illumination contrast and low-pass for color contrast sensitivity of visual system. It has also been stated that mechanism of color contrast sensitivity is similar for red and green and different from blue one.
Color contrast sensitivity and illumination contrast sensitivity function are different of the shape of the curve as well as the mechanisms, which would be explained by the multi-channel visual system.