پژوهش نامه تاریخ اجتماعی و اقتصادی
پیاپی 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1391)

Choram is the name of a region and a big township، and one of big tribes in Kohkilooyeh and Boyerahmad. Because of possessing suitable natural and geographical situation، this region influenced economy of Fars، Khuzestan، and other neighboring regions. Fertile lands، pastures and being settled on trading roads between Persian Gulf beaches and central parts of Iran، and also presence of tribes has resulted in beneficial role of residents in agriculture، husbandry، and commerce. Little distance between summer and winter resorts has caused in a verity of crops and increased economic abilities. Historical facts show that Arrajan (as the historical center and city of Kovaz Khore of Fars) owed some of its blossoming economy to Choram. The present research tries to consider effecting economic elements in Choram using postural، agricultural، and commercial economies with emphasis on economic geography and life styles. It is done using field studies and reviewing geographical and historical texts. The results show that assisting geographical conditions of pastoral life، cultivation of variable summer and winter crops، and being settled on trade roads leading to cities like Arrajan، has influenced economic development of the region.

One of the main historical sources of Islamic Period which provides valuable information about the history of ancient Iran، specially the history of Sasanians، as well as the history of Islam up to the death of the caliph Motasem (d. 227 A. H)، is Abū Ḥanīfa Aḥmad b. Dāwūd b. Wanand Dīnavarī’s (d. 282 A. H/ 895 AD) Aķbār Al-Ţewāl “The book of the long historical narratives.” Some of the researchers believe that Dīnavarī has written Aķbār Al-Ţewāl from an Iranian viewpoint and trend and with an Iranian nationalism، as he tries to report the events of the pre-Islamic history - the history of prophets from Adam onward، the history of Iranian kings، the history of Yemen and the history of Arabia- from the standpoint of the history of Iranian Empire; even in reporting the history of Islamic period، he shows his interest to the events of the Iranian world. Nevertheless، so far no specific research about Dīnavarī’s viewpoint which can be named as Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnavarī’s Iranism، is done. In this research I will attempt to investigate the signs and the reflection of Dīnavarī’s Iranism in Aķbār Al-Ţewāl.

Tabriz was one of the important centers in constitutionalist revolution. A long with constitutionalist triumph and establishing provincial association، the role of different groups of Tabriz neighborhoods (including poor workers as well as crusaders، preachers، intellectuals and businessmen) became very significant. Provincial association wanted to establish miner association in Tabriz neighborhoods. After that، neighborhoods association members، who were the representatives of the central association in their neighborhood، performed political and cultural activities. On the other hand، members of each neighborhood that belonged to different classes did cultural and military activities، for example establishing crusader groups and selecting the most outstanding military leaders and defense of constitutionalist system in critical times. They also founded new schools and published some newspapers. Because of aggravation of disagreements، constitutionalist system opponents in neighborhoods like Duhchi، Sorkhab and Sheshkalan also established associations and published newspapers to oppose constitutionalist system followers. In the present paper، we will study the political، cultural and military activities of two groups in neighborhoods following constitutionalist system، including members of miner association and non-members. Our purpose is recognizing their roles in each neighborhood when defending constitutionalist system. We will also refer to the political، military and cultural activities of their opponents in Tabriz neighborhoods to oppose constitutionalist system followers and try to stop establishing constitutionalist system. We will show constitutionalists significant role to prevent constitutionalist system falling.

Emerging printing technology caused more access to information and its rapid flow between people. Researchers are trying to standardize local languages according to printing development. It caused new identity awareness among social groups. Before 1837، Persian was official، legal، commercial and cultural language in Indian subcontinent and was used by Muslim and Hindu elites. Furthermore، Indian Muslims used it for writing religious texts. While some historians assign falling of Persian and rising of Urdu to colonial language policies، some other are searching another reasons. It seems that although Persian power and prestige is related to Tiymurian political dominance، their falling doesn’t result in the end of Persian presence in India، because in the late 18th and 19th century، a new stage of Persian presence in India was begun. A long with emerging printing، understanding its power by Muslim religious scholars، first in Bengal and later in all over the subcontinent، resulted in huge use of it and founding printing houses، especially in the north part of India، first of all. The possibility of access to more addressees (that now، because of emerging printing، it is more easy) led them to “people’s language” (Urdu). The present paper tries to show this language shift (of Persian to Urdu) in the context of multilingual society of India in the 19th century. Finally this kind of language shit could weaken Persian status and strength Urdu which gradually was considered as a new linguistic and religious identity among the subcontinent Muslims.

Life، evolution and decadence of cities in time are under influence of various factors. The factors also change the density and the nature of inhabitant groups in cities and the current fabric and the kind of activities performing in them. Masjed Soleiman، as the first oil city in middle-east and the first city with the mineral company in Iran، in its lifespan since ancient times، was affected by various factors and has witnessed a lot of vicissitudes that has changed its fabric and economical and social space. Therefore، now it suffers from a lot of complex problems such as fabric، economical، social-cultural and environmental problems. The present study، which has been conducted through descriptive-interpretive method and based on historical geography analysis، has scrutinized the emergence and changes of the city through different periods of time. It also has scrutinized Masjed Soleiman as an inhabitant place affected by external factors. The results show that reciprocal factors like urban schematization cessation and dependence on one-dimensional goals and also inhabitants’ shaped identity and sense of belonging to the city has increased the complexity and urban problems of this residence.

Being one of the heaviest weapons، mangonel (Manjanik) was considered as an important weapon of war during the Islamic median ages. It was used to beat and infiltrate defensive city walls. The mangonel (Manjanik) was simple during the early Islamic conquests، but over time and with the increased strength and parallel evolution of the city’s defensive walls، mangonel (Manjanik) also increasingly changed and evolved; to the extent that during the Umayyad period، oil and fire mangonel (Manjanik) were created and during the Abbasid period، the Manjanikeeyoon became a known caste with specific responsibilities for the Army. In the present paper we will be studying the history of this heavy launch weapon and its developments till the end of the Abbasid period.