فصلنامه مطالعات بین المللی پلیس
پیاپی 16 (زمستان 1392)

Context and America and Russia have the greatest responsibility to deal with “nuclear terrorism”, because the enormous amounts of material and nuclear weapons in the world belong to them. This research deals with the global innovation of America and Russia to prevent nuclear terrorism. This descriptive- analytic research is library- based. America and Russia have the most fundamental capabilities in terms of counter- terrorism response. There is not much difference for segregating their policies against nuclear terrorism. Because in cases where differences exist in assessing some aspects of nuclear development, the two countries have pledged to limit their disputes to speed up and inject new energy into their bilateral efforts presidents of America and Russia introduced a new global innovation to combat nuclear terrorism on 15 July 2006. Hence, agreed countries organized a meeting on 12 and 13 February 2007, in Turkey, to consider a contribution to the development of methods and applications and to discuss the issues extensively as a basis. At the end of the meeting a statement was issued to inform the negotiations and work programs over the coming years. Increasing willing ness of terrorist groups to use nuclear weapons entails intensified control measures to prevent smuggling of nuclear materials and technologies. The obligation of member states of the Non-proliferation treaty to reduce nuclear weapons, based on the timeline, is an appropriate strategy for reducing nuclear terrorism.

Context and The international community, with establishment of the international criminal court tried to stop international criminal being not punished. Intervention of criminal court in the situation in Darfur after its referral by the Security Council also suggests this. This descriptive- analytic research is library- based. Resolution 1593 of Security Council referred the situation in Darfur to the prosecutor of the criminal and requires states to cooperate with criminal court to arrest criminals of Darfur case. But one of the problems facing the court is immunity status of Omar al-Bashir the current president of Sudan, and government’s cooperation in arresting and delivering him to the court because of the requirements of the resolution. The resolution has not explicitly denied Bashir’s immunity, but at the same time, despite some opposition, doctrines of international law and the articles of association can consider the resolution as negation of Bashir’s immunity and the basis for cooperation of governments to arrest and deliver him to the criminal court. According to Bashir’s prosecution referred to the UN Security Council and the provisions of article 27 of the statute of the court, the Government of Sudan and the other member states and non-members of the association are obliged to cooperate with the international court.

Context and The black figure of domestic violence against women, because of the lack of reports of police and judicial authorities, is substantially high. This fact led to decision-makers ignorance of this issue. This research with comparative approach deals with Iran’s and Canada’s police response to this social issue. This study is descriptive-analytic and library based. Iran’s criminal policy response to domestic violence against women doesn’t have a particular function or approach some plans are proposed to support the rights and freedoms of women in some specific areas such as women’s swimming pools and sport clubs, but these plans have not been implemented yet. Provision of Article 42 of Criminal Procedure Act 1392 had provided police women for investigation of women and children. Canadian police response is highly consistence and extensive. Giving special powers to police officers to separate two sides of violence, and to arrest culprit, assigning specific phone line to ask for help, creating rapid response to violence teams, designing and implementing projects to respond to this problems are among Canadian police activities about this issue. Police response to domestic violence against women is categorized to 3 areas- social, legislating and criminal. In current practices of police in Iran, apart from the provisions of Article 42 of the code of criminal procedure 1392, a special approach to reduce the rate of violence against women cannot be found. Canadian police in all three areas has systematic and specific procedures.

Context and There are stories in Medias and scientific and political communities’ organizations that acquire nuclear weapons. The latest and the most catastrophic kind of terrorism is nuclear terrorism. This paper deals with nuclear terrorism and strategies to combat it with an international approach. This paper is descriptive- analytic and library based. Since now nuclear terrorism in its narrow sense the use of nuclear weapons by terrorist groups- has not happened; but in its other instances, it has largely happened. Nuclear terrorism has become one of the biggest problems and concerns in the international level. This concern is serious that former UN secretary General Kofi Annan on 1 October 2001 at the General assembly stated that “a terrorist attack with nuclear weapons can kill millions while the world was not even able to prevent the 11 September terrorist attacks.” In addition, in his last major report in 2005, he considered the nuclear terrorism a global treat and the future challenge of international community. Also, the presidents of many western countries believe that nuclear terrorism is the greatest treat to their national security. Security council Resolution 1540 in 2004, amending the convention on physical protection of Nuclear Materials and ratifying the International Convention on the suppression of nuclear terrorism are among activities that have been done in international level to deal with terrorism.

Context and

Restorative justice tries to manage shareholders of criminal phenomenon and with improving the efficiency of the criminal justice system seeks to redress and repair the damages caused by crime and involvement of people, local communities, criminals and victims in a collaborate environment. In this paper, the credibility and status of restorative justice in the legalsocial system in Iran and Canada are discussed.

Present paper is attributive and used library-based resources.

Restorative justice has different principles and is executed in the form of several methods such as mediation, family group conferencing and victim- offender circles. Today, because of the ability of restorative justice, many countries implement it. Iran still does not have much influence on the discourse of restorative justice in the legal system and still certain models of the classic criminal justice rules on it, which in several respects cannot permit intervention of local communities and victims of crimes and gives prevailed power to the judiciary system as the main authority. Canada is among leading countries that institutionalized this discourse in its legal system, and uses reconciliative procedure for many crimes.

The present study shows the existence of a systematic practice of restorative justice in the criminal policy of Canada and its apparent interaction approach to criminal policy in Iran.

Denying or approving legitimacy. Context and This paper is an attempt to assess preemptive legitimate defense, while examining the legitimacy or illegitimacy of its actions in suppressing terrorism. In addition, the status of pre- emptive legitimate defense after the events of September 11, 2001 with respect to changes in the international system and the reform of the UN in relation to the concepts of legitimate defense are analyzed. This paper is descriptive- analytic and library based. Force by one country against another country is one of the most important measures that governments can adopt in relation to their foreign policy. Bat these kind of actions with in the rules of international law is strictly prohibited, and there are significant consequences for it after two world wars of the twentieth century. The international community tried to establish a new world order in harmony with the UN charter in 1945. So the charter has tried to regulate fundamental aspects of relations between states, such as maintaining international peace and security, recognizing the equal rights of nations, respecting human rights, ruling of law, regulations and restriction on the use of force to protect civilians in time of war. Article 2 (4) on the UN Chater says: “All members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the united nations.” To expand legitimate defense to potential treats utterly destroys the international peace and security and procedures of the UN repeatedly denies this doctrine.

Context and Research or therapeutic human simulation is a kind of simulation that does not seek to reproduce a person and simulates stem cells to treat diseases and injuries. This paper deals with concept of therapeutic simulation, scholars view on the subject and its relation with dignity. This research is descriptive- analytic and library based. There are several objections to therapeutic simulation, such as, lack of efficiency, its association with abortion and its contradiction with human dignity. The first of many criticisms that have been directed to simulation comes from the fact that there is a lack of understanding of scientific aspects of the subject which is caused by its complexity and novelty. With reference to international legal reports and documents as well as clear religious rules, such as, requiring wisdom and sharia and necessity and expedience, it seems that there is no contradiction between therapeutic simulation and human dignity and also to consider its benefits for medical school in some cases it has juridical justification in some stages of fetus life. There is no contradiction between therapeutic human simulation and human dignity and it has juridical justification in some stages of fetus life.