فصلنامه آمایش جغرافیایی فضا
پیاپی 23 (بهار 1396)

The global warming process during last century has not only affected on amount of atmospheric parameters but also affected on onset and end of each atmospheric parameters. The air temperature trend has been increasing during recent decades, especially in the regions such as Iran which is located in dry and semi-dry world belt. In this investigation, using Mann – Kendall statistical test, which is one of the proposed methods of World Meteorological Organization (WMO) for time series analysis, the trend of seasonal maximum and minimum temperatures in Iran will be studied. Hence, In this research, the daily data of maximum and minimum temperature with spatial resolution of 0.5 *0.5 degree received from cell database in the world scale, available in data base: http://hydro.engr.scu.edu/files/ , and converted to utilizable file (.TXT) in mat lab software by using Grads software. In continuation, Mann-Kendall script code, executed for a 21550*2058 matrix to calculating the threshold trend of 95% in Mat lab. We use from Arc GIS software for graphical representation of results. The results of this research indicate that the maximum temperature of northwest and southeast of Iran is without trend (trendless) in every four seasons, and in the winter , north-eastern of Iran have the least area . In the autumn, the increasing trend of maximum temperature seem more in the eastern area and Fars, whereas, the maximum temperature of autumn in without trend (trendless) in central and northwest area of Iran. The minimum temperature has increasing trend in the most regions of Iran. In this relation, the increasing trend of minimum temperature in winter is completely obvious in northwest, Zagros and southeast of Iran.

Cities as centers of the city center to the outskirts of society, human beings are continuously evolving. In this regard, the provision of adequate housing has been accepted as the most important challenge for the population in developing countries has been increasing. Urban development dominates the landscape of the twentieth century the adverse consequences of social, economic and environmental yielded. Urban development and change is inevitable, But with proper planning and the use of indicators can be changed in order to carry endogenous development. Development within the existing urban plan of action to prevent the spread of undeveloped land on the urban and Green areas, both rural and urban areas is the development of vacant land and abandoned an appeal and sponsor to urban life. The present study was conducted to evaluate current policies of urban development for the city and whether or not the development of the city. In this study both the survey and descriptive - analytic study was used. To collect data for this study the results of the last general census of population and housing, as well as a direct reference to the center of the country's regions. Using multiple indicators to measure the development of botanical drug development is very sparse and ugly city, and the development of the not been done. In the city, due to the presence of Land within the tissue, improving the physical environment and housing development within urban development is possible but it started moving very, very slowly and is slow.

Nowadays, modeling and simulation of urban growth using satellite images can be a very useful tool for describing the interactions between man-made and natural environments to help planners make decisions in complex situations. Inrecent years, many lands of Iran cities, especially marginallands of cities affected bythe processof urbanization andthe citizens need tonew house,landusechanged and have been converted to made areas.Given that, The proper detection of changes in surface forms provides a better understanding of the relationships and interactions among human and natural resources to enhance management of the resources. There are several methods for detecting land use and land cover changes. Post- classification is one of the most effective ways to detect the changes. The purpose of this study is to detect land cover change in Gonbad Kavoos province. For this purpose satellite images for the years 1987-2000 and 2010 were prepared and for processing of these images and obtaining the subsequent data, a number of softwares including GIS and ENVI, IDRISI were employed. This study sought to assess changes in land use in Gonbad Kavoos province during the years 1987, 2000 and 2010 and then anticipate the development of the province using CA Markov model. The results of the study revealed that the growth changes between 1987 and 2010 were for urban users 217.3%, irrigated land 53.5%, rainfed land -40.4%, Barren lands 87.7%and parks 198.6%. The growth of Gonbad Kavoos over the coming years irrigated lands in the south, the southeast and the east of the province will be took over by the growth of the Gonabd Kavoos city,

Promptness of relief groups and especially, of inter- cities ambulances has a vital role in their performance during unpredicted disasters. In this regard, optimal routing of these groups seems necessary in order to cover maximum population centers. For this purpose, the use of artificial intelligence and the so-called “new routing algorithms,” and its localization among inter/ intra- cities sections, based on their extent and spread, can be an efficient way for efficient urban management and relief organization. Therefore, the aim of this study was to show the practical application of ant colony algorithm for optimizing routing and minimizing the travelled distance .In this research, the case study was performed on over 29 urban and rural points, originated in Parsabad city, in MATLAB and shown in the GIS environment. The proposed model in this paper can not only be used to analyze the issue, but it also can be used to optimize the routing of distribution of basic goods in cases of natural and human disasters, traffic problem, and so on. Need to note that in the proposed method, the Rolette wheel Selection method is used for random selection of the neighborhoods.The results showed that due to the limited area of the case study, time and quality of achieving to optimal route in ant colony algorithm were calculated 0.19 ms faster than the Experimental Method, whereas, given the movement of 30 ants, the time required to arrive to the scene by the ambulances for ant colony algorithm and the Experimental Method was calculated 19' 45'' and 27' 15'', respectively.

The main objective of building new towns in Iran is decentralization of big cities contains a Population overflow. One of the dominant ideas among urban professionals and urban planners is creating new Town with a high quality of life in order to achieve this goal. Because the new Towns had not equal facilities and growth factors and this has caused the creation of significant differences in quality of their life and metropolis.
The purpose of this study is satisfaction measurement from life quality of Mohajeran new city from residents view. The study methods is descriptive-analytical and survey. The population in this study are residents of Mohajeran new town that 317 samples are selected by using of Cochran formula and the questionnaire have been distributed between them. Research indicators are classified with intellectual looking to aspects of life quality in 8 dimensions including of social, security, economic, physical, environmental, access to facilities, aesthetics and management dimension and are analyzed in SPSS software by using one-sample T-test and Kendall’s. As well as in complete of the analysis has been applied Shannon entropy method for weighting studied indices and VIKOR model for rating districts of Mohajeran new town.
The research result show that the citizens are not happy from the life quality in the Mohejeran new town and they have a favorable evaluation only from aesthetic, environmental and social indicators. The highest level of the residents satisfaction belongs to the environmental dimension and the lowest level of satisfaction belongs to the management dimension. The results of the VIKOR model suggest that Farhangian1 and Farhangian2 districts have highest level of life quality and Shahid Sadr and Fazilat districts have the lowest level of life quality.

Public sphere should provide conditions for different social groups as well as through relationships, to communicate directly with each other. Axes ci-ties saw an example of a public sphere that visual connection between the desired urban landscapes or elements of the urban indicators through a mo-tor-driven or shaping the visual channel. The quality of the visual axis can move between points of the city such an important role in the quality of ur-ban spaces and the environment is readability. Research carried out shows that the main causes of visual values quality in urban corridors view of rea-dability, beautiful environment and walls, continuity and sequence of mo-tion, continuity walls, natural green space, quality of the visual and land-scape elements are considered.such an important role in the quality of ur-ban spaces and the environment is readability. Research carried out shows that the main causes of visual values quality in urban corridors view of rea-dability, beautiful environment and walls, continuity and sequence of mo-tion, continuity walls, natural green space, quality of the visual and land-scape elements are considered.
Research carried out shows that the main causes of visual values quality in urban corridors view of readability, beautiful environment and walls, conti-nuity and sequence of motion, continuity walls, natural green space, quality of the visual and landscape elements are considered. This study is cross-sectional.Analysis and modeling of the space is located. The results indicate that values quality visual axes connecting to the Revolution Square Zanjan urban corridor C (Avenue Sadi) mean weight (0.2843), Corridor A (St. De-votees of Islam) and the weight average (0.2747), Corridor D (St. Revolu-tion) with a weight average (0.2740) and in the end corridor B (Emam Khomeini) mean weight (0.2125) is estimated.

To improve the quality of services provided by organizations responsible for rural services, they need to be assessed by rural residentes. The user satisfaction level of Housing Foundation services was measured by the SERVQUAL scale. This model compares customer's expectations and perceptions by five dimensions; tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy. In this descriptive-analytical study, the gap between expected and perceived services was assessed by the above mentioned model. Using Probability Proportional to Size (PPS) sampling, 384 households were randomely selected from 12 villages in the study areas. Findings showed that the tangible services quality dimension in the villages has not improved. In other words, the villagers did not feel any changes in this feild. However, with regard to other dimentions, some improvement was found in the villages. According to this, there is still a gap between the quality of the provided services and expectations of the rural residents. Because, services provided by the Housing Foundation only improved the condition of the surveyed villages than in the past; and failed to satsify the villagers. Assessing the quality of construction services for rural residents of two villages called Vali Abad and South Pazoki indicated the gap between the overall quality of services provided and the expectations of the target group. This gap was observed in all five dimensions of SERVQUAL scale. Thus, pay attention to villagers’ viwes and demands in designing programs and policies serving to improve the quality of the provided services is recommended.

Sustainable rural development requires an efficient system of management and governance based on local capacities and resources. Nowadays, the constructive impact of social capital on the establishment and the stability of local democratic structures in rural and urban areas is considered. In the light of current discussions on enhancement of local management in rural ares, the research question raises if there is any relationship between social capital and good governance, and if so, what type and strength do possible correlations display and how do different levels of relationships in terms of social capital and the sub-components of good governance appear.This survey research was aimed to investigate the relationship of social capital and good governance in rural management in Jouybar County. Statistical population of this research was included all head of rural families in Jouybar County (N=12654). Sample size was determined by Cochran formula (n=314). The respondents were selected through cluster sampling technique, randomly. A researcher–made questionnaire were used to collect data. Reliability of the questionnaire was measured by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α= .7). Formal and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed based on opinions of a expert panel. Using SPSS 16.0, data were analyzed. According to descriptive findings, 47/1% of respondents have assessed the level of good governance in rural management as good. Also, most of the of respondents (50/3%) have assessed the level of social capital in their villages as moderate. Correlation coefficient showed a significant relationship between some of the components of social capital in rural areas, including social network, trust, social awareness and total index of social capital (as predictor variables) and some of the components of good governance in rural management, including law obedience, justice and equality, responsibility and accountability, transparency, efficiency and effectiveness. Totally, increase of social capital in villages led to improve of good governance in rural management in Jouybar County.

The meaning of development is improvement of all aspects of human life, commonly. Development affects all of society stratums on all aspects of life. And use from available resources, rationality. In the rural areas the realization of such development is results of creating of social and economical equilibrium for whole of people aspects and to honor their civil and their participation in the base of return and logical reliance to environmental forgotten resources. Therefore, social development is important role on rural development. The aim of this research measurement and get Priority of social development in the rural areas by way Fuzzy Topsis Technique, in the Meshhinshahr county. The methodological approach was a descriptive –analytical of the survey type. Statistical population of this study consisted of all Farmers in Meshkinshar County. The sample size determined by using Cochran formula (n=185). The content and face validity of the instrument was specified after several times review and correction by the faculty of members at university and several expertise of administrative offices. A pilot test was conducted to determine to reliability of the questionnaire and Cronbach Alpha coefficient of 0.79 was achieved. The achieved data’s were analyzed by Fuzzy Topsis techniques. In the end, the results of multi –attribute decision making methods in the base of calculated weights showed that dehstans of Shaban and Salavat lied in the first rank in view of social development, respectively, and dehestans of Shomali arshagh lied in the last rank. Finally, based on the results analysis, some applied recommendations have been provided.

According to statistics, nearly half of the world population living in urban areas are expected to increase in the coming decades as well. One of the main approaches in the field of sustainability, urban revival and renewal approach is stressed. The approach of reconstruction, rehabilitation, modernization and redevelopment of urban renewal and regeneration evolved in this way, regardless of the area of the body, according to field observations emphasize the social, economic, cultural and art has experienced. This urban renewal urbanism as an action within the tissue can have a variety of dimensions and directions. The present study aimed to achieve community -based planning and urban renewal of old neighborhoods with an emphasis on the social capital of communities and respond to the question is, That, in what could be an appropriate approach to intervention in the old neighborhood stabilization of the Golan Hamedan provided ? In this study, for the purpose of research, using descriptive analysis and studies were carried out through field visits and interviews with residents, and surveys national documents, With the benefit of Spearman and multivariable regression tests and SWOT analysis also recognized the challenges, weaknesses, opportunities and strengths. And on the variables affecting the stability of the social, economic , physical and environmental, as well as variables related to social capital have tried to recreate how stable the Golan neighborhood Hamedan provide a comprehensive and integrated program, that If the approach to regeneration, community -based, integrated, comprehensive and strategic, then reinvented itself sustainable approach will be achieved

In the most modern cities, the traditional system of communications and interactions have been strongly changes whose one of their worrying appearance is fading the social relationships among citizens. Since the meaning and identity of urban environments is greatly dependent on their prevailing social system, the decrease of people’s social interactions changes the identity of these environments and spaces and fades their conceptual and functional authenticity. This matter leads to decrease of sense of community and consequently decrease of sense of place attachment whose reaction in urban quarters is a sense of indifference for residents about residential stability in quarters and in several cases, motivation for changing life area to other quarter or even other city. Regarding this issue, the present paper has investigated the social factors affecting citizens’ residential stability in Arak city and its quarters. The effect of social factors and their criteria on two settlement durability including ‘tendency to continue living in present quarter, and ‘tendency to continue living in Arak city’, was investigated. Needed data of research has been collected through library studies and questionnaire. For obtaining overall view about citizens’ evaluation on criteria of four social factors, One-sample T test was applied, and for clarifying relations of social factors and durability indicators Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated for each pair of factors and indicators, and the influence of social factors on each of durability indicators was examined using Regression analysis. The result of study show a significant relation between mentioned factors and indicators, and based on regression analysis, 61% of the changes of indicator of ‘tendency to continue living in present quarter’ and 59% of the changes of indicator of ‘tendency to continue living in Arak city’ is explained through linear combination of changes of social factors.

Spatial and environmental justice means the fair distribution of resources to achieve a balanced society, and one of the approaches is social justice. The measurement of spatial justice in the distribution of urban public services is Superior goal and important for urban planners, and is the of needs urban management. This paper tries to analyze the distribution of urban public services Using 14 indicators of public services in the 22 areas of the city Sanandaj. For objective of this research is in the category applied research and is using of method descriptive- analytical . For collecting the essential data, field research and library- based methods have been used, with the existing data in last approved Detailed plan 1390 city Sanandaj and In the end, considering the purpose of the research, the collected data has been analyzed using VIKOR technique and GIS. The results have shown that the benefits of urban public services in area city Sanandaj is not fair And is then distributed in area city. 3 Area (Area 6, Area 11, Area 17) on the eve of the crisis and the crisis in the enjoyment of urban service, 7 Area (Area 1, Area 2, Area 3, Area 5, Area 14, Area 20, Area 21) in the low to moderate in Enjoyment. 6 Area (Area 4, Area 8, Area 9, Area 10, Area 18, Area 19) has a favorable trend and half received , 6 Area (Area 7, Area 12, Area 13, Area 15, Area 16, Area 22) has a favorable situation to be in.

Identification of dimensions and effective indicators in instability of the rural settlements has a significant role in achieving the goals of sustainable rural development. undoubtedly, the measurement and accurate assessment of the variables affecting the instability of rural habitations using multi-criteria models in comprehensive planning will contribute planners, policy-makers and administration officials of the country. To achieve this end the present study has been conducted to identify and to assess the factors affecting the instability of the mountain and foothill villages in the region of Zagros (case studies are cities of Marivan and Sarvabad villages). The research methodology is descriptive - analytical through using models of EXPERT CHOICE,AHP, TOPSIS and cluster analysis, the data was weighed by using Expert Choice and to determine the status of environmental-ecological sustainability of the area, AHP model was used and also to determine the condition of human stability, TOPSIS and cluster analysis were used. The findings in the AHP model showed that in terms of environmental sustainability in rurals of Sarvabad city are placed in inappropriate and highly inappropriate and the villages of Marivan city in terms of environmental sustainability are placed in a better position, but the findings in TOPSIS model show Sarvabad villages in terms of human sustainability are better than the villages of Marivan in terms of stability status. Therefore it can be concluded that the main cause of migration from Sarvabad villages is environmental factor and the main cause of migration from Marivan villages is human factor, especially spacial - physical factor.

Temperature is one of the most important elements of climate that its changes can alter the climate of each region and plays a major role in how to operate the environmental and agricultural powers. The objectives of this study were the identification and evaluation of temperature anomalies in Mazandaran province. The data used in this study have been considered on a daily basis for the statistical period from 1971 to 2010 including two maximum and minimumm environmental data groups from 24 meteorological stations on land, pressure data at sea level and 500 hecto-pascal along the axis 52.5 ° east. In this study, the positive deviations in temperature continuing up to eleven days are considered as an indicator of temperature anomalies. The results of this study showed that the frequency of temperature anomalies in the province stations did not show significant differences. Also it is showed that the large-scale temperature anomalies are controlled by climatic factors outside the control of the local scale.However abnormality repetition, especially in maximum temperatures at the mountain stations has partially been more than coastal stations and the plains of the province. For this purpose, the relationship between abnormalities was evaluated with the index. And it was found that the estimated index in the studied region had high correlation with the province temperature anomalies. In addition, the anomaly change by Mann-Kendall test showed a significant increase in the frequency of abnormalities occurring in most stations.