فصلنامه آمایش جغرافیایی فضا
پیاپی 17 (پاییز 1394)

City waste consists of different contaminants that every day is increased in both their volume and verity. Correct localization of disposal site can reduce their scattering and thereby environmental damage. The purpose of this study is to find the most suitable areas for waste disposal. According to the lack of capacity of waste disposal sites in KHORRAM ABAD, the separation of hospital waste from city ones doesn’t do either, that can encounter the health and quality of life for residents of the city to crisis. To do this research is used of multi criteria techniques; accordingly, with regard to required indicators to do research, was prepared natural and infrastructural layers of region and after weighting to the hierarchically method, have been overlapped and integrated by saw integration layer model. The results showed that of the studied indicators in the study range, there are Two Appropriate zone for landfill. Based on studies, the two good places for landfill are in the range of thick formation, dense and with low permeability the AMIRAN; AMIRAN formation in the region target have petrology of shale and marl that are the rocks consisting of clay minerals and silicate and because the clay minerals contains the infiltration and permeability crystallography network very dense and compact, are impenetrable. But in summing final, the number one zone at the most of review indicators is preferred than the number 2 zone, is suggested used number one zone as the place for geological disposal of hospital waste of the city (KHORRAM ABAD) and number 2 zone is be used for burial of household wastes.

Recently, limiting water resources for agricultural and non agricultural usages pose some difficulties and rainfall is the most important water resource. One of rainfall input component can be considered as of hydrological systems. In most cases for studies of groundwater runoff, floods, droughts, sediment, it is necessary and essential to study and measure. Therefore, for optimal allocation of water resources, forecasting rainfall for a region of special importance. One of the methods of evaluate and forecast of precipitation, is the use of time series. For this purpose, there are a variety of methods and models, such as including models of auto regressive (AR), moving average (MA), Auto regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and seasonal Auto regressive integrated moving average (SARIMA). In this article, the performance of any of the models listed on the monthly total precipitation amounts and estimates in the hashimabad district of Gorgan during 1983-2012 were studied. Following the elimination of seasonal effects, trend and irregular variations, an SARIMA model was presented. To ascertain the properties of the proposed model, residuals and errors were examined and the model coefficients were estimated. Finally it shows that the model of SARIMA (3,1,2; 0,1,2) time series models have a better performance and less error time series changes to the simulation. To ascertain the properties of the proposed model, residuals and errors were examined and the model coefficients were estimated. Finally it shows that the model of SARIMA (3,1,2; 0,1,2) time series models have a better performance and less error time series changes to the simulation.

The planning out of improving the settlement development clearly is depended to attain a services of the standards and norms that tough doing them satisfaction and peace of the persons to be evaluated by covering of material and psychological necessaries. This concept of the settlement development is looking to reform and evolution the concept of development from a more quantity one to a sustainable development. We want to edify the indices of the settlement development to modeling, expectations, advantages, and real need of the people (any scale) should be used. This paper assessment and analyze of the quality of settlement development in urban areas of east Azarbaijan province. So the kind of this research is applied research and from the view of analysis in framework of research procedure is descriptive – deductive research. The used new hybrid Delphi and multi-criteria decision-making methods like ANP, DEMATEL and PROMETHEE II, that these practices are used to ratings. This paper to a mutual cohesion between criteria and sub criteria has been used DEMATEL technical. Then, this correlation has implemented on the analytic network process (ANP), and next, the Delphi group have marked to the couple of comparisons resulting from past stage. Finally was identified the weight of the sub-criteria as well. The industrial manufactory and service – workers had the highest weight. In the next step, these weights were used to give rate to each urban areas, also results of 6 case criteria and 18 case sub criteria showed in 19 urban areas that Tabriz is highest and Kalebar is lowest.

The Sustainable Developments a process through which people can fulfill their needs without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet their needs. The Most important factor in the survival of Human Settlements in Desert Regions in Iran has been access to Water Resources. Changes in methods of Exploitation of water resources has greatly influenced by Sustainable Development in these areas. With the beginning of Land Reforms in 1341 gradually motor wells replaced traditional water sources. Though changing in water resources in the short term has increased agricultural acreage and raised the income of agricultural crops, But after a while, It caused problems like the reduction of groundwater levels, reducing the discharge and sometimes Completely dried Qanat and Some Wells in the indiscriminate exploitation of water resources and has caused the process of Sustainable Development of these Regions some serious problems. Badrood District is located near Natanz in the Province of Isfahan, at the border of the central Desert of Iran, between the plain of Kavir and the Karkas mountains. It’s a typical example of arid and semi- arid climate. This study discussed transformation due to changes of agricultural water resources and its position in Sustainable Development of studied area by interviews with those involved in the organization and analysis of information related to water resources, agriculture and water resources.

The study of factors affecting quality of life is one of the important areas. The quality of life has been one of the many topics of interest to scientific researchers, planners and governments. Due to this important debate, the lack of scientific research in the study area and ethnicity there with their special features in this region, using descriptive and analytical studies relying on documents, in this study for measuring the level indicators subjective quality of life, as well try to improve the quality of life in villages in South Jafarbay (Turkmen county). In this regard, eight territories quality of life is education, this is due to the special characteristics of rural areas that have a variety of economic, political, social, cultural problems, etc. and influence the quality of life of their particular mental factors becomes more necessary. This study is based on using analytic methods, using the questionnaire survey, documents and track in rural areas in South Jafarby, Turkoman county. In this way, the number 10 given index into the village, belonging to the region, education level, occupation, income and area of residence, ethnic characteristics - cultural, enjoying the countryside, age and number of employed persons in the household were selected as independent variables. For the analysis of the questionnaire the mean, median and multivariate stepwise regression test using SPSS software was used. Also, to show the impact of path analysis model is applied to. However, it became clear that other factors do not affect selection.

Rural houses in most developing countries are a symbol of the sovereignty of the physical structures with high risk that have low Resistance against seismic forces resulting from the earthquake. So that some scholars believe that more than 95 percent of all deaths from earthquakes is the result of the destruction of the houses. So, regarding to its retrofitting against such disasters is very important in achieving optimal and sustainable settlement. This study aimed to evaluate the retrofitting of rural housing in the last decade and its impact on the quality of life indexes of rural residents in Sojasrod County (Khodabandeh township- Zanjan province). Methodology used was descriptive-analytical; and needed data collected by the use of field study and questionnaires. For this reason, from 3500 households of 30 villages in the county, 170 cases in 15 sample villages were selected by the use of modified Cochran formula; and questionnaire distributed randomly in the sample Villages. For data analysis, statistical methods such as cluster analysis, chi-square homogeneity test, multiple regression analysis and analysis of variance, correlation coefficient in SPSS software were used. The research results showed that there is a meaningful differences in life quality indexes in 2 periods of before and after house retrofitting; and also there is a straight and high relation between housing retrofitting index and life quality indexes. Furthermore, among studied indexes in rural housing retrofitting, using high quality materials in house building and applying the expected building codes of Housing Foundation have the highest impact and house design based on family needs has the lowest impact on the life quality of rural families.

Today, many countries are faced with the phenomenon of centralization. Therefore according to medium-sized cities adjustment process will be centralized and is a solution to the problem first city. The theory medium-sized cities defense theories, these cities within an urban network can balance and based on the hierarchical order expected to play a good role in the area of sustainable development. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of the city mid-size Bookan In the area of sustainable development. Methodology is the descriptive-analytical and field and Data were collected using a questionnaire and field observations. The statistical population was 105 at the central part of the village of Bukan, that 26 villages have been selected by stratified sampling And simple random. Also, 250 completed questionnaires were randomized in the study area. For analyzing data,Obtaining value and importance of each indicator used techniques (VIKOR) and Cluster analysis. The results of the analysis data showed that Performance measurement the city mid-size Bokan in the process of sustainable development in the area Was the most important component of rural access to markets in order to facilitate the sale of crops and livestock, and the lowest component due to the lack of robust materials and small rural settlement. The indices measure the performance impact of socio-cultural factors in the process of sustainable development has been an area of priority classification. Also, the physical and environmental indicators is not appropriate performance Bookan and This index has been ranked last in terms of importance in the development process and Unsustainable component indices

The research by " descriptive - analysis" methodology, to aim measure of regional development indicator at 14 city of Kermanshah province have been carried. In this study, 35 sub-indexes of development in seven key indicators in 14 cities of Kermanshah, According to data from the province Statistics Letters to the year 1391and Statistics letters of Department of Planning and development in the Kermanshah province has been identified and analyzed. To understand the distribution pattern of research indicators to among city of province from the test T, The city ranked in terms of development indicators having the Shannon entropy models and model Vikor and for cluster development in the province cluster analysis is used. The results show that, firstly, based on T-test results, health indicators with -6.79 of baseline mean difference, economic indicators with -4.50 baseline mean difference, communication indicators with -1.21of baseline mean difference and urban facilities indicator with -.141 of baseline mean difference in terms of regional distribution, are level of inequality in the province. Secondly, based on the results of Vikor Model city of Kermanshah to have top efficacy, have more difference than other province cities. Finally, the results of cluster analysis indicate four clusters developed for the city of Kermanshah, developing cluster for Harsin, west islamabad, Kanghavar and Songhor cities, breaved closter for Ghilangharb, Paveh, Sarpolzahab and Sahneh cities and very breaved closter for Javanrood, Ravansar, Dalahoo, Ghasrshirin and Salasbabajani cities was identified.nce than other province cities. Finally, the results of cluster analysis indicate four clusters developed for the city of Kermanshah, developing cluster for Harsin, west islamabad, Kanghavar and Songhor cities, breaved closter for Ghilangharb, Paveh, Sarpolzahab and Sahneh cities and very breaved closter for Javanrood, Ravansar, Dalahoo, Ghasrshirin and Salasbabajani cities was identified.

Drought means scarcity of water, which various sectors of human society, agriculture, water supply, industry and environment can adversely affect due to its occurrence. Drought is best characterized by multiple climatological parameters as a natural hazard. An understanding of the spatio-temporal dependence relationships between effective variables on drought is necessary to its description and analysis. The main purpose of this study is investigation of climatological drought in synoptic station of the Kurdistan Province, Iran, by using Triple Diagram Model (TDM). The data consists of monthly average temperature, precipitation, and also relative humidity from seven synoptic stations. The standardized precipitation index (SPI) was calculated for each station. The semivariogram of different used models have been analysed and were been chosen using the cross validation method. According to coefficient of determination and residual sum of squares indices appropriate method was selected for drawing triple diagram models. The triple diagram models have been prepared based on geostatistic principles by SPI, Temperature, and relative humidity variables. The results indicate that SPI classification is characterized by the scattering in two input variables can provide the analysis framework of the characteristics and variations of climatological factors. The spatial relationship between stations/regions can be carried out by comparison of the humidity conditions. Application of the triple diagram models can be recommended for drought analysis in other climatological stations. The triple diagram plots help to make interpretations in spite of extreme scatter points facilitate the explanations of the influencing trend among variables.

Rainfall, as the most important climatology element is the most variable element and has a variety of area and time difference in different spatial-time scales. Due to the important role of precipitation in the determining physical and geographical characteristics of a region, the element has a significant importance in natural sciences. Considering the location of Iran in arid and semiarid regions of the world, changes in rainfall amounts in water resources management issues makes it even much more important. This study was conducted to examine the annual and summer rainfall trends using 9 rain gauge stations data in Golestan province and in a 41-year period (1971-2011). The non-parametric Mann-Kendall was tested in seasonal and annual time scales. Using statistical distributions, the days with heavy and widespread summer rainfall were selected and studied. According to the results, in the 41-year period, annual rainfall in most stations showed no descending or ascending trends (static) but in Bahlake Dashli station ascending trend was observed. Descending trend in summer rainfall amounts in most stations was observed while number of days with heavy summer rainfall was increasing. Using data geopotential levels of 500 and 850 hPa, omega 500 hPa, the average long-term geopotential 500 hPa and anomaly data from NOAA, synoptic patterns of the region of 41-year (2011-1970) and in the days with heavy and widespread rainfall were studied and compared. The results showed that the North East region of Iran, due to the changes in pressure patterns had experienced more changes than other parts of the country and July had the greatest changes amount in summer months. These changes lead to changes in rainfall amounts and increasing the number of days with heavy rainfalls.

Volcanic cones are among the simplest volcanic landforms. They are built by ejecta from a volcanic vent, piling up around the vent in the shape of a cone with a central crater. Volcanic cones are of different types, depending upon the nature and size of the fragments ejected during the eruption Bidkhan Mountain is located in the southeastern part of the central Iranian volcanic belt. Profound valleys and irregular drainage pattern on volcano side shows long time erosion and development of drainage network on it.This study aimed to identify geomorphometric characteristics of drainage basins, drainage pattern,as well as studying longitude river profile and morphologic evidence in order to analysis tectonic behavior on them. To obtain necessary data for this research topographic maps of 1:25000, Aerial photos:1:55000 and 1:20000, geologic maps 1:100000 of Chaharghonbad and Bardsir and computer software were used as research equipments. To carry out the goal, drainage basin delimitate in GIS and WMS software and then morphometric statistics done in Excel. Based on the results of morphometric factors and comparing drainage pattern, in inner basin of caldera dendroid pattern developed and longitude profile shows equilibrium. In lateral basins parallel pattern has been developed. Southern basins shows high elevation (3195.4Meter) and longitude profiles are convex that shows youthfulness on valleys. It seems that this side of volcano affected by fault line showed on geologic map as an inferred fault. Fracture on longitude profiles, deep excavation and in some occasion barred valleys and pressure ridge are evidence of this purporst.

The present study investigated the effect of ICT on learning the basics of the quality of urban life, is a city in Mazandaran province. The purpose of the study, practice, and a description of the nature of the survey. The population includes all people who lived in the cities of Mazandaran province in 92-1391 using cluster random sampling method selected three university And by observing the random proportions, to determine the sample size combined with sampling (random and stratified cluster) with respect of the 385 patients in the two groups of men and women sampled respectively. Data quality of urban life questionnaire with 30 being the face and content validity was confirmed by experts And reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient is 86/0. Independent t-test was used for data analysis. The results showed that, the basics of ICT has a significant impact on the quality of urban life. One can also conclude that the fundamentals of ICT on the quality of urban life is. The population includes all people who lived in the cities of Mazandaran province in 92-1391 using cluster random sampling method selected three university And by observing the random proportions, to determine the sample size combined with sampling (random and stratified cluster) with respect of the 385 patients in the two groups of men and women sampled respectively. Data quality of urban life questionnaire with 30 being the face and content validity was confirmed by experts And reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient is 86/0. Independent t-test was used for data analysis.

The Caspian Sea is the largest water basin that enclosed by land within Eurasia continent. This sea that referred to Caspian in the global map, has strategic importance because oil and gas storage and caviar fish. The most important problem that originated in bio geographical parameters is the lack of a determinate legal regime. According to the 1982 convention, only the littoral states are responsible for establishing of the closed sea Legal regime. The lack of consensus on which delimitation is suitable, Caspian has turned into one of the critical areas. One of these crises is the environmental problems. Economic problems of the newly established countries, cause the excessive use of marine resources, particularly oil and gas. Poor technology and lack of independent environmental monitoring of regional and global organizations, failure to comply with the standards required for the exploitation and transportation of oil and gas resources. In addition, various contaminants is severely threatened the Caspian Sea life.For this reason in this paper, by the librarian research, the role of bio geographical factors in the setting the regime right in the Caspian sea from the perspective of the political geography of the sea was investigated.Factors that threaten the Caspian Sea bio geographical plays an important role in determining the legal regime and include oil pollution, ship and floating population (urban, rural), industrial facilities, artificial islands, environmental contaminants and rivers and in accordance with the 1982 Convention and also due to the geographical conditions of the Caspian Sea, were evaluated. The results show that the countries of Azerbaijan, Russia, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan to produce more oil pollution and setting the regime right in the Caspian sea that's likely to oppose their activities. However, after Russia and Kazakhstan, Iran has most polluted rivers, but due to the beaches damage caused by oil pollution is agree to determining of the pollution deterrent legal regime of the sea.